遥感定量反演华北平原地区冬小麦含水量

针对现有植被水分反演算法在华北平原地区适用性差、反演精度低、不能实施有效监测的问题,该文基于地面实测冬小麦植被含水量(VWC)数据,基于归一化型和比值型植被水分指数这两种常见的指数类型,提出调节植被水分指数以削弱土壤背景的影响,使用多个波段反射率数据反演VWC,提高拟合精度80%以上,发展适用于华北平原的农作物水分含量反演模型。拟合冬小麦植被含水量的决定系数为0.51,均方根误差为0.95(kg·m~(-2))。结果表明:调节植被水分指数能够削弱土壤背景影响,大幅度提高植被水分反演精度;同一种指数计算形式中,在水汽吸收谷内,基于更长波段反射率的植被水分指数反演精度更高;归一化型和比值型植被水分指数在反演精度方面无明显优劣,归一化型植被水分指数反演精度。     

多模型耦合下的植被冠层可燃物含水率遥感反演

植被冠层可燃物含水率FMC(Fuel Moisture Content)是评估野火风险及估算火灾蔓延速率的重要指标。以中国西部6个典型研究区为例,基于辐射传输模型,利用Landsat 5 TM及Landsat 8 OLI遥感数据,开展草原、森林冠层FMC定量反演研究。为克服基于物理模型的病态反演问题、FMC自身的弱敏感性问题及西南森林多具复杂的双层冠层结构问题,研究中考虑了模型参数之间的相关特征,使用多波段遥感数据及耦合辐射传输模型等方法。反演结果显示,总体植被冠层FMC反演精度R~2为0.64,RMSE为44.86%,其中草地冠层FMC的反演精度(R~2=0.64,RMSE=47.57%)略低于森林冠层FMC的反演精度(R~2=0.71,RMSE=30.82%)。为进一步论证该反演结果对野火风险评估的有效性,研究中选取并分析了2011年3月2日于云南大理白族自治州剑川县金华镇金和村森林火灾爆发前、爆发时及灾后该区域植被冠层FMC的变化特征。结果显示,火灾爆发时该地区植被冠层FMC明显低于火灾发生前后(约一月时间)植被冠层FMC,证明了本文FMC反演结果对野火风险评估的有效性。     

全极化SAR图像的山地低矮植被区域土壤含水量估计

山区土壤含水量对山区植被生长监测、滑坡预测等工作具有重要意义,因此针对山地低矮植被区域,提出了全极化SAR图像的土壤含水量估计方法。为解决山地区域SAR图像几何形变和极化旋转问题,根据入射角、坡度、坡向信息定义了可测区域与不可测区域,并对可测区域后向散射系数进行校正。其次以密西根模型为基础,发展了低矮植被的散射模型。在假定植被和土壤特征不变的情况下,基于此散射模型并结合校正数据建立了山区土壤含水量反演方法。结果表明,模型反演的土壤含水量和实验点实测值基本一致,两个实验点反演值分别为14%和15%,实测值为11.45%和15.80%,能够满足一般应用的需求。     

基于植被指数和叶绿素荧光的总初级生产力估算

以大满超级站的通量数据和塔基光谱数据为数据源,使用3种植被指数与光合有效辐射的乘积、叶绿素荧光分别反演玉米冠层尺度的GPP,构建线性回归模型进行建模与验证。结果表明:(1)在全时期时间序列动态分析中,VI×PAR、SIF与GPP具有较高的一致性,整体变化情况为先增大后减小,在抽雄期间达到最大值;(2)抽雄前期选择NDVI×PAR、EVI2×PAR、CIred edge×PAR为优选模型,建模数据R~20.83,RMSE2.00 gC/m~2/d;抽雄后期选择CIred edge×PAR为优选模型,建模数据R~2=0.83,RMSE=2.20 gC/m~2/d;全时期选择EVI2×PAR、CIred edge×PAR为优选模型,建模数据R~20.79,RMSE2.30 gC/m~2/d。基于SIF建立的GPP反演模型较为稳定,建模数据R~20.66,RMSE2.99 gC/m~2/d。     

一种三江平原湿地的植被冠层叶绿素反演

针对三江平原洪河湿地保护区内主要特征植被冠层的叶绿素含量,采用PROSAIL模型从物理角度进行反演。首先将叶面积指数、叶片结构参数、等价水厚度、叶绿素实测含量等一些植被理化参数的实测值输入模型得到模拟光谱数据,然后与实测光谱数据对比验证其准确性。在模型中,通过固定其他参量不变,取叶绿素含量为唯一值时,考察在不同叶面积指数下叶绿素含量对冠层反射率的影响。结果显示,植被冠层叶绿素含量的敏感波段为555nm和720nm。基于PROSAIL模型的叶绿素反演方法较传统的统计模型相比是较好且稳健的方法。     

基于高光谱数据的苔草营养成分反演方法研究

研究基于高光谱数据的苔草营养成分(侧重粗蛋白质、总氮、总磷)反演方法。结果显示,粗蛋白质的最佳反演模型是通过原始光谱反射率(偏最小二乘回归的方法)获得,R2=0.814、RMSE=0.450;总氮的最佳反演模型是通过一阶光谱反射率(偏最小二乘回归的方法)获得,R~2=0.850、RMSE=0.175;总磷的最佳反演模型是通过原始光谱反射率(偏最小二乘回归)获得,R~2=0.882、RMSE=0.025。最佳模型检验结果显示估算值和实测值之间的强相关性:粗蛋白质R2=0.801、RMSE=1.029,总氮R2=0.777、RMSE=0.234,总磷R2=0.756、RMSE=0.043。     

MODIS卫星遥感估计福州地区近地面PM2.5浓度

卫星遥感反演气溶胶光学厚度已被广泛应用于近地面空气污染遥感监测。为揭示福州地区细颗粒物污染的空间分异趋势,利用2014年—2015年的地基监测细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))浓度数据、MODIS 3 km气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)卫星数据以及GEOS-FP气象数据,分别构建了估计福州地区近地面PM2.5浓度的日校正模型和站点一日校正模型,并利用十折交叉验证方法对2个模型进行评价验证。结果表明:(1)日校正模型和站点一日校正模型分别能够解释福州地区PM2.5浓度76.2%和81.4%的变异,反演的2014年—2015年福州地区近地面PM2.5浓度和地面实测站点数据之间的相关性R~2分别为0.724(RMSE=10.993μg·m~(-3))和0.781(RMSE=9.687μg.m~(-3));(2)分别针对不同下垫面环境的城市站点和县郊站点数据进行模型拟合验证,两个模型反演的PM2.5浓度值与地面实测值之间皆具有良好的相关性,R~2最高可达0.808;(3)将模型反演的PM2.5浓度季均值与地面实测季均值进行对比分析,结果也显示二者高度相关,据此反演的2015年福州地区年平均PM2.5浓度分布图可清晰地揭示福州地区PM_(2.5)浓度分布的空间变化情况。由此可见,基于MODIS 3 km AOD产品和气象数据建立的近地面PM_(2.5)浓度遥感估算模型能够很好地反演出福州地区近地面PM2.5浓度分布情况。     

基于GF-2卫星数据的孕穗期小麦叶面积指数反演——以河北省廊坊市为例

叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)是评价植被长势和预测产量的重要农业生理生态参数。高分2号(GF-2)卫星数据具有高空间分辨率特点,能反映更多细节信息,针对该数据特点的LAI反演方法具有较高的研究价值。以河北省廊坊市万庄镇为研究区,对孕穗期小麦采用了回归模型和神经网络算法反演LAI;采用4种植被指数与实测LAI值构建回归模型,同时重点探讨了PROSAIL模型结合神经网络方法进行LAI反演。研究结果表明,在回归模型中,归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)的二项式模型估算LAI可以获得最高精度,采用实测数据验证的决定系数(R2)和均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)分别为0.719 3和0.393 6;与回归模型相比,神经网络反演LAI方法更显著提高了精度,R2和RMSE分别达到0.900 8和0.273 2。基于GF-2卫星数据,在研究区小麦孕穗期,神经网络反演LAI具有较强可行性和适用性,可为高空间分辨率卫星影像的LAI反演提供参考。     

基于多源空间数据与空地协同的植被覆盖度估算——以东亚干草草原为例

植被覆盖度是植物生长状态的综合体现,是研究全球变化与植被变化的重要指标。本文基于多源空间数据和地面数据的协同,估算了东亚干草草原木本和草本覆盖度。估算结果表明,多源数据和地面测量数据相融合的方法提高了估算精度;模型对木本覆盖度的估算更稳健;估算结果改善了对草原地区木本覆盖的低估。估算模型有效地反映了草原低矮分散的木本植物,为分析草原大尺度植被覆盖度的格局和动态提供了参考。     

植被光能利用率高光谱遥感反演研究进展

光能利用率是表征植被通过光合作用将所截获/吸收的能量转化为有机干物质效率的指标。光能利用率是植被光合作用的重要概念,也是区域尺度以遥感参数模型监测植被生产力的关键参数。不同植被类型的光能利用率具有明显的时空差异,水分、温度、养分供给等环境胁迫因素会影响植被的光能利用率。随着高分辨率光谱测量传感器的使用,位于可见光和近红外区域的窄波段可以捕捉到植被冠层反射率的细微变化,也促进了光能利用率遥感反演技术的发展。本文结合国际植被光能利用率遥感反演最新研究成果,从基于环境胁迫因子的光能利用率反演,基于植被光谱指数的光能利用率反演、基于叶绿素荧光的光能利用率反演,以及基于涡度相关测量数据和遥感数据相结合的光能利用率反演四个方面,详细介绍了植被光能利用率遥感反演的主要技术方法,并对植被光能利用率遥感研究存在的主要问题和发展趋势进行了讨论。     

Remote sensing of grassland–shrubland vegetation water content in the shortwave domain

This study compares the ability of spectral approaches operating in the shortwave optical domain to predict absolute and relative vegetation water content (AWC and RWC, respectively) across northern prairie grassland–shrubland. We collected vegetation water content and spectral radiometer data over plots of comparable ground resolution (0.5 m) at seven field sites in the Canadian mixed grass prairie in June 2004. We then aggregated observations to scale these data “up” to an observational scale consistent with that of Landsat-TM satellite imagery (30 m). This allowed us to assess abilities of three spectral approaches to predict AWC and RWC at both observational scales. These approaches were: individual vegetation indices, a combination of spectral bands and a combination of spectral derivatives. Our results showed that (a) the band-combination approach provides the most accurate and precise estimates of AWC and RWC at both 0.5 and 30 m sampling resolutions; (b) the combination of bands providing the greatest predictive abilities are those that emphasize the contrast in reflectance between the NIR and SWIR spectral regions; (c) the band-combination approach predicts AWC with much greater accuracy and precision than RWC and (d) the predictive ability of the band-combination approach decreases only slightly when plot-level data are aggregated to a 30 m sampling resolution. These results are generally consistent with the results of other studies and with theory. While our results suggest that simple spectral methods (e.g. linear band-combinations or indices) are good predictors of AWC over grazed and ungrazed grassland–shrubland landscapes at plot- and Landsat spatial resolutions, they are less encouraging for the estimation of RWC. Despite their good predictive abilities, the temporal and geographical portabilities of the spectral approaches for estimating AWC must be further assessed before they can be considered reliable and robust predictive tools. Thus, the further testing of these techniques over larger geographical extents is required.     

基于混合像元分解理论的路域植被等量水厚度遥感反演

为削弱混合像元对植被参数反演的影响，提出了基于混合像元分解理论反演路域植被等量水厚度的方法。利用PRO4SAIL模型正演获得的高光谱窄波段数据，模拟Landsat 8遥感影像宽波段植被冠层光谱数据，并进行等量水厚度的敏感植被指数的筛选；对覆盖研究区域的Landsat 8遥感影像进行线性混合像元分解，获取更加精确的植被冠层光谱反射率；同时，利用支持向量机构建等量水厚度估测模型，实现对路域植被等量水厚度的遥感反演。研究结果表明，利用混合像元分解后得到的植被冠层光谱参与模型反演得到的路域植被等量水厚度更加符合实际情况，为遥感影像反演植被参数提供了有效数据。     

高信息—背景反差比滤波特性的水、雪、植被偏振遥感探测

在光学遥感中,水的强烈镜面反射性和角度选择性使探测器饱和或反射率过低而难以提取有效信息,雪的强反射性和表面敏感性使传感器难以直接探测,植被指数在不同反射强度下的敏感性对经典植被监测方法的精度和有效性提出挑战。偏振手段可大大提高水、雪和植被的遥感识别能力。本文利用地物遥感偏振光效应的高信息—背景反差比滤波特性,解决光学遥感中水、雪的不可测量问题,以及破除植被强光反射条件下无法精细监测的瓶颈。本文从偏振高信息—背景反差比滤波特性理论出发,通过实验证明偏振手段可有效提升水的信息—背景反差比、剥离70%以上的太阳耀光,为强反射特性下的积雪遥感提供必要方法,并最高降低78%的植被监测误差。本文首次推导证明了偏振探测高信息—背景反差比滤波特性机理,在理论指导和实验深化引导下解决了光学遥感中水、雪因探测器饱和而无法测量的问题,并破除了强反射条件下植被无法精细监测的瓶颈。     

Vegetation water content retrieval using scatterometer data at X-band

The vegetation water content (VWC) of kidney bean crop is retrieved using ground-based multi-temporal, multi-angular and co-polarized scatterometer data at X-band. An outdoor crop-bed was prepared to observe the scatterometer response at HH- and VV-polarizations in the angular range from 20° to 70°. The trend of scattering coefficient is found to decrease for the entire angular range. The present study is carried out to investigate the retrieval for VWC of a kidney bean crop at its nine different growth stages by an empirical relation based on least square optimization method using scatterometer data. The results are found promising for the retrieval of the VWC of kidney bean crop at its several growth stages.     

基于地形调节植被指数估算长汀县植被覆盖度

植被覆盖度遥感估算最常用的方法是基于植被指数构建模型,但大部分的植被指数没有考虑地形的影响。以福建省长汀县作为研究区,引入能消除地形影响的地形调节植被指数(topography adjusted vegetation index,TAVI),利用像元二分模型估算植被覆盖度,旨在研究TAVI对植被覆盖度估算结果的影响,并与基于归一化差值植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)估算的结果进行比较。根据目视效果和统计指标的分析表明:基于TAVI估算的植被覆盖度精度高于基于NDVI的估算结果,并能有效降低阴坡阳坡间的差异,提高阴坡区域植被覆盖度的估算精度。     

Estimating fractional vegetation cover and the vegetation index of bare soil and highly dense vegetation with a physically based method

Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of highly dense vegetation (NDVI_v) and bare soil (NDVI_s), identified as the key parameters for Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) estimation, are usually obtained with empirical statistical methods However, it is often difficult to obtain reasonable values of NDVI_v and NDVI_s at a coarse resolution (e.g., 1 km), or in arid, semiarid, and evergreen areas. The uncertainty of estimated NDVI_s and NDVI_v can cause substantial errors in FVC estimations when a simple linear mixture model is used. To address this problem, this paper proposes a physically based method. The leaf area index (LAI) and directional NDVI are introduced in a gap fraction model and a linear mixture model for FVC estimation to calculate NDVI_v and NDVI_s. The model incorporates the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) model parameters product (MCD43B1) and LAI product, which are convenient to acquire. Two types of evaluation experiments are designed 1) with data simulated by a canopy radiative transfer model and 2) with satellite observations. The root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) for simulated data is less than 0.117, depending on the type of noise added on the data. In the real data experiment, the RMSD for cropland is 0.127, for grassland is 0.075, and for forest is 0.107. The experimental areas respectively lack fully vegetated and non-vegetated pixels at 1 km resolution. Consequently, a relatively large uncertainty is found while using the statistical methods and the RMSD ranges from 0.110 to 0.363 based on the real data. The proposed method is convenient to produce NDVI_v and NDVI_s maps for FVC estimation on regional and global scales.     

Comparative analysis of different uni- and multi-variate methods for estimation of vegetation water content using hyper-spectral measurements

Assessment of vegetation water content is critical for monitoring vegetation condition, detecting plant water stress, assessing the risk of forest fires and evaluating water status for irrigation. The main objective of this study was to investigate the performance of various mono- and multi-variate statistical methods for estimating vegetation water content (VWC) from hyper-spectral data. Hyper-spectral data is influenced by multi-collinearity because of a large number of (independent) spectral bands being modeled by a small number of (dependent) biophysical variables. Therefore, some full spectrum methods that are known to be suitable for analyzing multi-collinear data set were chosen. Canopy spectral reflectance was obtained with a GER 3700 spectro-radiometer (400–2400 nm) in a laboratory setting and VWC was measured by calculating wet/dry weight difference per unit of ground area (g/m²) of each plant canopy (n = 95). Three multivariate statistical methods were applied to estimate VWC: (1) partial least square regression, (2) artificial neural network and (3) principal component regression. They were selected to minimize the problem related to multi-collinearity. For comparison, uni-variate techniques including narrow band ratio water index (RWI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), second soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI2) and transferred soil adjusted vegetation index (TSAVI) were applied. For each type of vegetation index, all two-band combinations were evaluated to determine the best band combination. Validation of the methods was based on the cross validation procedure and using three statistical indicators: R², RMSE and relative RMSE. The cross-validated results identified PLSR as the regression model providing the most accurate estimates of VWC among the various methods. The result revealed that this model is highly recommended for use with multi-collinear datasets ($R_{\text{CV}}^2=0.94$, RRMSE_CV = 0.23). Principal component regression exhibited the lowest accuracy among the multivariate models ($R_{\text{CV}}^2=0.78$, RRMSE_CV = 0.41).     

Fractional vegetation cover estimation based on soil and vegetation lines in a corn-dominated area

An automatic fractional vegetation cover (FVC) estimation method based on image characteristics in an agricultural region was proposed in this study to remove the empiricism in determining the key parameters of empirical methods. The proposed method automatically determined the soil and vegetation lines in the two-dimensional space of the red and blue band reflectances, which involved an iterative soil and vegetation pixels selection procedure, and then estimated FVC of a pixel based on its distances from the soil and vegetation lines. The accuracy assessment using field survey data indicated that the performance of the proposed method (R² = 0.69, RMSE = 0.072, Bias = 0.014) was comparable with several commonly used empirical methods. Therefore, it was indicated that the proposed method could effectively estimate FVC in the corn-dominated region.     

Estimating fractional green vegetation cover of Mongolian grasslands using digital camera images and MODIS satellite vegetation indices

ABSTRACT

Fractional green vegetation cover (FVC) is a useful indicator for monitoring grassland status. Satellite imagery with coarse spatial but high temporal resolutions has been preferred to monitor seasonal and inter-annual FVC dynamics in wide geographic area such as Mongolian steppe. However, the coarse spatial resolution can cause a certain uncertainty in the satellite-based FVC estimation, which calls attention to develop a robust statistical test for the relationship between field FVC and satellite-derived vegetation indices. In the arid and semi-arid Mongolian steppe, nadir pointing digital camera images (DCI) were collected and used to produce a FVC dataset to support the evaluation of satellite-based FVC retrievals. An optimal DCI processing method was determined with respect to three color spaces (RGB, HIS, L*a*b*) and six green pixel classification algorithms, from which a country-wide dataset of DCI-FVC was produced and used for evaluating the accuracy of satellite-based FVC estimates from MODIS vegetation indices. We applied three empirical and three semi-empirical MODIS-FVC retrieval models. DCI data were collected from 96 sites across the Mongolian steppe from 2012 to 2014. The histogram algorithm using the hue (H) value of the HIS color space was the optimal DCI method (r² = 0.94, percent root-mean-square-error (RMSE) = 7.1%). For MODIS-FVC retrievals, semi-empirical Baret model was the best-performing model with the highest r² (0.69) and the lowest RMSE (49.7%), while the lowest MB (+1.1%) was found for the regression model with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The high RMSE (>50% or so) is an issue requiring further enhancement of satellite-based FVC retrievals accounting for key plant and soil parameters relevant to the Mongolian steppe and for scale mismatch between sampling and MODIS data.     

Remote sensing of water vapor content using ground-based GPS data

Spatial and temporal resolution of water vapor content is useful in improving the accuracy of short-term weather prediction. Dense and continuously tracking regional GPS arrays will play an important role in remote sensing atmospheric water vapor content. In this study, a piecewise linear solution method was proposed to estimate the precipitable water vapor (PWV) content from ground-based GPS observations in Hong Kong. To evaluate the solution accuracy of the water vapor content sensed by GPS, the upper air sounding data (radiosonde) that are collected locally was used to calculate the precipitable water vapor during the same period. One-month results of PWV from both ground-based GPS sensing technique and radiosonde method are in agreement within 1–2 mm. This encouraging result will motivate the GPS meteorology application based on the establishment of a dense GPS array in Hong Kong.