Basin modelling of gas migration and accumulation in volcanic reservoirs in the Xujiaweizi Fault-depression,Songliao Basin

The Xujiaweizi Fault-depression of Songliao Basin has developed typical and widespread volcanic gas reservoirs. We studied the formation process of volcanic gas reservoirs by using basin modelling software and evaluated the influence of volcanic porosity, the 3D spatial and temporal field of the thermal history, and the 3D fault patterns on the basin modelling results. The 1D basin modelling results indicate that hydrocarbon generation of deep layer source rocks has a relay characteristic in time (128–0 Ma) and space (sag and slope zone) in the Xujiaweizi Fault-depression. The 2D basin modelling results show that (i) the distribution of volcanic reservoirs was controlled by the volcanic apparatus, (ii) gas source faults facilitated the vertical migration of natural gas, and (iii) the development of volcanic porosity controlled the lateral migration and accumulation of natural gas in the carrier bed. The 3D basin modelling results demonstrate that JHM, JHC, KSHC, and KSHM (source rocks) started hydrocarbon generation during the late deposition of the Denglouku Formation (113 Ma), the main hydrocarbon expulsion period was during the deposition of the late Quantou Formation (100 Ma), when the largest volcanic gas reservoir was formed; and from 84 Ma to the present (0 Ma), the area of the volcanic gas reservoir has decreased gradually. The insight gained from the basin modelling results of the volcanic gas-bearing system of the Xujiaweizi Fault-depression is that volcanic porosity, the 3D spatial and temporal field of the thermal history, and the 3D fault patterns have important influences on gas reservoir formation history and accumulation location. We are the first to establish different patterns for relations between different volcanic lithofacies porosity and burial depth, and we expect to provide a reference for basin model of other volcanic oil- and gas-bearing systems.     

川西坳陷天然气运聚模拟研究

四川盆地川西坳陷蕴藏有丰富的天然气资源,通过多年勘探、发现其成藏聚集规律复杂,利用天然气运移模拟研究能有效地降低钻井风险。通过适合川西坳陷地质特征的二维沉积史、地热史、生烃史的模拟,证实了川西坳陷存在两个烃高峰期（三叠纪末和侏罗纪末－白垩纪）,模拟出相应于两个生烃高峰值时的古构造,明确了砂岩的致密化进程,采用动态运移模型使得天然气运移模拟更加精确,并提出几个有处勘探区。     

羌塘盆地中部侏罗系埋藏史和生烃史

综合野外观测、地震反射、钻探标定及镜质体反射率、古地温等相关资料,分析羌塘盆地中部不同地区侏罗系海相沉积地层的埋藏史、热史和生烃史。结果显示,羌塘盆地万安湖地区、半岛湖背斜、阿木错地区、比洛错古油藏早侏罗世海相泥页岩在沉积之后,中、晚侏罗世埋深快速增加,镜质体反射率Ro随之增大,晚侏罗世早中期下侏罗统泥页岩镜质体反射率 R o增至05%,主力烃源岩进入生烃门限开始生烃;早白垩世早期145~143Ma侏罗系海相地层埋深、古地温和 R o达到极大值,比洛错油页岩开始早期生油,阿木错主力烃源岩进入第一期生烃高峰。早白垩世构造隆升及风化剥蚀导致侏罗系海相地层向上折返,埋深减小,晚白垩世和古近纪早期前陆凹陷和红层沉积导致侏罗系海相地层埋深增加。比洛错古油藏Toarcian期油页岩晚白垩世末期古地温和 R o达到最大值,~66Ma形成生烃高峰;阿木错地区Toarcian期含油泥页岩始新世中期~43Ma埋深达到最大值,形成第二期生烃高峰。     

准噶尔盆地莫索湾地区清水河组成藏特征及模式

准噶尔盆地莫索湾地区位于中央坳陷莫索湾凸起上,紧邻盆地的主要生排烃凹陷,成藏条件优越。白垩系清水河组具有良好油气显示,盆参2井试油荻油流,该区为清水河组高效油藏勘探新领域。运用地质、工程、地震一体化研究技术,对莫索湾地区清水河组油藏类型、主控因素、成藏特征以及成藏模式进行了分析。莫索湾地区构造位置有利,深层油源断裂和浅层运移断裂发育且匹配良好,油藏类型为"泥包砂"型高效岩性油藏;同时,广泛发育水进型滨浅湖退积滩坝砂体,储层质量优良,物性随埋深增加变好。油气藏符合烃源灶+断裂泵+岩性体的"三位一体"成藏总模式,烃源灶是起点和油源,断裂泵是动力和通道,岩性体是载体和圈闭,三者共同控制了清水河组油气的生成、运移、聚集和成藏以及油气藏的类型和分布。     

Uncertainties in hydrocarbon charge prediction

Computer simulations allow the prediction of hydrocarbon volumes, composition and charge timing in undrilled petroleum prospects. Whereas different models may give different hydrocarbon charge predictions, it has now become evident that a dominant cause of erroneous predictions is the poor quality of input data. The main culprit for prediction errors is the uncertainty in the initial hydrogen index (H/C) of the source rock. A 10% uncertainty in the H/C may lead to 50% error in the predicted hydrocarbon volumes, and associated gas–oil ratio. Similarly, uncertainties in the maximum burial temperature and the kinetics of hydrocarbon generation may lead to 20–50% error. Despite this, charge modelling can have great value for the ranking of prospects in the same area with comparable geological histories.     

中原油田文留地区矿化度数据的三维分析

地层水矿化度不仅与地理坐标有关,而且与深度也有密切的关系。油田在勘探开发过程中积累了大量的矿化度资料。过去,对这些资料的分析,多限于一维的或平面的,往往不能充分揭示矿化度的变化规律。本文利用三维分析的新技术,即用三维方法分析三维的资料。通过中原油田文留地区矿化度数据的分析,对该区油气的保存条件有了进一步的认识。有的区域保存条件较好,有的区域由于地表水的淡化作用一直深入到几千米深,封隔条件差,对油气田的存在不利。     

Quaternary stratigraphy of the fladen area,central North Sea: A multidisciplinary study

Based on detailed stratigraphic investigations on a 200.6m long core (BGS borehole No. 81/26) from the Fladen Ground area (British sector), core material from the Sleipner field (Norwegian sector) and shallow seismic profiles between the core-sites, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) The North Sea was glaciated sometime during th elaterpart of Matuyama reversed period. A complete glacial-interglacial-glacial cycle is recorded in these sediments. (2) In a period of marine sedimentation in the Middle Pleistocene, a transgression-regression cycle under boreal-arctic regime is recorded. (3) The Fladen area has subsided between 0.9 and 0.6 m/ka through the later parts of the Quaternary (4) A major glacial event dated at between 130 and 200 ka is recorded as a thick till unit in 81/26. This till, which was deposited by ice moving from the southwest (Scotland), probably represents a period when the Scandinavian and British ice sheets coalesced in the North Sea. (5) Based on the seismic data and the stratigraphy of the Sleipner core, an ice-free, open embayment/dry land is favoured for the central North Sea during the Late Weichselian. (6) From the amino-acid data, it is shown that there has been an episodic style of sedimentation through the Quaternary. (7) of the investigated sediments (which span the last 1 mill. year) ca 98% have been deposited under arctic to boreal-arctic conditions.     

渤中19-6潜山构造带凝析油中轻烃地球化学特征及意义

为了明确渤海湾盆地渤中19-6大气田的地化特征和成因,选取研究区潜山凝析气藏7个凝析油样品进行全油色谱分析,剖析其轻烃组成特征,探讨轻烃参数在该区的地质应用.结果表明:渤中19-6凝析油的Mango轻烃参数K₁和K₂值相对稳定,表明研究区原油成因类型基本一致.C₆~C₈组成中正构烷烃具显著优势,甲基环己烷指数平均为39%;庚烷值与异庚烷值,正庚烷/甲基环己烷（F）比值较高,反映它们较高成熟度;轻烃参数计算原油生成温度为125.8~128.1 ℃,其相对偏低,可能与取样过程中凝析油的相态变化有关;2-甲基戊烷/3-甲基戊烷,2-甲基己烷/3-甲基己烷比值高,K₂值低;凝析油正构烷烃摩尔浓度呈三段式分布,甲苯/正庚烷和原油蜡含量随深度而增加.结合饱和烃参数以及金刚烷参数揭示渤中19-6潜山油气为湖相腐泥Ⅱ₁型母质在高成熟阶段（Ro=1.05%~1.30%）的产物,气藏形成后发生一定程度分馏造成油气组分调整.      

临清坳陷东部石炭-二叠系二次生烃差异性研究

受盆地多旋回叠加和反转演化控制,临清坳陷东部石炭-二叠系含煤系地层烃源岩经历了二次生烃过程,并在空间上表现出强烈的差异性。通过对这套烃源岩生烃史模拟结果表明,石炭-二叠系烃源岩于早中三叠世进入生烃门限,随后印支运动造成全区生烃中止,中新生代烃源岩再次深埋,发生二次生烃作用。不同井区二次生烃在时间和空间上存在差异性,洼陷带发育三个“二次生烃”阶段,生烃高峰期发生在新生代,凸起带发育两个“二次生烃”阶段,生烃高峰期发生在中生代,隆起区尚未发生二次生烃。二次生烃早期生成的烃类基本遭受破坏,晚期生成的烃类具备成藏条件,是勘探的主要目标。现今洼陷带烃源岩已进入成熟-高成熟阶段,成为晚期煤成气藏的气灶。     

Natural gas sources, migration and accumulation in the shallow water area of the Panyu lower uplift: An insight into the deep water prospects of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea

Although no drilling has been carried out in the deep water area of the Baiyun sag in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea, the successful exploration for natural gas in the shallow water area of the Panyu lower uplift allows an insight into the prospectivity of the adjacent deep water fan system of the Baiyun sag. The Paleogene gas kitchen in the Baiyun sag provided both oil-derived gas and coal-derived gas. Fluid inclusion measurements and 2D numeric modelling of formation pressure indicate four episodes of hydrocarbon charge since the third release of the overpressure system. Seismic wipeout zones manifest several types of gas chimney which could play a role in vertical migration conduits to feed the natural gases into the deep water fan system. There would be, therefore, a low risk for hydrocarbon exploration in the deep water fan system.     

贵州水城煤中基质镜质体生烃潜力、烃类组成及生烃模式

基质镜质体是华南晚二叠世煤中的主要组分之一,其在煤中含量的多少、生烃潜力的大小、生烃特性等直接影响到该区煤成油气资源的评价。采用岩石热解、热解气相色谱以及开放体系下热模拟等方法,对贵州水城晚二叠世(P21)龙潭组煤中基质镜质体的生烃潜力、烃类组成特征、生烃模式进行了研究。结果表明:本区基质镜质体的生烃潜力、氢指数分别为191.99mg/g和250mg/gTOC,远高于丝质体的生烃潜力(26.17mg/g)和氢指数(35mg/gTOC),而小于树皮体的生烃潜力(297mg/g)和氢指数(491mg/gTOC);基质镜质体热解烃类组成中以轻质烃为主,湿气次之,可见本区基质镜质体不但能生成气态烃,而且能生成一定量的液态烃,这归因于其中所含大量的超微类脂体;基质镜质体“生油窗”温度范围为375～475℃,主要生烃温度区间为400～450℃,其中415～430℃为生烃高峰期,420℃处产烃率最高。基质镜质体这种在高成熟度下(大于VRo1.0%)大量生烃的特点对在成熟度普遍较高的华南地区寻找油气田具有重要的意义。     

HPHT reservoir evolution: a case study from Jade and Judy fields, Central Graben, UK North Sea

3D basin modelling of a study area in Quadrant 30, UK North Sea was performed in order to elucidate the burial, thermal, pressure and hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation history in the Jurassic and Triassic high pressure–high temperature sequences. Calibration data, including reservoir temperatures, pressures, petroleum compositional data, vitrinite reflectance profiles and published fluid inclusion data were used to constrain model predictions. The comparison of different pressure generating processes indicated that only when gas generation is taken into account as a pressure generating mechanism, both the predicted present day as well as palaeo-pressure evolution matches the available calibration data. Compositional modelling of hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation also reproduced present and palaeo bulk fluid properties such as the reservoir fluid gas to oil ratios. The reconstruction of the filling histories of both reservoirs indicates that both were first charged around 100 Ma ago and contained initially a two-phase system in which gas dominated volumetrically. Upon burial reservoir fluid composition evolved to higher GORs and became undersaturated as a function of increasing pore pressure up to the present day situation. Our results indicate that gas compositions must be taken into account when calculating the volumetric effect of gas generation on overpressure.     

Accumulation Mechanisms and Evolution History of the Giant Puguang Gas Field, Sichuan Basin, China

Solid bitumens were found throughout the carbonate reservoirs in the Puguang gas field,the largest gas field SO far found in marine carbonates in China,confirming that the Puguang gas field evolved from a paleo-oil reservoir.The fluid conduit system at the time of intensive oil accumulation in the field Was reconstructed,and petroleum migration pathways were modeled using a 3-D model and traced by geochemical parameters.The forward modeling and inversion tracing coincided with each other and both indicated that oils accumulated in the Puguang-Dongyuezhai structure originated from a generative kitchen to the northwest of the Puguang gas field.The deposition of organic-rich Upper Permian source rocks dominated by sapropelic organic matter in the Northeast Sichuan Basin, the development of fluid conduit system that was vertically near-source rock and laterally near-generative kitchen,and the focusing of oils originated from a large area of the generative kitchen,were the three requirements for the formation of the giant paleo-oil reservoir from which the giant Puguang gas field evolved.The Puguang gas field had experienced a three-stage evolution.The post-accumulation processes,especially the organic-inorganic interaction in the hydrocarbon-water-rock system,had not only profoundly altered the composition and characteristics of the petroleum fluids,but also obviously changed the physicochemical conditions in the reservoir and resulted in complicated precipitation and solution of carbonate minerals.     

高效气源灶及其对形成高效气藏的作用

厘定了高效气源灶的概念和评价指标。高效气源灶是指具有一定分布范围的高有机质丰度气源岩在特定的热力或生物化学营力作用下高效生气,且这一过程与天然气聚集成藏作用在时、空间有良好耦合关系,从而在大中型气藏形成中高效发挥作用的气源灶。包含两方面涵义,生气的物质基础和生气的热动力学过程。因此,评价指标从三方面考虑,一是气源灶生气强度大,这里沿用戴金星提出的形成大中型气田的评价指标,大于20×108m32     

下扬子地区热历史与海相烃源岩二次生烃潜力

下扬子地区是中国南方海相油气勘探的优选地区,针对中、古生界海相油气勘探提出了“二次生烃,晚期成藏”的部署思路。通过盆地热史恢复获得热流史,然后正演计算烃源岩成熟度史,再利用实验模拟二次生烃量版,计算区内4套主要海相烃源岩的二次生烃强度。结果表明：(1) 下扬子地区苏北、苏南、皖南地区具有不同的热演化史;(2) 二叠系和下三叠统烃源岩具有好的二次生烃潜力(150～300 mg/g),志留系烃源岩有一定的二次生烃潜力(约为120 mg/g),寒武系烃源岩几乎不具有二次生烃能力;(3) 平面上,苏南、皖南地区的二次生烃条件整体上不利,苏北各凹陷区4套海相烃源岩二次生烃强度明显大于苏南和皖南地区。     

论南方海相层系有效供烃能力的主要控制因素

通过对烃源条件和天然气成藏过程的动力学分析,从高有机质丰度海相碎屑岩层段发育、构造沉积类型特征、高—过成熟阶段烃源灶性质演变形成的气源接替效应以及生烃强度与非构造性散失强度(速率)在地质历史中数量关系等若干方面,探讨了影响中国南方海相层系天然气成藏的有效供烃能力的主要地质-地球化学因素。指出有效供烃效率是烃源岩性质、构造-沉积类型、烃源灶类型及其叠合、生烃强度历史演化和天然气散失速率诸控制要素的综合效应。提出烃源条件分级评价指标,并对南方海相层系的有效供烃能力进行了初步评价。     

海拉尔盆地呼和湖凹陷下白垩统烃源岩地球化学特征及热演化史

呼和湖凹陷下白垩统烃源岩生油条件好,油气资源潜力大.利用研究区7口钻井270个热解资料和125个镜质体反射率数据,分析了下白垩统烃源岩地球化学特征及热演化史.下白垩统烃源岩有机质类型主要为Ⅲ-Ⅱ2型干酪根,现今热演化程度具有中间高、四周低的特点.主力烃源岩层南屯组属于中等-好烃源岩,在约128 Ma进入生烃门限,现今处于高成熟-生气阶段.大磨拐河组属于差-中等烃源岩,在约124 Ma进入生烃门限,现今处于中等-低成熟阶段,大磨拐河组二段烃源岩至今未进入生烃高峰.热史模拟表明呼和湖凹陷在伊敏组沉积晚期达到最大古地温,地温演化具有先升高后降低的特点.从南屯组沉积至今,地温梯度先升高到50~55℃/km,后逐渐降低为现今的35.4℃/km.早白垩世以来较高的地温场对油气生成、成藏起控制作用.包裹体均一温度结合热演化史结果表明126~87 Ma（伊敏组沉积时期）应是呼和湖凹陷油气主成藏期.晚白垩世以来盆地发生抬升,温度降低,烃源岩生烃强度减弱.      

Accumulation Mechanisms and Evolution History of the Giant Puguang Gas Field,Sichuan Basin,China

Solid bitumens were found throughout the carbonate reservoirs in the Puguang gas field, the largest gas field so far found in marine carbonates in China, confirming that the Puguang gas field evolved from a paleo-oil reservoir. The fluid conduit system at the time of intensive oil accumulation in the field was reconstructed, and petroleum migration pathways were modeled using a 3-D model and traced by geochemical parameters. The forward modeling and inversion tracing coincided with each other and both indicated that oils accumulated in the Puguang-Dongyuezhai structure originated from a generative kitchen to the northwest of the Puguang gas field. The deposition of organic-rich Upper Permian source rocks dominated by sapropelic organic matter in the Northeast Sichuan Basin, the development of fluid conduit system that was vertically near-source rock and laterally near-generative kitchen, and the focusing of oils originated from a large area of the generative kitchen, were the three requirements for the formation of the giant paleo-oil reservoir from which the giant Puguang gas field evolved. The Puguang gas field had experienced a three-stage evolution. The post-accumulation processes, especially the organic-inorganic interaction in the hydrocarbon-water-rock system, had not only profoundly altered the composition and characteristics of the petroleum fluids, but also obviously changed the physicochemical conditions in the reservoir and resulted in complicated precipitation and solution of carbonate minerals.     

贵州水城煤中基质镜质体生烃潜力、烃类组成及生烃模式

基质镜质体是华南晚二叠世煤中的主要组分之一,其在煤中含量的多少、生烃潜力的大小、生烃特性等直接影响到该区煤成油气资源的评价。采用岩石热解、热解气相色谱以及开放体系下热模拟等方法,对贵州水城晚二叠世(R12)龙潭组煤中基质镜质体的生烃潜力、烃类组成特征、生烃模式进行了研究。结果表明：本区基质镜质体的生烃潜力、氢指数分别为191.99mg/g和250mg／gTOC,远高于丝质体的生烃潜力(26.17mg/g)和氢指数(35mg／gTOC),而小于树皮体的生烃潜力(297mg/g)和氢指数(491mg/gTOC);基质镜质体热解烃类组成中以轻质烃为主,湿气次之,可见本区基质镜质体不但能生成气态烃,而且能生成一定量的液态烃,这归因于其中所含大量的超微类脂体;基质镜质体“生油窗”温度范围为375～475℃,主要生烃温度区间为400～450℃,其中415～430℃为生烃高峰期,420℃处产烃率最高。基质镜质体这种在高成熟度下(大于VRo1.0％)大量生烃的特点对在成熟度普遍较高的华南地区寻找油气田具有重要的意义。     

Modelling flash flood propagation in urban areas using a two-dimensional numerical model

This paper reports on the numerical modelling of flash flood propagation in urban areas after an excessive rainfall event or dam/dyke break wave. A two-dimensional (2-D) depth-averaged shallow-water model is used, with a refined grid of quadrilaterals and triangles for representing the urban area topography. The 2-D shallow-water equations are solved using the explicit second-order scheme that is adapted from MUSCL approach. Four applications are described to demonstrate the potential benefits and limits of 2-D modelling: (i) laboratory experimental dam-break wave in the presence of an isolated building; (ii) flash flood over a physical model of the urbanized Toce river valley in Italy; (iii) flash flood in October 1988 at the city of Nîmes (France) and (iv) dam-break flood in October 1982 at the town of Sumacárcel (Spain). Computed flow depths and velocities compare well with recorded data, although for the experimental study on dam-break wave some discrepancies are observed around buildings, where the flow is strongly 3-D in character. The numerical simulations show that the flow depths and flood wave celerity are significantly affected by the presence of buildings in comparison with the original floodplain. Further, this study confirms the importance of topography and roughness coefficient for flood propagation simulation.