广西兴业县龙安高岭土矿床成矿地质特征、选矿试验及开采价值浅谈

广西兴业县龙安高岭土矿床产于大容山花岗岩体龙门单元补充侵入岩,成矿母岩为细粒斑状二长花岗岩。高岭土分布广,储量大,埋藏浅,易开采,矿物组分主要为高岭石和石英。高岭石为片状晶体,有序度高,粒度细,粒级分布理想,广泛用于陶瓷、造纸、橡胶、油漆及无线电电子元件、冶金、石油、原子能、建材等,具有巨大的经济开采价值及广阔的市场需求前景。     

高岭土吸附剂去除含锰废水中锰离子的实验研究

高岭土吸附剂处理含锰废水中锰离子的实验表明:高岭土的最佳粒度为0.177 mm,pH值控制在7.5～ 8.5间,常温搅拌30 min,吸附剂与水量比为12 g∶1 L,对锰离子质量浓度为100 mg/L的废水的处理效果最好,使锰离子质量浓度由100 mg/L降至0.1 mg/L,锰离子的去除率超过90%,达到GB8978-1996工业废水排放的一级标准.高岭土对锰离子吸附的等温吸附曲线符合Freundlich模型,其吸附机理主要是吸附作用和沉淀作用.     

Titania in Australian massive silcretes

Selected silcretes formed by cementation of stream sediments and having >90 wt% SiO₂, have been examined optically and by scanning electron microscopy. Such silcretes have quartz framework grains cemented by a plasma of quartz and anatase. Both the plasma quartz and the anatase are euhedral where they line cavities in the silcrete. Such quartz is typically up to 5 µm in diameter; the anatase crystals are platy on (001) and 50–100 nm in diameter. Comparison of the SiO₂, TiO₂ and Zr content of 138 silcretes with that of 2345 Australian stream sediments suggests the source of titania in silcretes is endogenous. The morphology of the quartz and anatase leads to the conclusion that both precipitated in situ.     

淮北闸河矿区高岭岩特征及其利用途径

用差热、X射线衍射及红外光谱等方法,对淮北闸河矿区下石盒子组底部5#、6#煤层间一层高岭岩矿层进行了研究。结果表明:矿层平均厚3.8m,矿石几乎全部是由高岭石组成的单矿物岩,有益组分Al₂O₃含量一般在36%~39%;主要有害组分Fe₂O₃含量变化在0.78%~1.71%之间;TiO₂含量多在0.4 9%~0.97%。为矿物组成纯净,有益组分含量高但有害组分亦较高的高岭岩。这种岩石是生产化工产品,以及煅烧高岭土的良好原料。      

密闭溶样-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定煅烧高岭土中微量重金属元素

建立了密闭溶样-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定煅烧高岭土中铜、铅、锌、铬、镉和锰等6个微量重金属元素的有效方法。实验中对仪器的最佳工作参数进行了优化,选择适当的同位素,并用铑作内标元素,有效地抑制了分析信号的漂移以及分子和多原子离子的质谱干扰;探讨了混合酸消解体系、消解液用量、密闭溶样的时间对测定结果的影响。以硝酸-氢氟酸作为消化试剂,在180℃下溶解4 h能完全消解样品。在选定的实验条件下,对煅烧高岭土样品进行了精密度和回收率试验,方法相对标准偏差(RSD,n=9)为0.96%~2.22%,加标回收率为98.0%~101.5%。     

光透法定量粗糙裂隙生物堵塞下的隙宽

基于光透法定量测量裂隙隙宽的原理及在两相流中的应用,设计了一组二维粗糙裂隙模拟装置研究微生物在裂隙地下水系统中的运移行为,首次定量研究了生物堵塞过程中隙宽及分布的变化。研究结果表明:微生物大多以离散菌簇状形态存在,未能形成明显的连续生物膜,不同空间位置微生物分布具有一定的随机性,本试验中微生物接种和营养注入方式决定了微生物集中分布在裂隙底部区域;微生物生长造成裂隙平均隙宽的下降(从1.181 μm降低为1.086 μm,下降8.04%),此外,基于光透法测量的不同空间位置隙宽(除2个点外)在微生物生长过程中都有所下降,两次微生物接种后点2处隙宽下降最明显(从1.275 μm减少到1.081 μm),下降了194 μm,约为15.22%。光透法作为一种高效无损的室内监测手段,将其应用于裂隙介质的生物堵塞尤其是定量计算生物膜厚度的研究中,对裂隙中生物堵塞研究具有重要的参考意义。     

两种卵巢肿瘤中砂粒体的矿物学研究

砂粒体是病理诊断中常见的钙化形式,与肿瘤关系密切。选取具有砂粒体矿化物的6例卵巢浆液癌和2例成熟性囊性畸胎瘤样品,采用POM、ESEM、EDX、TEM、μ SRXRD和μ SRXRF等研究方法,对原位和分离处理后的砂粒体进行了观察测试。结果表明,两种卵巢肿瘤中的砂粒体由粒状和短柱状矿物分层集合而成,其形成与胶原纤维关系密切。卵巢浆液癌和畸胎瘤中的砂粒体最大直径分别为35 μm、70 μm,主要矿物成分分别为碳羟磷灰石Ca5［PO4,CO3］3(OH)、羟基磷灰石Ca5(PO4)3(OH)。砂粒体中还含有Na、Mg、Zn、Fe、Sr、Cu等微量元素,Zn可替代Ca进入矿物晶格。     

采动影响区被保护煤层渗透率分布规律

为了更好地进行采动影响区被保护煤层瓦斯抽采工作,以淮南矿区某矿某工作面为例,使用物理相似模拟、FLAC3D数值模拟、采动区渗透率历史拟合等方法,探讨上部被保护煤层采动影响范围及渗透率变化规律。结果表明:被保护煤层有着明确的区域划分,走向剖面工作面前方卸压区长约20 m,工作面后方卸压区长约30 m,裂隙张开区长约30 m,裂隙张开区之后为重新压实区;明确了各区域的渗透率变化范围,工作面前、后方卸压区渗透率为（150~250）×10-3 μm2,裂隙张开区渗透率为（400~800）×10-3 μm2,重新压实区渗透率为（15~100）×10-3 μm2,采动区被保护煤层渗透率在采动过后,较原始渗透率增大32~1 600倍。      

新疆阿尔泰造山带构造活动的磷灰石裂变径迹证据

从对新疆阿尔泰造山带西部构造活动的研究中获得一批较为系统的磷灰石裂变径迹分析结果。 32个磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为 (16 3.0± 6 .4 )～ (4 6 .9± 7.2 )Ma ,平均径迹长度为 (14 .5± 0 .1)～(11.3± 0 .4 ) μm ,长度标准差为 1.4～ 2 .7μm。区内具有 3阶段热历史 :约 110Ma之前处于约 10 0～12 0℃较高温稳定阶段 ,然后在约 110～ 4 0Ma期间发生快速冷却与隆升事件 ,从约 4 0Ma开始发生另一较为缓慢的冷却事件。总体上自北而南 ,剥蚀速率和冷却速率均逐渐变小。文中裂变径迹资料表明 ,阿尔泰山西段主要断裂带现在向南倾斜 ,区内构造演化亦主要受Tesbahan、Kulti和Basei三条断裂带逆冲热事件的控制。     

内蒙古羊蹄子山-磨石山钛矿床锐钛矿、金红石和钛铁矿的矿物学特征

羊蹄子山-磨石山钛矿床的钛矿物主要为锐钛矿、金红石和钛铁矿。锐钛矿化学成分的特点是FeO含量明显比金红石要低;主要X光粉晶谱线为3.518(100)、2.377(14)和1.667(11);晶胞参数a()=3.786,c()=9.513;拉曼光谱谱线(cm-1)为516、395、195和143。金红石的主要X光粉晶谱线为3.250(100)、1.688(40)和2.488(29);晶胞参数为a()=4.595,c()=2.962;拉曼光谱谱线(cm-1)为610和446。钛铁矿的成分特点是富锰贫镁,与攀西地区岩浆型钒钛磁铁矿矿床中的钛铁矿正好相反。所有上述钛(铁)氧化物矿物学特征,进一步说明该矿床是在中元古代在海底与基性火山活动有关的热水沉积后经区域变质和局部又遭受后期热液改造而成。     

Biomorphic textures in the ferruginous-siliceous rocks of massive sulfide-bearing paleohydrothermal fields in the urals

The work is dedicated to first finds of bacteriomorphic and microfaunal textures in the ferruginous-siliceous rocks that are widespread among volcanosedimentary complexes of the massive sulfide-bearing paleohydrothermal fields in the Urals. The bacteriomorphs are represented by: (1) single filaments with a diameter of 8–10 μm across and 80–90 μm long; (2) fascicles of branched or twisted-fibrous hematitequartz filaments 1–4 μm in diameter and up to 100 μm long; (3) microtubular textures, 20–30 μm across and up to 500 μm long, closely interlaced with thin hematite-quartz filaments (3–5 μm in diameter); (4)and hematite-quartz filaments (with the axial channel 1 μm across) formed by chains of elongated-oval lumps. These textures closely associate in the ferruginous-siliceous rocks with the fossilized tubular organisms (60–120 μm in diameter), tentaculites, remains of radiolarian skeletons, foraminifers, and others. It has been established that accumulation of various elements, such as Fe, Si, Ca, P, Mn, Ba, Ti, and K that are associated with biomorphic structures, was accompanied by the formation of their own mineral forms. Biomorphic textures in the gossanites (ferruginous-siliceous rocks forming haloes around destroyed massive sulphide mounds) differ from jasperites (not associating with sulfide ores ferruginouse-siliceous rocks), in terms of abundance, diversity, and development of tubular organisms and tentaculites. Biomineralization of different degrees of preservation in the Paleozoic ferruginous-siliceous rocks can indicate the microbial influence on geochemical processes during the decomposition of initial hyaloclastic sediments, which contain an admixture of sulfides and carbonates, under low-temperature conditions accompanied by the formation of iron and silica.     

靖安油田五里湾一区长6储层孔隙结构特征

靖安油田五里湾一区是一个大型的低渗透油气开发区，长6储层具有高孔低渗的特征，储层以原生剩余粒间孔隙为主，长石及早期碳酸盐胶结物的溶解是形成次生孔隙的主要原因，中孔（20um-50um)和大孔（50um-100um)是油气的主要储集空间，而细喉（1um-3um)和中喉（3um-7um)则是长6基本的渗流通道，根据均值与细喉以上孔隙所占百分比的关系曲线，可将长6储层孔隙结构分为4种类型，其中1类，II类具有较好的孔渗性，Ⅲ类孔隙结构较差，Ⅳ类为非储层孔隙结构，铸体薄片孔喉图像分析表明，长6储层具有复杂的孔喉分布特征，不同微相孔喉分布及孔隙结构特征是造成油井产能差异的重要因素。     

Pore Size Distribution of a Tight Sandstone Reservoir and its Effect on Micro Pore-throat Structure: A Case Study of the Chang 7 Member of the Xin’anbian Block,Ordos Basin,China

Pore distribution and micro pore-throat structure characteristics are significant for tight oil reservoir evaluation, but their relationship remains unclear. This paper selects the tight sandstone reservoir of the Chang 7 member of the Xin’anbian Block in the Ordos Basin as the research object and analyzes the pore size distribution and micro pore-throat structure using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI), highpressure mercury injection, and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) analyses. The study finds that:(1) Based on the pore size distribution, the tight sandstone reservoir is characterized by three main patterns with different peak amplitudes. The former peak corresponds to the nanopore scale, and the latter peak corresponds to the micropore scale. Then, the tight sandstone reservoir is categorized into three types: type 1 reservoir contains more nanopores with a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 82:18;type 2 reservoir has a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 47:53;and type 3 reservoir contains more micropores with a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 35:65.(2) Affected by the pore size distribution, the throat radius distributions of different reservoir types are notably offset. The type 1 reservoir throat radius distribution curve is weakly unimodal, with a relatively dispersed distribution and peak ranging from 0.01 μm to 0.025 μm. The type 2 reservoir’s throat radius distribution curve is single-peaked with a wide distribution range and peak from 0.1 μm to 0.25 μm. The type 3 reservoir’s throat radius distribution curve is single-peaked with a relatively narrow distribution and peak from 0.1 μm to 0.25 μm. With increasing micropore volume, pore-throat structure characteristics gradually improve.(3) The correlation between micropore permeability and porosity exceeds that of nanopores, indicating that the development of micropores notably influences the seepage capacity. In the type 1 reservoir, only the mean radius and effective porosity have suitable correlations with the nanopore and micropore porosities. The pore-throat structure parameters of the type 2 and 3 reservoirs have reasonable correlations with the nanopore and micropore porosities, indicating that the development of these types of reservoirs is affected by the pore size distribution. This study is of great significance for evaluating lacustrine tight sandstone reservoirs in China. The research results can provide guidance for evaluating tight sandstone reservoirs in other regions based on pore size distribution.     

富钴结壳超细标准物质的加工制备

用气流磨制备了2个具有超细粒度的海山富钴结壳标准物质MCPt-1和MCPt-2。原样先经球磨成74μm(-200目),再用气流磨进行超细加工。样品粒度采用激光粒度仪检测,用粒度分布图和特征粒度来表达测量结果。两个样品的平均粒度分别为1.8μm和1.5μm(约2 000目),是目前粒度最小的标准物质。文章介绍了用于超细加工的流化床式气流磨原理与方法,展示了样品加工后的粒度分析结果,对比了国内外超细标准物质的概况。最后讨论了当前关注样品加工的重要性、超细加工的问题及超细样品分析研究的意义。     

奥运会及残奥会期间北京市区大气颗粒物污染特征及微观形貌类型

2008年8月和9月,北京市成功举办了第29届奥运会和第13届残奥会,对这段时间在北京市区(中国矿业大学校园综合楼五层,距奥运村3 km)采集的大气颗粒物的质量浓度和微观形貌类型进行了研究。结果表明:奥运会期间,北京市区大气PM10和PM2.5的日均质量浓度分别小于国家PM10二级标准(150μg/m3)和美国EPA的PM2.5二级标准(65μg/m3),12 h的质量浓度范围分别为7.64~81.63μg/m3和1.91~54.59μg/m3;残奥会期间,12 h的PM10质量浓度范围为33.83~106.36μg/m3,没有超标,PM2.5质量浓度变化范围为15.29~88.30μg/m3,其中出现了3 d超标天,分别为9月6日、7日和14日;从奥运期间PM2.5/PM10的比值(0.26~0.86,大部分值大于0.5)可以看出,奥运期间北京大气颗粒物以细粒子为主。与往年相比,颗粒物质量浓度出现大幅下降趋势。场发射扫描电镜观察显示,奥运会和残奥会期间样品的微观形貌类型主要有球形颗粒、烟尘集合体、不规则矿物和未知颗粒,其数量-粒径分布主要呈单峰分布,峰值均在0.1~0.2μm范围,其中球形颗粒明显占多数。各种分析数据均显示,残奥会期间样品比奥运会期间样品污染要严重。     

Sediment particle size in the Hudson River Estuary

The particle sizes in bottom and suspended sediments from the ocean upstream for 80 km in the Hudson River Estuary were analysed. Several modes at 4, 8 and 30 μm were prevalent throughout the estuary. The average size of particles in bottom samples varied from 150 μm near the ocean to 15–20 μm in Haverstraw Bay. The bottom sediment size appears to be controlled by two components; (1) sand from the ocean and (2) the particles in the flocs.     

Arsenic Distribution Pattern in Different Sources of Drinking Water and their Geological Background in Guanzhong Basin,Shaanxi, China

To study arsenic(As) content and distribution patterns as well as the genesis of different kinds of water, especially the different sources of drinking water in Guanzhong Basin, Shaanxi province, China, 139 water samples were collected at 62 sampling points from wells of different depths, from hot springs, and rivers. The As content of these samples was measured by the intermittent flowhydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry method(HG-AFS). The As concentrations in the drinking water in Guanzhong Basin vary greatly(0.00–68.08 μg/L), and the As concentration of groundwater in southern Guanzhong Basin is different from that in the northern Guanzhong Basin. Even within the same location in southern Guanzhong Basin, the As concentrations at different depths vary greatly. As concentration of groundwater from the shallow wells(50 m deep, 0.56–3.87 μg/L) is much lower than from deep wells(110–360 m deep, 19.34–62.91 μg/L), whereas As concentration in water of any depth in northern Guanzhong Basin is 10 μg/L. Southern Guanzhong Basin is a newly discovered high-As groundwater area in China. The high-As groundwater is mainly distributed in areas between the Qinling Mountains and Weihe River; it has only been found at depths ranging from 110 to 360 m in confined aquifers, which store water in the Lishi and Wucheng Loess(Lower and Middle Pleistocene) in the southern Guanzhong Basin. As concentration of hot spring water is 6.47–11.94 μg/L; that of geothermal water between 1000 and 1500 m deep is 43.68–68.08 μg/L. The high-As well water at depths from 110 to 360 m in southern Guanzhong Basin has a very low fluorine(F) value, which is generally 0.10 mg/L. Otherwise, the hot springs of Lintong and Tangyu and the geothermal water in southern Guanzhong Basin have very high F values(8.07–14.96 mg/L). The results indicate that highAs groundwater in depths from 110 to 360 m is unlikely to have a direct relationship with the geothermal water in the same area. As concentration of all reservoirs and rivers(both contaminated and uncontaminated) in the Guanzhong Basin is 10 μg/L. This shows that pollution in the surface water is not the source of the high-As in the southern Guanzhong Basin. The partition boundaries of the high- and low-As groundwater area corresponds to the partition boundaries of the tectonic units in the Guanzhong Basin. This probably indicates that the high-As groundwater areas can be correlated to their geological underpinning and structural framework. In southern Guanzhong Basin, the main sources of drinking water for villages and small towns today are wells between 110–360 m deep. All of their As contents exceed the limit of the Chinese National Standard and the International Standard(10 μg/L) and so local residents should use other sources of clean water that are 50 m deep, instead of deep groundwater(110 to 360 m) for their drinking water supply.     

多步分解法初步研究石英砂中甲烷水合物p-T稳定条件

设计加工了一套研究海底沉积物水合物稳定条件实验装置,采用多步加热分解的方法对不同孔隙度的石英砂沉积物甲烷水合物相态平衡点(p-T稳定条件)进行了初步研究。为校验实验装置和实验方法,首先对甲烷水合物在十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)溶液中的生成和分解过程进行了研究,获得的实验数据与文献数据吻合得很好。在此基础上,以4种不同粒径(96~180μm、180~380μm、212~380μm和380~830μm)的石英砂为介质,分别研究了甲烷水合物的p-T稳定条件。结果表明,实验测得的数据与纯水溶液中的结果基本一致,说明在实验所用的不同粒径石英砂构成的孔隙尺度内,毛细管作用对水合物相态点的影响可以忽略。     

西藏罗布莎豆荚状铬铁矿中发现超高压矿物柯石英

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