精细化网格的降水预报解析方法对比

以欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)精细化网格降水预报资料、自动气象站观测资料、中国气象科学数据信息网提供的三源融合降水产品为基础,研究最邻近点法、反距离权重法、最小二乘法和双线性插值法在格点降水向站点以及格点降水插值到更细网格中的优缺点和适用性。在模式预报相对准确精细的基础上,得出以下结论:1)最邻近点法在格点向站点解析方面预报技巧评分表现最好,其次为反距离权重法;2)将降水场变换到更高分辨率的格点降水,4种解析结果和原始场均存在一定的差异,其中最小二乘法的空间形态失真最为严重;3)反距离权重法在较粗网格向更细网格变换中的平均TS评分表现最好,而最邻近点法的ETS评分最高。     

SWCWARMS模式及GRAPES模式对西南区域降水预报检验对比分析

使用2014年5~12月西南四省(区)一市每日08时统计的24h雨量观测资料,对SWCWARMS和GRAPES模式降水进行站点统计检验。主要结论为:针对每日08时起报,SWCWARMS模式除24h中雨和48h大暴雨外SWCWARMS模式ETS评分在其它时次及其它量级降水上均高于GRAPES模式,但SWCWARMS模式空报和系统偏差较多;针对每日20时起报,SWCWARMS模式ETS和TS评分均高于GRAPES模式;除小雨外SWCWARMS模式空报率略高于GRAPES模式。从2014年10次西南涡过程统计检验可见,两模式对强降水过程即主要影响贵州的三次过程评分高于四川和云南的西南涡降水过程,24h降水评分在多个时次多个量级上优于GRAPES模式。SWCWARMS模式在汛期表现优于GRAPES模式,SWCWARMS模式对小雨、中雨和大雨有较强的预报能力,但对强降水预报能力有待改进,对中雨及以上量级降水空报率较高,而对小雨漏报多于GRAPES模式。     

基于MET系统对SWCWARMS及GRAPES模式在西南地区的站点检验分析

应用国家基本观测站资料、自动站逐时降水资料,基于客观统计检验方法,针对降水(12h、24h累积雨量)、近地面要素(2m温度、10m风)和高空要素(风场、温度场、高度场),分别评估SWCWARMS模式和GRAPES模式对2015年西南地区预报能力,得到如下几点结论:(1)SWCWARMS模式降水ETS评分高于GRAPES模式,除24h小雨外SWCWARMS模式偏差值均高于GRAPES模式,两个模式在不同预报时效内对中雨、大雨、暴雨都表现一定程度的空报;(2)12h降水分段评分上,SWCWARMS模式TS评分均高于GRAPES模式,但SWCWARMS模式预报降水范围过大,随着预报时效增长空报多于GRAPES模式;SWCWARMS模式中雨和大雨空报大于其它量级降水,GRAPES模式对大暴雨漏报较多其它量级降水表现为空报;(3)两模式对高度场和温度场预报优于风场,对对流层中层预报优于中低层,SWCWARMS模式对高度场和温度场预报优于GRAPES模式,夏半年SWCWARMS模式均方根误差小于GRAPES模式;(4)两模式都表现出2m温度均方根误差在秋季增加而春季减小这一特征,SWCWARMS模式近地面要素均方根误差均小于GRAPES模式。      

陕西省精细化网格预报业务系统技术方法

精细化网格预报不仅是目前中国气象局主推的预报业务,而且是未来天气预报的发展方向。本文详细阐述了陕西省精细化网格预报业务系统中数据产品的技术方法。主要包括4个方面:(1)建立了陕西网格预报技术框架,提出"动态交叉最优要素预报"(DCOEF)的方法来建立基础网格预报场。(2)提出"站点订正值向格点场传递"的格点连续性要素订正方法,交叉检验表明该方法在格点场上24h最低、最高温度2℃的准确率较模式降尺度数据分别提高34%和23%,此外,该方法在背景场协同,主观站点预报和客观格点预报要素值融合一致方面有较好的应用价值。(3)基于"偏差订正"方法订正格点降水,结果表明通过计算预报偏差Bias,来"消空"小雨频率,"补漏"暴雨频率,ECMWF降水预报24h小雨、暴雨TS评分较原模式分别提高2.5%和4.82%。(4)提出"反向离差数据归一化"算法,处理因客观方法或主观订正后数据在时间序列上的矛盾问题,该方法不改变原模式对要素的预报趋势,同时使得要素在时间上协同一致,很好地解决了网格要素预报的时间协同性问题。     

不同插值算法对GRAPES模式在乌鲁木齐地区的降水分级检验比较

采用三种不同的平面插值算法对GRAPES模式降水预报场资料在鸟鲁木齐地区的24h和48h降水分级预报能力进行比较和检验。总体上,24h的预报能力优于48h的。通过不同插值算法计算后,降水预报能力或保持原水平或有不同程度的提高。对比分析发现,插值算法的不同对≥0．1mm且≤10mm累积降水的影响不大,对降水量偏少的极端干旱区站点影响也不大。然而当累积降水≥10mm时,经过高斯插值算法换算以后的站点,降水能力较维持原水平的最优插值法提高了5～7倍,从衢得分情况看,具有较好的预报效果。而距离平方法的降水预报能力提高幅度更大,约为10倍,不同的是,预报效果不但没有改善,反而有所下降,尤其是在累积降水≥10mm且≤25mm时,这时空报率高于高斯插值法计算的结果,巧评分有所下降。     

GRAPES模式对长江流域天气预报的检验分析

GRAPES是中国新一代数值天气预报模式。使用GRAPES中尺度模式产品和常规观测资料,分析检验了2005、2006年汛期发生在长江流域的11次主要降水天气过程,得到:GRAPES模式对于长江流域的预报,无论是降水、天气形势还是物理量都有比较强的预报能力;GRAPES模式对级别较大的降水预报容易出现漏报,而不易出现空报,对于10mm以下的雨区预报比较准确,而对于大于50mm的雨区预报,尤其是大于100mm的降水中心存在较大的偏差;对于西太平洋副热带高压的预报比实际情况偏南、偏东;对于水汽通量散度的预报与实际情况比较吻合。     

高分辨率区域模式降水预报在云南的检验

为了解高分辨率区域数值模式降水预报在云南的预报效果和误差特点,针对华南中尺度模式、华东区域数值预报业务模式和中央气象台GRAPES-Meso模式对2017年9月—2018年12月云南降水预报进行检验分析。结果表明:华东模式降水预报效果整体最好,其降水的振幅接近实况,晴雨准确率也是最高,而华南和GRAPES模式空报率和漏报率普遍偏高。三种模式对滇东北、滇中西部、滇西北北部≥0.1 mm降水预报评分普遍较低,对滇南、滇西南、滇西边缘地区的评分普遍较高。在滇东北北部、滇中西部、及滇西北北部地区三种模式对≥10 mm降水TS评分普遍较低。对于≥25 mm降水,华东模式和华南模式在滇中、滇西地区的TS评分高于GRAPES模式。对于≥50 mm降水,华东模式和华南模式在滇东南、滇西南、滇西边缘及金沙江河谷沿线TS评分高于GRAPES模式。对于云南强降水天气过程,≥0.1 mm降水华南模式预报效果较好,但10 mm和25 mm以上量级降水华东模式的预报效果较好,≥50.0 mm则是GRAPES模式更具参考价值。     

数值模式在遂宁区域暴雨过程中的检验评估

利用ECMWF细网格、GRAPES＿GFS、GRAPES＿MESO、SWC＿WARM四种数值模式降水资料,以及四川省气象台智能网格格点降水预报产品,对遂宁地区2020年7月发生的六次区域性暴雨天气过程进行了24h时效检验分析。结果表明：四种数值预报模式对遂宁地区的降水预报均有较大偏差,预报值普遍偏小1～2个量级;SWC＿WARM针对暖区暴雨的落区预报具有较好的指示意义;在锋面降水过程中,ECMWF细网格模式的参考价值更大;而GRAPES＿GFS和GRAPES＿MESO的偏差最大,对暴雨的指示性较差;四川省气象台的智能网格降水预报产品对暴雨预报有一定的指导作用,但还需要本地预报员对落区和量级进行进一步订正。     

2006年汛期北京地区中尺度数值业务降水预报检验

采用北京地区自动站逐小时观测降水资料对2006年汛期北京地区中尺度数值业务降水预报效果进行了客观检验,并针对2006年汛期的降水特点对模式的降水预报性能进行了初步的评估,着重对发生的28次降水过程按其主导的天气系统进行了分类,并对各个类型的降水预报进行了评分检验,根据检验结果分析了数值业务模式对于夏季不同天气系统导致的降水过程的预报能力,并且对不同分辨率的模式网格的预报性能进行了初步对比。     

沙尘预报客观检验中最优实况资料和圆插值半径选择研究

使用2012～2014年每年3～5月CUACE（China Meteorological Administration Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment）模式地面沙尘浓度格点预报产品,预报员预报等级产品、实况地面观测沙尘等级和特征站观测PM10（空气动力学当量直径小于等于10 μm的颗粒物,即可吸入颗粒物）资料,并针对CUACE模式格点产品,选取不同半径对格点产品进行圆插值,从而对2012～2014年共25次沙尘过程值,采取3年总样本计算TS（Threat Score）评分,对格点产品适合的圆插值半径和预报产品适合的检验实况资料进行研究,结论如下:（1）如实况采用沙尘等级,模式插值半径与TS评分在浮尘或扬沙等级成近似线性下降关系,而在沙尘暴以上等级TS评分与插值半径关系几乎不大,最优插值半径可选为最小插值半径0.5°（经度/纬度）;如实况采用PM10资料,TS评分在浮尘或扬沙等级根据半径不同变化较为剧烈,沙尘暴以上等级TS评分与插值半径关系不大,可以采用浮尘或扬沙平均线3.5°为平均最优插值半径。如果沙尘过程较弱,插值半径可适当减小,以1°最合适;（2）对CUACE模式预报产品,沙尘等级观测TS评分可用性要优于PM10资料,但两者在沙尘暴以上等级评分差别不大,总体上CUACE模式最优检验实况资料可选为沙尘等级观测资料。对预报员沙尘预报产品,观测沙尘等级TS评分要远高于PM10,预报员沙尘预报产品最优检验实况资料为观测沙尘等级资料。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.