大陆俯冲带两类壳幔相互作用

板块俯冲作用是实现地壳与地幔之间物质和能量转换的重要机制,俯冲带岩浆岩是研究地壳物质再循环及其壳幔相互作用的重要载体.本文通过对红安-大别-苏鲁造山带和华北东南缘碰撞后镁铁质岩浆岩的同位素年代学和地球化学的系统总结,概括出两种类型的大陆俯冲带壳幔相互作用,对应于两类地球化学性质截然不同的镁铁质火成岩.第一类岩石显示弧型微量元素分布特征(富集LILE,LREE和Pb,亏损HFSE)和相对富集的放射成因Sr-Nd同位素组成,而第二类具有OIB型微量元素分布特征(富集LILE和LREE,HFSE不亏损)和相对亏损的放射成因Sr-Nd同位素组成.它们都具有变化的且不同于正常地幔的锆石O同位素组成,含有残留的地壳锆石.这些地球化学特征表明,这两类镁铁质火成岩来源于不同地球化学性质的地幔源区,其中第二类岩石的地幔源区是先前俯冲古洋壳来源的熔体与上覆新生岩石圈地幔反应形成的,而第一类岩石的地幔源区是随后俯冲的华南陆壳来源的长英质熔体与上覆华北古老岩石圈地幔反应形成的.因此,在大陆俯冲带存在两种类型的壳幔相互作用,碰撞后镁铁质岩浆岩为大陆碰撞造山带不同类型的板片-地幔相互作用提供了岩石学和地球化学记录.     

华北中生代镁铁质岩浆作用与克拉通减薄和破坏

华北克拉通在中生代发生了岩石圈减薄,古老的大陆岩石圈地幔在减薄后被年轻的新生岩石圈地幔所取代.与此同时,华北克拉通发生了破坏,以大规模早白垩世岩浆作用为标志.尽管对这个现象有了共识,但是对华北克拉通岩石圈破坏的机制仍然存在争议.文章以华北中生代镁铁质岩浆作用为视角,试图对上述争议提出解决办法.华北中生代镁铁质岩浆作用以早白垩世的~121Ma为分界点,在此之前的镁铁质岩浆岩兼具岛弧玄武岩微量元素组成和明显富集Sr-Nd同位素组成的特点,而在此之后才开始出现兼具洋岛玄武岩微量元素组成和亏损至弱富集Sr-Nd同位素组成的镁铁质岩浆岩.这个差异表明,华北克拉通岩石圈地幔的地球化学性质在~121Ma发生了根本性转变.尽管华北克拉通在晚三叠世也出现过镁铁质岩浆作用,但是其成因是深俯冲华南陆块折返的结果,而古太平洋板块俯冲在那时尚未启动.古太平洋板块自侏罗纪开始向欧亚大陆东部之下俯冲,俯冲板片与上覆岩石圈地幔楔之间处于耦合状态,是俯冲板片脱水导致华北克拉通地幔的弱化阶段.古老岛弧型镁铁质岩浆岩的地幔源区可能既有侏罗纪时期俯冲古太平洋板片衍生流体与华北克拉通岩石圈地幔之间反应的产物,也有三叠纪时期俯冲华南陆壳衍生熔体与华北克拉通岩石圈地幔之间反应的产物.对于新生洋岛型镁铁质岩浆岩的地幔源区来说,则可能是俯冲古太平洋板片衍生熔体与华北岩石圈之下软流圈地幔之间反应的产物.从~144Ma开始,俯冲的古太平洋板片发生回卷,克拉通岩石圈底部受到侧向充填的软流圈地幔加热,导致弱化的克拉通岩石圈地幔发生减薄.在130~120Ma期间,减薄后的大陆岩石圈发生大规模破坏,不仅地幔楔下部超镁铁质交代岩发生部分熔融形成具有古老岛弧型地球化学信息的镁铁质岩浆岩,而且这些地区的下地壳岩石也受到加热发生大规模长英质岩浆作用.与此同时,回卷板片地壳岩石受到侧向充填的软流圈地幔加热,产生长英质熔体交代上覆软流圈地幔橄榄岩,这样在~121Ma开始部分熔融形成具有新生洋岛型地球化学信息的镁铁质岩浆岩,标志着华北克拉通岩石圈地幔已经被新生岩石圈地幔所取代.古太平洋板片在中生代时期向中国东部大陆之下的俯冲并不像现今地震层析成像所观察到的那样直接俯冲至地幔过渡带,而是像纳斯卡板块向美洲大陆之下俯冲那样为低角度俯冲.这种低角度俯冲不仅物理上可以直接侵蚀岩石圈地幔,而且化学上可以交代岩石圈地幔.因此,古太平洋板片与大陆岩石圈地幔之间的相互作用才是导致华北克拉通岩石圈地幔减薄和破坏的一级地球动力学机制.     

安徽月山地区闪长岩类地质地球化学研究

安徽月山地区是长江中下游地区的重要成岩－成在放区段。本文通过岩石学、岩石化学和同位素地球化学等方面的研究，探讨和阐明了月山地区闪长岩类的形成环境、物质来源、源区特征、岩浆形成与演化机理等。     

南海新生代碱性玄武岩主量、微量元素及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素研究

南海海盆玄武质岩石的全岩K-Ar年龄为7.9~3.8 Ma, 为南海扩张停止(15.5 Ma)后、晚中新世以来的板内火山作用的产物, 可与其周边地区(如雷琼半岛、南海北缘及中南半岛等)同期火山作用的岩石成因和源区性质进行对比研究. 在详细的岩相学研究基础上, 从中挑选出了新鲜的玄武质岩石, 并进行了主量、微量元素及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素分析研究. 结果表明, 该区玄武岩属于碱性玄武岩浆系列, 具有OIB型的稀土及微量元素特点, 形成岩浆的部分熔融作用程度较低, 岩浆在上升期间或在高位岩浆房中经历了结晶分异作用和堆晶作用. Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学研究表明, 南海地幔存在不均一性, 岩浆源区性质为EM2与DMM的二端员混合模式, 其中EM2为来自地幔柱物质的富集端员, DMM端员为大洋软流圈或岩石圈亏损地幔; Pb同位素特征显示本区存在Dupal异常, 结合北冰洋Gakkel脊新发现的Dupal异常, 表明此异常并非只限于南半球. 从Sr-Nd-Pb同位素变异图解中可见, 南海与雷琼半岛、南海北缘以及中南半岛地区可能具有相似的地幔源区特征, 与中国华北及东北地区存在一定差异. 南海海盆晚中新世以来的玄武岩为海南地幔柱提供了地球化学制约.     

吉林红旗岭地区造山后镁铁-超镁铁岩体的年代测定及其意义

吉林省中部红旗岭地区镁铁-超镁铁杂岩广泛发育,年代学资料表明,红旗岭-漂河川岩体形成于晚三叠纪(距今约216Ma),与该区A型花岗岩的年龄相当,但略微年轻一些。岩石学和地球化学特征表明,镁铁-超镁铁岩普遍可见包橄结构,橄榄石晶体平衡岩浆属于高MgO玄武质岩浆,微量元素和同位素模拟结果均显示岩浆源区主要为亏损地幔或新生岩石圈地幔。根据这些结果,同时结合相关研究,提出这些镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体的形成与该区大量造山后A型花岗岩带的形成相吻合,其形成主要是由于造山后期岩石圈板块的拆沉减薄效应,软流圈地幔上隆及大量幔源岩浆上侵,底垫于地壳底部,并经历了强烈的结晶分异作用     

东秦岭商丹构造带陆壳俯冲碰撞——花岗质岩浆源区同位素示踪证据

根据东秦岭商丹构造带两侧晚古生代～早中古生代碰撞型花岗岩类Pb,Nd和Sr同位素地球化学特征,对岩浆源区进行了分析,论证了北秦岭碰撞型花岗岩类的岩浆源区并不主要来自于原北秦岭的基底岩层,而其源区物质主要来自于商丹构造带南侧的南秦岭中、下地壳,这为东秦岭造山带在陆-陆相互作用阶段.南秦岭地壳滑脱俯冲于北秦岭陆块之下提供了直接的证据.     

青藏高原羌塘中部中奥陶世变质堆晶辉长岩锆石SHRIMP年代学及Hf同位素特征

藏北羌塘桃形湖地区出露有一套变质基性岩,主要岩石类型有变质超基性岩、变质堆晶辉长岩、变质辉长岩(辉绿岩)、变质玄武岩和斜长花岗岩等,局部可见有残留的堆晶(层状)结构.变质堆晶辉长岩的锆石SHRIMP定年和Hf同位素研究表明其时代为(467±4)Ma,这是目前羌塘地区时代最老、最可靠的岩浆岩年龄.变质堆晶辉长岩锆石176Hf/177Hf比值介于0.282615～0.282657之间,εHf(t)加权平均值为5.02±0.28,反映其岩浆源区为亏损型地幔.变质基性岩地球化学特征与大洋中脊玄武岩类似,它很可能是古洋壳的残片.桃形湖变质基性岩代表羌塘中央隆起地区早古生代蛇绿岩残片.     

西藏南部冈底斯岩基花岗岩时代与岩石成因

冈底斯岩基花岗岩的岩石组合、岩石地球化学、全岩Sr-Nd同位素地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素等特征表明：（1）冈底斯岩基中生代时期发育了连续的岩浆活动,存在晚侏罗世和早白垩世两个岩浆作用峰期,该时期岩浆活动为新特提斯洋板片连续向北斜向俯冲造成的;（2）古新世-始新世是本地区岩浆活动最为发育的时期,该时期岩浆作用为新特提斯洋板片继续俯冲、板片回转和板片断离等多个地球动力学过程的反映;（3）渐新世-中新世岩浆活动为碰撞后东西向伸展环境下,增厚岩石圈发生对流减薄的产物;（4）拉萨地块南缘冈底斯岩基源区可能是一个晚古生代时期拼贴的岛弧地体,其具有明显不同于古老拉萨地块（冈底斯弧背断隆和中冈底斯地区）的基底特征;（5）冈底斯岩基花岗岩的年代学格架和锆石Hf同位素特征,明显不同于邻区的花岗岩,可作为区域构造隆升-剥蚀过程示踪研究的有效手段.     

云南腾冲全新世火山源区性质及其岩浆演化

在对腾冲火山区进行野外考察的基础上,重点对区内3座全新世火山(黑空山、打莺山和马鞍山)的岩石学及地球化学特征、岩浆源区性质及其演化进行研究。对主量元素和微量元素研究表明,这套岩石属于高钾钙碱性系列,包括粗面玄武岩、玄武粗安岩、粗面安山岩和英安岩,从基性岩到酸性岩都有分布。这套火山岩富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损Nb-Ta-Ti不相容元素,具有岛弧火山岩特征。通过微量数据模拟认为,腾冲全新世火山岩为石榴石相地幔橄榄岩在低压条件下大比例部分熔融的产物。源区富钾矿物为金云母,不含角闪石。腾冲及其邻区新生代以来的火山喷发主要受盆地内断裂控制,不受板块俯冲或者火山弧作用的控制。其活动产物为板内火山岩,表现出的岛弧火山岩特征是由于地幔源区受到古洋壳的俯冲板片的富集作用,富集作用发生在部分熔融作用之前。富集地幔部分熔融形成的富钾岩浆沿断裂上升进入地壳形成岩浆房,在岩浆房阶段经历了分离结晶作用和地壳混染作用,有钛铁氧化物、磷灰石、橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜长石的结晶分离。     

北羌塘新第三纪高钾钙碱火山岩系的成因及其大陆动力学意义

北羌塘新第三纪高钾钙碱系列火山岩主要岩石类型为安山岩、英安岩和流纹岩类, 属典型的壳源岩浆系列, 是加厚的陆壳基底脱水熔融的产物. 岩石具轻稀土富集和无负Eu异常的特殊地球化学特征, 表明其源区物质组成相当于榴辉岩相, 从而揭示了羌塘地区在新第三纪板块碰撞这一特定的构造背景下, 陆壳已经被加厚并形成了一个榴辉岩质的下地壳类型.     

Where fast weathering creates thin regolith and slow weathering creates thick regolith

Weathering disaggregates rock into regolith – the fractured or granular earth material that sustains life on the continental land surface. Here, we investigate what controls the depth of regolith formed on ridges of two rock compositions with similar initial porosities in Virginia (USA). A priori, we predicted that the regolith on diabase would be thicker than on granite because the dominant mineral (feldspar) in the diabase weathers faster than its granitic counterpart. However, weathering advanced 20× deeper into the granite than the diabase. The 20 × ‐thicker regolith is attributed mainly to connected micron‐sized pores, microfractures formed around oxidizing biotite at 20 m depth, and the lower iron (Fe) content in the felsic rock. Such porosity allows pervasive advection and deep oxidation in the granite. These observations may explain why regolith worldwide is thicker on felsic compared to mafic rock under similar conditions. To understand regolith formation will require better understanding of such deep oxidation reactions and how they impact fluid flow during weathering. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

粤北下庄矿田小水铀矿床地球化学特征分析

粤北小水矿床是下庄矿田典型的交点型铀矿床。通过对矿床内发育的花岗岩、辉绿岩及铀矿石采样分析．发现小水矿床矿石具有轻稀土富集的稀土元素特征和富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th的微量元素特征。与辉绿岩的相应特征十分吻合,与花岗岩的相应特征差异很大,推测其成矿物质来源于深部地幔流体（富含U、F、CO2）,且交点型矿石的形成很有可能伴有幔源成矿流体对与花岗岩有关的早期红化矿石的叠加改造作用。     

Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province in northwest China

Tarim Large Igneous Province (TLIP) is the second Late Paleozoic LIPs in China after the recognition of Emeishan LIP, and is a hot research topic in geosciences. On the basis of the analysis of research history about TLIP, this paper summarizes the research result during last twenty years and suggests the key research area in the future. The residual distribution range of TLIP is up to 250000 km², and the largest residual thickness is 780 m. The eruption of basalt happened during 290–288 Ma and belongs to LIPs magmatic event with fast eruption of magma. The lithological units of the TLIP include basalt, diabase, layered intrusive rock, breccia pipe mica-olivine pyroxenite, olivine pyroxenite, gabbro, ultramafic dyke, quartz syenite, quartz syenite porphyry and bimodal dyke. The basalt and diabase of TLIP exhibit OIB-like trace element patterns and enrichment of LILE and HFSE, and mainly belong to high TiO₂ series. There is an obvious difference in isotope among the basalt from Keping and the basalt and dibase from the northern Tarim Basin. The basalt from Keping with negative ? _Nd and high REE value derives from enriched mantle, and the diabase and basalt from the northern Tarim Basin with positive ? _Nd and low REE value are related to depleted mantle. The crust uplifting in the Early Permian and the development of picrite and large scale dyke and formation of large scale V-Ti-Magnetite deposit in Wajilitag area support the view that the TLIP is related to mantle plume. The TLIP has a temporal-spatial relationship with Permian basic to ultra-basic igneous rock, which is distributed widely in Central Asia, and they represent a tectono-magmatic event with very important geodynamic setting. This paper also suggests that the deep geological process, the relation with mantle plume, mineralization, the relation with environmental change and biological evolution, and the geodynamics of the TLIP will be the key research topics in the future.     

郯庐断裂带北段的形成时间及其动力学特征(英文)

郯庐断裂带在中国东北地区延伸，切过辽河盆地东部坳陷后分为依兰－伊通、密山－敦化和四平－长春三条断裂。在依兰－伊通断裂带内利用４０Ａｒ／３９Ａｒ法测得断层岩（云母石英片岩）中黑云母单矿物的年龄为（１００±２．３）Ｍａ。同时测得断裂带内辉绿岩的Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ全岩等时线年龄（１００±５．９）Ｍａ，辉石的４０Ａｒ／３９Ａｒ坪年龄为１０５Ｍａ。从依兰－伊通断裂错开中生代花岗岩体、古生界地层、白垩系泉头组的露头对比，以及断裂带内应变测量等获得区内断层的走滑距离为４ｋｍ左右。断层切过下白垩统泉头组（１２２Ｍａ，Ｋ－Ａｒ法）并被上白垩统嫩江组所覆盖。这段走滑断层的活动对邻近盆地产生了影响，造成盆地中的反转构造。该走滑断层是在中国东部地区逆时针方向的旋转运动基础上形成的，并与俯冲的西太平洋板块及其引起的上地幔物质运动有关     

Electrical properties of some magmatic dike rocks at high temperatures

The electrical properties of magmatic rocks (diabase and granite porphyry) from the complex dike located in the Main Caucasian (Akhtychaisk) fault zone are examined at temperatures of 100?C1000°C. It is established that the increase in the electrical conductivity from granite porphyry to diabase is caused by the decreased quartz content, increased total content of iron oxides FeO and Fe₂O₃, as well as the fine-grained texture of diabases and their secondary alterations. The pattern of temperature dependence of specific electrical conductivity observed in granite porphyry and diabases reflects the polymorphic transformation of the monoclinic structure to the triclinic structure (the MT-transformation), which occurs in the feldspar component of the rock. Another factor responsible for the shape of the mentioned temperature dependence is that the formation of an extrinsic mechanism of conduction is dominated by the defects (associated into complexes) in the crystal lattices of the minerals. This allows determining the energy of formation and migration of lattice defects and the energy of association of the lattice defects into complexes, which play an important role in the natural metamorphic processes. The AC measurements for the granite porphyry revealed frequency dispersion of the electrical conductivity, which decreases with increasing temperature.     

斜长石、辉石混合模型的电导率有限元数值计算研究

以岩石实验中矿物的几何形态及空间分布为建模依据,以实验条件及单矿物电导率的测量结果为约束条件,用有限元数值方法模拟了不同微观结构的斜长石、辉石混合物在施加电压后电势及电流的分布情况,并计算了混合模型在不同温度条件下的电导率.研究结果显示,数值模型网格数及矿物颗粒数的选取对电导率计算结果的精度有较大影响,在体导电情况下,模型电导率因矿物比例含量和排列结构而异.当斜长石及辉石随机分布时,随着辉石含量的增加,混合模型电导率在不同温度下均有所增加,且温度越高,增加幅度越大,电导率的有限元模拟计算结果接近于有效介质渗透理论模型,且位于并、串联模型之间以及HS模型的上、下边界范围内;在斜长石及辉石含量一定的情况下,各矿物的排列分布对电导率计算结果也有一定的影响,当矿物颗粒大小接近且分布均匀时,模型中电势沿电流传导方向变化较为均匀,模拟计算得出的电导率相对较高,当矿物颗粒大小差别较大及分布不均匀时,电势分布受到一定的扰动,电导率计算结果也较低.将混合模型电导率有限元计算结果与辉长岩、辉绿岩及玄武岩实验测量结果进行比较,显示这3种岩石样品电导率与温度变化关系的斜率均与混合模型计算结果的斜率相接近,表明这些岩石在所选温度段导电机制与斜长石、辉石混合模型相似,用斜长石、辉石混合模型的电导率研究玄武岩、辉长岩及辉绿岩的导电性具有适用性.将混合模型有限元计算结果与玄武岩、辉长岩、辉绿岩覆盖区地壳大地电磁实测结果对比,发现大地电磁电导率结果位于混合模型计算结果范围内,用斜长石、辉石混合模型模拟玄武岩、辉长岩等岩石地壳具有一定的可行性.     

圆形巷道围岩的环向应力及发生岩爆单元分布的数值模拟

利用FLAC模拟了不同水平方向压力（小于竖直方向压力）及岩石峰后不同脆性条件下的圆形巷道破坏过程。岩石服从莫尔-库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的破坏准则,破坏之后呈现应变软化-理想塑性行为。监测了模型中第1象限对角线上的单元环向应力分布及演化规律。根据徐林生和王兰生提出的环向应力岩爆判据,判断模型中各单元是否发生岩爆。模拟结果表明：当竖直方向压力一定时,随着水平方向压力的增加,V形坑的顶点和巷道中心的连线与模型水平轴的夹角,由小于45°向接近45°发展;同时,巷道围岩中发生破坏的单元数及发生岩爆的单元数均增加,环向应力的峰值增大。随着岩石峰后脆性的增强,剪切带趋于明显,容易汇合形成V形坑;同时,巷道围岩中发生破坏的单元数及发生岩爆的单元数均增加,环向应力的峰值向围岩内部移动。     

Evolution of tholeiitic diabase sheet systems in the eastern United States: examples from the Culpeper Basin, Virginia-Maryland, and the Gettysburg Basin, Pennsylvania

High-TiO₂, quartz-normative (HTQ) tholeiite sheets of Early Jurassic age have intruded mainly Late Triassic sedimentary rocks in several early Mesozoic basins in the eastern United States. Field observations, petrographic study, geochemical analyses and stable isotope data from three HTQ sheet systems in the Culpeper basin of Virginia and Maryland and the Gettysburg basin of Pennsylvania were used to develop a general model of magmatic differentiation and magmatic-hydrothermal interaction for HTQ sheets. The three sheet systems have remarkably similar major-oxide and trace-element compositions. Cumulus and evolved diabase in comagmatic sheets separated by tens of kilometers are related by igneous differentiation. Differentiated diabase in all three sheets have petrographic and geochemical signatures and fluid inclusions indicating hydrothermal alteration beginning near magmatic temperatures and continuing to relatively low temperatures. Sulfur and oxygen isotope data are consistent with a magmatic origin for the hydrothermal fluid.The three sheet systems examined apparently all had a similar style of crystal-liquid fractionation that requires significant lateral migration of residual magmatic liquid. The proposed magmatic model for HTQ sheets suggests that bronzite-laden magma was intruded in an upper crustal magma chamber, with bronzite phenocrysts collecting in the lower part of the magma chamber near the feeder dike. Early crystallization of augite and Ca-poor pyroxene before significant plagioclase crystallization resulted in density-driven migration of lighter residual magmatic liquids along lateral and vertical pressure gradients towards the upper part of the sheet. The influence of water on the physical properties of the residual liquid, including density, viscosity and liquidus temperature, may have facilitated the lateral movement more than 15 km up dip in the sheets. Exsolution of a Cl- and S-rich metal-bearing aqueous fluid from residual magma resulted in concentration and redistribution of incompatible and aqueoussoluble elements in late-stage differentiated rocks. This proposed hydrothermal mechanism has important economic implications as it exerts a strong control on the final distribution of noble metals in these types of diabase sheets.     

基于SVM测井数据的火山岩岩性识别——以辽河盆地东部坳陷为例

辽河盆地东部坳陷储集层由火山多期喷发形成,岩相岩性复杂,岩性以中、基性火山岩为主.本文将火山岩的岩心及岩矿鉴定资料与测井数据进行整合,应用测井数据建立支持向量机(SVM)两分类和多分类岩性识别模式.首先,深入研究支持向量机二分类及"一对一"、"一对多"和有向无环图三种经典多分类算法的基本原理及结构;然后,总结研究区域火山岩岩石特征,分析测井数据的测井响应组合特征,选择40口井中岩心分析和薄片鉴定资料完整、常规五种测井曲线(RLLD,CNL,DEN,AC,GR)齐全的1200个测井数据作为训练样本,构造三种支持向量机岩性识别模式;最后,对4测试井中800个测井数据进行岩性识别,识别结果与取心段岩心描述和岩心/岩屑薄片鉴定资料对比,实验结果表明有向无环图更适合辽河盆地火山岩的识别,识别正确率达到82.3%.     

Hydrothermal alteration in the Reykjanes geothermal system: Insights from Iceland deep drilling program well RN-17

The Reykjanes geothermal system is a seawater-recharged hydrothermal system that appears to be analogous to seafloor hydrothermal systems in terms of host rock type and low water/rock alteration. The similarities make the Reykjanes system a useful proxy for seafloor vents. At some time during the Pleistocene, the system was dominated by meteoric water recharge, and fluid composition at Reykjanes has evolved through time as a result of changing proportions of meteoric water influx as well as differing pressure and temperature conditions. The purpose of this study is to characterize secondary mineralization, degree of metasomatic alteration, and bulk composition of cuttings from well RN-17 from the Reykjanes geothermal system. The basaltic host rock includes hyaloclastite, breccia, tuff, extrusive basalt, diabase, as well as a marine sedimentary sequence. The progressive hydrothermal alteration sequence observed with increasing depth results from reaction of geothermal fluids with the basaltic host rock. An assemblage of greenschist facies alteration minerals, including actinolite, prehnite, epidote and garnet, occurs at depths as shallow as 350 m; these minerals are commonly found in Icelandic geothermal systems at temperatures above 250 °C (Bird and Spieler, 2004). This requires hydrostatic pressures that exceed the present-day depth to boiling point curve, and therefore must record alteration at higher fluid pressures, perhaps as a result of Pleistocene glaciation. Major, minor, and trace element profiles of the cuttings indicate transitional MORB to OIB composition with limited metasomatic shifts in easily mobilized elements. Changes in MgO, K₂O and loss on ignition indicate that metasomatism is strongly correlated with protolith properties. The textures of alteration minerals reveal alteration style to be strongly dependent on protolith as well. Hyaloclastites are intensely altered with calc-silicate alteration assemblages comprising calcic hydrothermal plagioclase, grandite garnet, prehnite, epidote, hydrothermal clinopyroxene, and titanite. In contrast, crystalline basalts and intrusive rocks display a range in alteration intensity from essentially unaltered to pervasive and nearly complete albitization of igneous feldspar and uralitization of clinopyroxene. Hydrothermal anorthite (An92–An98) occurs in veins in the most altered basalt cuttings and is significantly more calcic than igneous feldspar (An48–An79). Amphibole compositions change from actinolite to hornblende at depth. Hydrothermal clinopyroxene, which occurs in veins, has greater variation in Fe content and is systematically more calcic than igneous pyroxene and also lacks uralitic textures. Solid solutions of prehnite, epidote, and garnet indicate evolving equilibria with respect to aluminum and ferric iron.