基于生物–环境–服务功能模型的三江源高寒草甸湿地不同恢复措施效果评价

研究以青海省三江源区退化草甸湿地为研究区，对湿地环境和功能进行评估，构建了基于生物（Biology）-环境（Environment）-服务功能（Service）的BES模型（涉及3个生物指标，4个环境指标，8种生态系统服务功能指标）评估3种湿地恢复技术（I-补播草种+生长期封育；II-围栏封育和III-防鼠样地）对湿地恢复的效果。基于2017年和2018年的监测数据，计算湿地综合健康指数（Comprehensive healthy index，CHI）和净变动指数（Net variation index，NVI），分析不同恢复措施下湿地健康的恢复过程及其恢复程度。结果表明：① 3种修复技术在湿地恢复中均取得较好的效果。湿地的综合健康指数从2016年未实施任何措施时的0.499分别上升至0.712、0.716和0.650，湿地健康水平由警戒状态恢复至良好状态；② 评价期内恢复技术I和II对湿地恢复效果均好于恢复技术III，但未发现恢复技术I和II之间存在显著差别；③ 高寒湿地生物指标与供给指标恢复速度较快、恢复程度较好，而土壤支持等指标恢复速度较慢、幅度较小。补播草种有助于短时、高效地恢复湿地植被，而实现土壤和功能的全面恢复还需要结合封育等更多的措施和更长的周期。

A Biology-Environment-Service Model Based Evaluation of Three Restoration Measures of Alpine Meadow Wetlands in the Sanjiangyuan Region

To improve the restoration efficiency of alpine wetlands, accurate and comprehensive restoration effect assessment work is particularly important. In the past, the assessment research on alpine wetlands focused on biological factors, and the assessment of wetland environment and function restoration was not sufficient. Assessment results are difficult to directly guide restoration practice. In this study, a degraded meadow wetland in the Three Rivers Source Region of Qinghai Province was selected as the research sites to examine different restoration measures. A BES model based on Biology-Environment-Service function (involving 3 biological indicators, 4 environmental indicators, 8 ecosystem service function indicators) was developed to evaluate the effects of three wetland restoration techniques including restoration measure I-supplement grass seed + growth period enclosure, II-fence enclosure and III-rat-proof plot. Based on the monitoring data of 2017 and 2018, the Comprehensive Wetland Health Index (CHI) and Net Variation Index (NVI) were calculated, and the restoration processes and degrees of wetland health under different restoration measures were analyzed. Results show that: 1) Three restoration techniques have achieved good restoration performance in meadow wetlands. The comprehensive health index of meadow wetland was increased from 0.499 with no restoration measures in 2016 to 0.712, 0.716, and 0.650, respectively, and the health level of wetlands recovered from Alert to Good; 2) Restoration techniques I and II presented much better performance on wetland restoration during the evaluation period than that of restoration measures III, however, no significant difference between restoration techniques I and II was detected; 3) The biological indicators and supply indicators of alpine wetlands recover faster and better, while some indicators such as soil support recovered more slowly. Sowing grass seeds can help restore wetland vegetation in an efficient manner with a short term, while the restoration of soil environmental and wetland function requires more measures such as enclosure and other measures in a long term. The results of this case study may provide a reference for the future implementation of meadow wetland restoration and protection projects in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.