南方丘陵区植被覆盖度遥感估算的地形效应评估

植被覆盖变化是生态环境领域的核心研究内容之一,但其估算精度常受到地形效应、土壤背景、大气效应等各种因素影响。以Landsat 8 OLI为遥感数据源,基于像元二分模型,分别利用归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)、经Cosine-C校正的归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)和归一化差值山地植被指数(NDMVI)建立植被覆盖度估算模型,以评估南方丘陵区植被覆盖度的地形效应。结果表明,3种植被覆盖度估算模型均能削弱地形效应,但消除或抑制地形效应影响的能力不同。比较而言,基于NDMVI指数构建的植被覆盖度估算模型的地形效应最小,更适合地形复杂区域的植被覆盖度遥感估算;基于Cosine-C校正的NDVI植被指数构建的植被覆盖度估算模型的地形效应次之,但存在一定的过度校正现象;基于NDVI植被指数构建的植被覆盖度估算模型的地形效应最大,尤其当坡度≥10°时,阴坡植被覆盖度比阳坡明显偏低。     

基于GF-1 WFV和Landsat-8 OLI提取植被信息方法比较研究

针对GF-1 WFV和Landsat-8 OLI两种传感器的参数特点,选取归一化植被指数(NDVI)、增强型植被指数(EVI)、大气阻抗植被指数(ARVI)、土壤调整植被指数(SAVI)和修正的土壤调整植被指数(MSAVI)5种植被指数,采用同一时期的两种传感器数据对四川省茂县进行植被信息提取,并结合像元二分模型估算植被覆盖度,计算分析两种数据源下不同植被指数的差异性。结果表明:GF-1数据提取的NDVI植被效果最好,其中2013年分类总精度为94.55%,Kappa系数为0.88;2015年分类总精度为90.47%,Kappa系数为0.85。对于Landsat-8数据提取的SAVI的结果最佳,其中2013年分类总精度为94.38%,Kappa系数为0.86;2015年分类总精度为95.83%,Kappa系数为0.88。根据统计指标分析表明:在高原山区地形环境下,利用植被指数估算植被覆盖度,GF-1卫星采用NDVI、Landsat-8卫星采用SAVI比较合适,且GF-1数据的估算精度要高于Landsat-8数据。     

基于ASTER遥感影像的亚热带植被覆盖度信息提取

根据植被指数估算植被覆盖度的原理,以混合像元线性分解模型两个重要参数为基础,建立基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)进行估算植被覆盖度模型是研究区域植被覆盖度的一种重要方法.本文以广州市花都区为实验区,利用ASTER高光谱影像对此方法进行验证性分析,实验结果表明:用该方法提取ASTER影像的植被覆盖度具有较好的可行性.     

基于植被覆盖度的植被变化分析

植被覆盖度是衡量地表植被状况的一个最重要的指标,也是影响土壤侵蚀与水土流失的主要因子,对于区域环境变化和监测研究具有重要意义。为了有效地从遥感资料中提取植被覆盖度,以像元线性分解模型两个重要参数为基础,建立基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)进行估算植被覆盖度的模型。最后以杭州地区为实验样区,利用MODIS影像数据对覆盖度进行估算,并对样区的植被变化进行分析。     

利用不同植被指数估算植被覆盖度的比较研究

选用蔬菜地和草地2种植被类型,利用ASD光谱仪实测二者在不同覆盖度下的光谱响应,分析了归一化植被指数(NDVI)、差值植被指数(DVI)、比值植被指数(RVI)、修正植被指数(MVI)、修改型土壤调节植被指数(MSAVI)以及全球环境监测植被指数(GEMI)等6种植被指数所用的最佳波段及其组合,进而研究了利用像元二分模型估算植被覆盖度时的不同植被指数的表现.结果表明,与蔬菜地植被指数相关系数较高的波段组合为620 ～ 740 nm谱段和780 ～ 900 nm谱段内波段的组合,与草地植被指数相关系数较高的波段组合为620 ～750 nm谱段和760 ～900 nm谱段内波段的组合,相关系数均达0.8以上;在高光谱数据构建的植被指数和模拟卫星数据构建的植被指数中,用DVI和MSAVI估算植被覆盖度,平均总体精度分别达到83.7％和79.5％,与其他4种植被指数相比,这2种指数更适合于利用像元二分模型进行植被覆盖度的估算.     

兰州市南北两山植被覆盖度动态变化遥感监测

本文基于植被指数(NDVI)和植被覆盖度像元分解模型,建立了兰州市南北两山植被覆盖度遥感定量模型,在此基础上研究了兰州市南北两山1991年和2006年两个时期的植被覆盖度动态变化,结果表明:1991-2006年兰州市南北两山绿化工程区植被覆盖度总体呈上升趋势,低植被覆盖度面积减小,中高和高植被覆盖度面积增加,其中七里河工程区植被覆盖度变化最为明显,绿化效果较好,安宁工程区绿化效果相对较差,结果可为兰州市南北两山绿化工程提供科学依据。     

植被覆盖度遥感估算方法研究进展

植被覆盖度是重要的生态环境参数之一,遥感影像能够反映不同空间尺度的植被覆盖信息及其变化趋势,故遥感监测是获取区域植被覆盖度参数的一个重要手段.植被指数是反映地表植被覆盖、生物量等的间接指标,基于植被指数的植被覆盖度遥感估算方法有经验模型法、植被指数法、像元分解模型法及FCD模型制图法(Forest Canopy Density Mapping Model)等,基于决策树分类法和人工神经网络分类法的植被覆盖度遥感估算方法也有了一定的进展.本文综合分析讨论了目前常用的于遥感影像的植被覆盖度常用估算方法,对比分析了它们的优缺点,并对遥感植被覆盖度研究进行了展望.     

4种常用植被指数的地形效应评估

植被指数已经广泛应用于地表植被覆盖监测,但是地形对植被指数的影响难以避免,却经常在大尺度遥感应用时被忽略。本文利用山区森林的Landsat TM数据计算SR、NDVI、RSR、MNDVI4种常用植被指数,评估了地形对这些植被指数的影响,并利用余弦校正和C校正模型分别对它们进行地形校正。结果表明,近红外和短波红外比红光波段的地形影响更为敏感,原因是更强的红光天空漫反射削弱了红光的地形影响。地形强烈影响非波段比值型植被指数(如RSR和MNDVI等),导致阳坡的植被指数相对偏小,阴坡的植被指数相对偏大,这种地形效应随坡度增大而显著增大。因此,利用非波段比值型植被指数反演山区植被参数时必须做严格的地形校正。与之相反,波段比值型植被指数(如SR和NDVI等)可以很大程度上消除地形影响,但是在大坡度情况下,地形影响仍然不能被忽略,而且此时SR比NDVI的地形效应更大。C地形校正效果好于余弦校正效果,特别是大坡度情况下更为明显。     

岷江上游典型流域植被覆盖度的遥感模型及反演

本文在对岷江上游典型流域研究区实地踏勘和定位观测的基础上,综合利用Aster和ETM遥感数据、地面实测数据和常规观测数据等资料,研究了植被指数与植被覆盖度之间的相关性,确定了岷江上游典型流域植被覆盖度模型。以遥感图像中单个像元作为测算单位,对植被指数NDVI进行了计算,并对岷江上游毛儿盖地区植被覆盖度进行了反演。利用研究区实测数据、生态环境本底遥感调查数据和水文气象数据,对上述模型反演结果进行验证和精度分析。结果表明,模型反演结果精度较高,能较真实的反应研究区植被覆盖度实际状况。     

基于生态参数的岩溶峰丛区石灰岩基岩表面溶蚀率遥感反演

为了探索岩溶峰丛区生态参数与石灰岩基岩表面溶蚀率的相关性,用相关生态参数反演土层下石灰岩基岩表面的溶蚀率,从而间接估算其变形。选择桂林丫吉村岩溶峰丛区为研究区,以Landsat5 TM多光谱数据为信息源,提取归一化差值植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、地面温度及土壤湿度等遥感参数;运用SPSS统计软件对这3种参数分别与石灰岩溶蚀率进行了相关分析,确定其相关系数分别为-0.91,0.85及0.93;在此基础上,通过逐步回归分析,建立了运用NDVI估算植被覆盖下石灰岩表面溶蚀率的遥感反演模型。结果表明:NDVI与石灰岩溶蚀率相关性最大,所以植被信息是石灰岩表层基岩溶蚀的主要间接标志;溶蚀率与NDVI指数存在线性关系,因此只要已知研究区其他地区的NDVI指数,即可估算出该地区的石灰岩基岩表面溶蚀率。     

Estimating fractional vegetation cover and the vegetation index of bare soil and highly dense vegetation with a physically based method

Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of highly dense vegetation (NDVI_v) and bare soil (NDVI_s), identified as the key parameters for Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) estimation, are usually obtained with empirical statistical methods However, it is often difficult to obtain reasonable values of NDVI_v and NDVI_s at a coarse resolution (e.g., 1 km), or in arid, semiarid, and evergreen areas. The uncertainty of estimated NDVI_s and NDVI_v can cause substantial errors in FVC estimations when a simple linear mixture model is used. To address this problem, this paper proposes a physically based method. The leaf area index (LAI) and directional NDVI are introduced in a gap fraction model and a linear mixture model for FVC estimation to calculate NDVI_v and NDVI_s. The model incorporates the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) model parameters product (MCD43B1) and LAI product, which are convenient to acquire. Two types of evaluation experiments are designed 1) with data simulated by a canopy radiative transfer model and 2) with satellite observations. The root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) for simulated data is less than 0.117, depending on the type of noise added on the data. In the real data experiment, the RMSD for cropland is 0.127, for grassland is 0.075, and for forest is 0.107. The experimental areas respectively lack fully vegetated and non-vegetated pixels at 1 km resolution. Consequently, a relatively large uncertainty is found while using the statistical methods and the RMSD ranges from 0.110 to 0.363 based on the real data. The proposed method is convenient to produce NDVI_v and NDVI_s maps for FVC estimation on regional and global scales.     

Modelling high arctic percent vegetation cover using field digital images and high resolution satellite data

In this study, digital images collected at a study site in the Canadian High Arctic were processed and classified to examine the spatial-temporal patterns of percent vegetation cover (PVC). To obtain the PVC of different plant functional groups (i.e., forbs, graminoids/sedges and mosses), field near infrared-green-blue (NGB) digital images were classified using an object-based image analysis (OBIA) approach. The PVC analyses comparing different vegetation types confirmed: (i) the polar semi-desert exhibited the lowest PVC with a large proportion of bare soil/rock cover; (ii) the mesic tundra cover consisted of approximately 60% mosses; and (iii) the wet sedge consisted almost exclusively of graminoids and sedges. As expected, the PVC and green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI; (R_NIR − R_Green)/(R_NIR + R_Green)), derived from field NGB digital images, increased during the summer growing season for each vegetation type: i.e., ∼5% (0.01) for polar semi-desert; ∼10% (0.04) for mesic tundra; and ∼12% (0.03) for wet sedge respectively. PVC derived from field images was found to be strongly correlated with WorldView-2 derived normalized difference spectral indices (NDSI; (R_x − R_y)/(R_x + R_y)), where R_x is the reflectance of the red edge (724.1 nm) or near infrared (832.9 nm and 949.3 nm) bands; R_y is the reflectance of the yellow (607.7 nm) or red (658.8 nm) bands with R²’s ranging from 0.74 to 0.81. NDSIs that incorporated the yellow band (607.7 nm) performed slightly better than the NDSIs without, indicating that this band may be more useful for investigating Arctic vegetation that often includes large proportions of senescent vegetation throughout the growing season.     

联合PROSAIL模型和植被水分指数的低矮植被含水量估算

植被冠层含水量CWC (Canopy Water Content)和植被地上部分含水量VWC (Vegetation Water Content)对于植被健康状况和土壤干旱监测具有重要意义。本文联合PROSAIL辐射传输模型和植被水分指数NDWI(Normalized Difference Water Index),发展了一种简单、通用性较好的低矮植被CWC和VWC反演方法,可实现中、高空间分辨率下的CWC和VWC估算。首先对PROSAIL模型输入参数进行敏感性分析,明确各参数对模型输出反射率的影响机制,以优化PROSAIL模型输入参数设置并生成低矮植被的反射率模拟数据。基于模拟数据,计算了4个植被水分指数NDWI_((860,1240))、NDWI_((860,1640))、NDWI_((1240,1640))和NDWI_((860,970))用于反演低矮植被CWC和VWC。基于模拟数据的结果表明,4个植被水分指数与ln (CWC)都存在明显的线性关系,基于该关系建立了CWC估算模型。该模型可以直接用于低矮植被CWC估算,并通过VWC与CWC之间的经验关系间接计算得到VWC。模型模拟结果也表明,由于NDWI_((860,1640))和NDWI_((1240,1640))高度相关(R~2=0.99),两者可以提供相似且相对较好的低矮植被CWC估算精度。基于地面实测数据的验证结果与基于模拟数据的结果表现出很好的一致性,即基于NDWI_((860,1640))和NDWI_((1240,1640))估算的VWC都有相似且较高的精度,决定系数(R~2)都为0.88,均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.4558 kg/m~2和0.4380 kg/m~2。利用Landsat 5 TM数据对NDWI_((860,1640))估算效果的验证结果显示,模型估算CWC与地面实测CWC的R~2为0.84,RMSE为0.1342 kg/m~2,估算VWC的RMSE为0.5651 kg/m~2。本文提出的基于NDWI_((860,1640))和NDWI_((1240,1640))的CWC/VWC估算模型可被用于低矮植被的长势监测和干旱监测,为低矮植被覆盖地表的土壤水分反演提供高质量的植被水分信息。     

微波植被指数在干旱监测中的应用

在植被覆盖区域,归一化植被指数(NDVI)被广泛地应用于干旱遥感监测。和基于光学遥感的植被指数相比,Shi等提出的微波植被指数MVI(Microwave Vegetation Index)被证实能够反映更多的植被生长信息。本文以MVI为基础,利用MVI代替目前比较成熟的温度植被指数TVDI(Temperature Vegetation Index)中的NDVI,构建温度微波植被干旱指数TMVDI(Temperature Microwave Vegetation Index),发展了一种新的干旱监测方法。本文以2006年夏季四川省发生的百年难遇的干旱为研究对象,将基于TMVDI与TVDI的干旱监测结果进行了对比分析。最后,为评估监测结果的准确性,将遥感监测的结果与基于气象站点降雨观测数据构建的标准降雨指数SPI(Standardized Precipitation Index)的计算结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,利用低频降轨微波辐射计数据计算的T MVDI最适合于进行植被覆盖区域的干旱监测。     

Spatiotemporal analysis of vegetation variability and its relationship with climate change in China

This paper investigated spatiotemporal dynamic pattern of vegetation, climate factor, and their complex relationships from seasonal to inter-annual scale in China during the period 1982–1998 through wavelet transform method based on GIMMS data-sets. First, most vegetation canopies demonstrated obvious seasonality, increasing with latitudinal gradient. Second, obvious dynamic trends were observed in both vegetation and climate change, especially the positive trends. Over 70% areas were observed with obvious vegetation greening up, with vegetation degradation principally in the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta, and desert. Overall warming trend was observed across the whole country (>98% area), stronger in Northern China. Although over half of area (58.2%) obtained increasing rainfall trend, around a quarter of area (24.5%), especially the Central China and most northern portion of China, exhibited significantly negative rainfall trend. Third, significantly positive normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)–climate relationship was generally observed on the de-noised time series in most vegetated regions, corresponding to their synchronous stronger seasonal pattern. Finally, at inter-annual level, the NDVI–climate relationship differed with climatic regions and their long-term trends: in humid regions, positive coefficients were observed except in regions with vegetation degradation; in arid, semiarid, and semihumid regions, positive relationships would be examined on the condition that increasing rainfall could compensate the increasing water requirement along with increasing temperature. This study provided valuable insights into the long-term vegetation–climate relationship in China with consideration of their spatiotemporal variability and overall trend in the global change process.     

唐山市植被动态变化遥感监测

基于TM和ETM+遥感图像,分析唐山市绿地分布结构及变化趋势,对唐山市植被信息进行提取,为城市规划提供科学依据及技术支持.利用归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)计算植被信息图;设定合适的NDVI阈值参数和近红外波段的阈值参数,精确判定植被像元,并生成唐山市几个区域的植被信息结果图;利用1999-2009年3个时间段的植被信息图合成植被信息动态变化图,对植被信息动态变化图进行分析.结果表明,近10 a来,唐山市城区以公园为主的植被覆盖面积增加,城南南湖生态建设作用明显,唐山城区范围正在向外围扩展.     

Spectra and vegetation index variations in moss soil crust in different seasons,and in wet and dry conditions

Similar to vascular plants, non-vascular plant mosses have different periods of seasonal growth. There has been little research on the spectral variations of moss soil crust (MSC) over different growth periods. Few studies have paid attention to the difference in spectral characteristics between wet MSC that is photosynthesizing and dry MSC in suspended metabolism. The dissimilarity of MSC spectra in wet and dry conditions during different seasons needs further investigation. In this study, the spectral reflectance of wet MSC, dry MSC and the dominant vascular plant (Artemisia) were characterized in situ during the summer (July) and autumn (September). The variations in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), biological soil crust index (BSCI) and CI (crust index) in different seasons and under different soil moisture conditions were also analyzed. It was found that (1) the spectral characteristics of both wet and dry MSCs varied seasonally; (2) the spectral features of wet MSC appear similar to those of the vascular plant, Artemisia, whether in summer or autumn; (3) both in summer and in autumn, much higher NDVI values were acquired for wet than for dry MSC (0.6 ∼ 0.7 vs. 0.3 ∼ 0.4 units), which may lead to misinterpretation of vegetation dynamics in the presence of MSC and with the variations in rainfall occurring in arid and semi-arid zones; and (4) the BSCI and CI values of wet MSC were close to that of Artemisia in both summer and autumn, indicating that BSCI and CI could barely differentiate between the wet MSC and Artemisia.     

Seasonal trend analysis (STA) of MODIS vegetation index time series for the mangrove canopy of the Teacapan-Agua Brava lagoon system,Mexico

Monthly time series, from 2001 to 2016, of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from MOD13Q1 products were analyzed with Seasonal Trend Analysis (STA), assessing seasonal and long-term changes in the mangrove canopy of the Teacapan-Agua Brava lagoon system, the largest mangrove ecosystem in the Mexican Pacific coast. Profiles from both vegetation indices described similar phenological trends, but the EVI was more sensitive in detecting intra-annual changes. We identified a seasonal cycle dominated by Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle mixed patches, with the more closed canopy occurring in the early autumn, and the maximum opening in the dry season. Mangrove patches dominated by Avicennia germinans displayed seasonal peaks in the winter. Curves fitted for the seasonal vegetation indices were better correlated with accumulated precipitation and solar radiation among the assessed climate variables (Pearson’s correlation coefficients, estimated for most of the variables, were r ≥ 0.58 p < 0.0001), driving seasonality for tidal basins with mangroves dominated by L. racemosa and R. mangle. For tidal basins dominated by A. germinans, the maximum and minimum temperatures and monthly precipitation fit better seasonally with the vegetation indices (r ≥ 0.58, p < 0.0001). Significant mangrove canopy reductions were identified in all the analyzed tidal basins (z values for the Mann-Kendall test ≤ ?1.96), but positive change trends were recorded in four of the basins, while most of the mangrove canopy (approximately 87%) displayed only seasonal canopy changes or canopy recovery (z > ?1.96). The most resilient mangrove forests were distributed in tidal basins dominated by L. racemosa and R. mangle (Mann-Kendal Tau t ≥ 0.4, p ≤ 0.03), while basins dominated by A. germinans showed the most evidence of disturbance.     

A shadow- eliminated vegetation index (SEVI) for removal of self and cast shadow effects on vegetation in rugged terrains

ABSTRACT

The effect of terrain shadow, including the self and cast shadows, is one of the main obstacles for accurate retrieval of vegetation parameters by remote sensing in rugged terrains. A shadow- eliminated vegetation index (SEVI) was developed, which was computed from only red and near-infrared top-of-atmosphere reflectance without other heterogeneous data and topographic correction. After introduction of the conceptual model and feature analysis of conventional wavebands, the SEVI was constructed by ratio vegetation index (RVI), shadow vegetation index (SVI) and adjustment factor (f (Δ)). Then three methods were used to validate the SEVI accuracy in elimination of terrain shadow effects, including relative error analysis, correlation analysis between the cosine of solar incidence angle (cosi) and vegetation indices, and comparison analysis between SEVI and conventional vegetation indices with topographic correction. The validation results based on 532 samples showed that the SEVI relative errors for self and cast shadows were 4.32% and 1.51% respectively. The coefficient of determination between cosi and SEVI was only 0.032 and the coefficient of variation (std/mean) for SEVI was 12.59%. The results indicate that the proposed SEVI effectively eliminated the effect of terrain shadows and achieved similar or better results than conventional vegetation indices with topographic correction.     

Dynamics of vegetation indices in tropical and subtropical savannas defined by ecoregions and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land cover

In this study, we explored the capacity of vegetation indices derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance products to characterize global savannas in Australia, Africa and South America. The savannas were spatially defined and subdivided using the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) global ecoregions and MODIS land cover classes. Average annual profiles of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, shortwave infrared ratio (SWIR32), White Sky Albedo (WSA) and the Structural Scattering Index (SSI) were created. Metrics derived from average annual profiles of vegetation indices were used to classify savanna ecoregions. The response spaces between vegetation indices were used to examine the potential to derive structural and fractional cover measures. The ecoregions showed distinct temporal profiles and formed groups with similar structural properties, including higher levels of woody vegetation, similar forest–savanna mixtures and similar grassland predominance. The potential benefits from the use of combinations of indices to characterize savannas are discussed.