新疆柯坪地区早古生代地层的碳同位素变化特征及其意义

新疆柯坪地区早古生代地层的碳同位素变化特征及其意义王宗哲，杨杰东（中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所，江苏南京，２１０００８）（南京大学现代分析中心，江苏南京，２１０００８）柯坪地区位于新疆塔里木盆地西北缘，本次研究的区域涉及阿克苏、乌什、柯坪和巴楚一带...     

Significance of carbon isotopes in carbonate sequence stratigraphy

Based on the research on sequence stratigraphy of the Permian in Southwest China, in conjunction with the carbon isotope data from the typical sections at Ganluo, Sichuan and Tianlin and Mashan, Guangxi, the authors suggest that the genetic framework and internal architicture of different sequences possess quite different carbon isotopic characteristics. Therefore, the following problems can be solved in terms of carbon isotopic values, evolutionary curve patterns and structures of carbonate sequences: (1) to determe the nature of sequence boundary surface and related geological events; (2) to recognize various kinds of sedimentary system tracts; (3) to discuss the internal architicture and genetic framework of the sequences and their evolution; (4) to subdivide and correlate sedimentary sequences on a regional or global scale; and (5) to enhance the resolution of sequence stratigraphic analysis. Stable carbon isotopes have proved themselves to be valid in sequence stratigraphic studies of carbonate rocks, as demonstrated by our results presented in this paper.     

Carbon and strontium isotope stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Campanian) shallow-water carbonates of southern Italy: Chronostratigraphic calibration of larger foraminifera biostratigraphy

Shallow-water carbonates are invaluable archives of past global change. They hold the record of how neritic biologic communities reacted to palaeoenvironmental changes. However, attempts to decipher these geological archives are often severely hampered by the low stratigraphic resolution attained by biostratigraphy. This is particularly the case for the Upper Cretaceous carbonate platforms of the central Tethyan realm: their biostratigraphy suffers from very low resolution and poor correlation with the standard biochronologic scales based on ammonites, planktic foraminifers and calcareous nannoplankton.In this paper we show how this problem can be tackled by integrating biostratigraphy with isotope stratigraphy. We present a detailed record of the benthic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and carbon and strontium isotope stratigraphy of three upper Cenomanian-middle Campanian sections belonging to the Apennine Carbonate Platform of southern Italy. For the upper Cenomanian-Turonian interval, the carbon isotope curves of the studied sections are easily correlated to the reference curve of the English Chalk. The correlation is facilitated by the matching of the prominent positive excursion corresponding to the Oceanic Anoxic Event 2. For the Coniacian-middle Campanian interval, the correlation is mainly based on strontium isotope stratigraphy. We use the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the low-Mg calcite of well preserved rudist shells to obtain accurate chronostratigraphic ages for many levels of the three studied sections. The ages obtained by Sr isotope stratigraphy are then used to better constrain the matching of the carbon isotope curves.From the high-resolution chronostratigraphic age-model stablished by isotope stratigraphy, we derive the chronostratigraphic calibration of benthic foraminiferal biostratigraphic events. For the first time the benthic foraminiferal biozones of the Apennine Carbonate Platform can be accurately correlated to the standard ammonite biozonation. This result is of great relevance because the biostratigraphic schemes of other carbonate platforms in the central and southern Tethyan realm are largely based on the same biostratigraphic events.     

华南二叠系长兴阶灰岩的碳同位素地层对比

以浙江长兴煤山长兴阶层型剖面、江西上高七宝山剖面、陕西汉中梁山剖面为代表的华南长兴阶碳酸盐岩碳同位素地层,清楚地显示出长兴阶顶、底为碳同位素低值区,其中Ｐ－Ｔ界线附近的碳同位素出现强烈负异常事件。在长兴阶内部两次碳同位素低值异常区,将长兴阶碳同位素演化曲线由下至上明显分为３个旋回,其中长兴阶顶,也即Ｐ－Ｔ界线,碳同位素强烈负异常与生物绝灭事件有关,时间短,变化幅度大,是全球界线对比的重要标志。而其它碳同位素负漂移和由此构成的３个旋回,在华南可以追踪对比。上旋回与长兴阶上段煤山段相当;而中、下旋回则与下段葆青段相当,并将其两分。碳同位素地层对比表明江西上高地区长兴组的中、上部可能属长兴阶,而下部厚约９０ｍ的含Ｇａｌｏｗａｙｉｎｅｌａ灰岩可能属吴家坪晚期。     

湖北宜昌茅坪泗溪剖面埃迪卡拉系岩石地层和碳同位素地层研究

华南埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组上部的δ13C巨大负异常事件(DOUNCE)是当前埃迪卡拉系研究最受关注的焦点之一。在对湖北宜昌茅坪泗溪剖面埃迪卡拉系开展高精度的岩石地层和碳氧同位素研究的基础上,通过与黄陵背斜周缘其他剖面的对比,表明峡区陡山沱晚期DOUNCE事件的δ13C值变化由下降—负漂移—短期正漂移—回升4个阶段构成,但DOUNCE事件在不同剖面上的表现存在明显差异。详细的沉积岩相分析和地层对比表明,各剖面δ13C演化差异是由岩相变化导致的岩石地层发育差异引起的。泗溪剖面DOUNCE事件主体部分缺失与该剖面位于台内盆地斜坡环境,发育多层滑塌构造造成的地层缺失有关。研究结果表明在缺乏生物地层控制的埃迪卡拉系,δ13C同位素地层是揭示沉积相变化造成的岩石地层差异和地层对比的重要手段。     

山东莱芜黄羊山晚寒武世牙形石组合及寒武系与奥陶系界线的确定

通过实测莱芜黄羊山晚寒武世地层剖面,利用牙形石确定了寒武系与奥陶系的界线;对长山阶的碳氧同位素曲线特征进行了分析,并与我国华南及哈萨克斯坦等国的寒武系芙蓉统底部的碳同位素曲线进行对比,建立了莱芜地区上寒武统与华南以及国外上寒武统的对比关系。     

An integrated study of upper Campanian-lower Maastrichtian carbon isotopes and calcareous plankton biostratigraphy of the Kurdistan Region,northeastern Iraq

New carbon (δ¹³C) isotope records calibrated by planktonic bioevents provide general support for a late Campanian age assignment of the Shiranish Formation (Fm.) and its boundaries in the Dokan section (NE Iraq). The Shiranish Fm. is characterised at the base by a mid-Campanian unconformity as can be interpreted by absences of nannofossil zones CC20-21. The Shiranish Fm. then spans nannofossil biozones CC22-CC23a (UC15d-e^TP to UC16a^TP). Results obtained on carbon isotopes suggest that diagenesis affected and compromised a few carbonate samples in the uppermost 50 m of the section. However, once these samples are discarded, pristine trends suggest that the top of the section records a negative carbon isotope excursion that is interpreted as CMBa-c events that straddle the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary. This interpretation is supported by the lowermost occurrence of planktic foraminifers Rugoglobigerina scotti and Contusotruncana contusa some 30 m above the base of the negative excursion and 10 m below a positive excursion identified as the Maastrichtian M1+ event. Discrepancies in the stratigraphic range of several planktic foraminifer bioevents are highlighted and advocate for the need of many more integrated records of planktic foraminifer and nannofossil biostratigraphy alongside carbon isotope stratigraphy in the eastern Tethys in order to improve regional and global schemes.     

Turonian to Santonian carbon isotope data from the Tethys Himalaya, southern Tibet

New stable carbon and oxygen isotope data from an Upper Cretaceous section in Tibet are presented, and compared to carbon isotope records from England, Italy, and Germany. Together with a stratigraphic re-interpretation of published carbon isotope data from a nearby section in Tibet, our data can surprisingly well be correlated with the European sections. This indicates that, similar to the distinct positive carbon isotope excursion at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, also the broad positive carbon isotope shift in the middle-late Coniacian and early Santonian reflects a major perturbation of the carbon cycle on a global scale, even though organic-rich sediments related to the OAE3 appear to be mainly restricted to the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent basins. The data further show that, apart from the broad Coniacian-Santonian carbon isotope excursion, also isotopic shifts on a smaller scale in the Turonian and Coniacian, such as the Round Down, Pewsey, and Hitchwood Events, can be correlated over both hemispheres. This demonstrates that the development of global oceanic anoxic conditions and associated burial of large amounts of organic carbon do not constitute a prerequisite for globally reflected carbon isotopic shifts. The data from Tibet support the concept of a relation between main carbon isotope excursions and major sea-level variations. Cyclic fluctuations of geochemical and lithological parameters are likely to be orbitally driven. These cycles appear to be preferably reflected in the sediments during periods of lower or variable sea-level, whereas the ocean-atmosphere system seems to have operated in a different mode during long phases of high, stable sea-level, as during the Coniacian-Santonian OAE3.     

Organic Carbon Isotopic Evolution during the Ediacaran-Cambrian Transition Interval in Eastern Guizhou, South China： Paleoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Implications

Secular variations of carbon isotopic composition of organic carbon can be used in the study of global environmental variation, the carbon cycle, stratigraphic delimitation, and biological evolution, etc. Organic carbon isotopic analysis of the Nangao and Zhalagou sections in eastern Guizhou reveals a negative excursion near the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary that correlates with a distinct carbonate carbon isotopic negative excursion at this boundary globally. Our results also demonstrate that several alternating positive and negative shifts occur in the Meishucunian, and an obvious negative anomaly appears at the boundary between the Meishucunian and Qiongzhusian. The isotope values are stable in the middle and lower parts but became more positive in the upper part of the Qiongzhusian. Evolution of organic carbon isotopes from the two sections in the deepwater facies can be well correlated with that of the carbonate carbon isotopes from the section in the shallow water facies. Integrated with other stratigraphic tools, we can precisely establish a lower Cambrian stratigraphic framework from shallow shelf to deep basin of the Yangtze Platform.     

Geochemistry of the late Cenomanian-early Turonian chalks of the Paris Basin: Manganese and carbon isotopes in carbonates as paleooceanographic indicators

In the North Atlantic DSDP/IPOD cores, carbon isotope data on the bulk carbonates show significant fluctuations. In sediments now exposed on land coeval fluctuations in the carbon isotope concentrations are also recorded in pelagic and epeiric facies. For instance, in the Upper Cretaceous chalks of the Paris Basin, there is a major break at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. At this time, the manganese content of the chalks was also at a maximum and consequently a positive relation can be demonstrated between δ¹³C and manganese concentrations. The same positive correlation is also recorded in many pelagic limestones.In the North Atlantic cores, carbon isotope events are related to the black shale facies and to global oceanic anoxic events and one can suppose that in sediments deposited on the continental margins they are also related to mildly anoxic conditions. Considering the manganese geochemistry in carbonate rocks, a high manganese content in such a reducing environment can be found in the sediments only if the Mn concentration of the interstitial solutions are abnormally high. As a high Mn content in marine pore waters is believed to originate from hydrothermal process, Mn and δ¹³C positive excursions are ultimately related to mid-oceanic ridge activity and to a closely connected phenomenon, the great transgressive pulses during which mid-depth waters may have been anoxic. Consequently, major Mn and carbon isotope events would seem to be useful tools in paleooceanographic reconstructions.     

Climate‐modulated sequence development in a tropical rift basin during the Late Palaeocene to Early Eocene super greenhouse Earth

Sequence developments in rift basins are considered to be influenced largely by tectonics and to a lesser extent by eustatic sea‐level and climate. Studies indicate that in passive margin basins, climate can mask the effects of tectonics and eustasy by modulating the sediment supply. It is, however, less understood how the sedimentary sequence in rift basins might respond to strong climatic fluctuations where tectonic pulses generate rapid accommodation space. Here a case study has been provided to assess the effect of climate vis à vis sea‐level and tectonics on sequence development in the Cambay rift basin, western India, during the Early Palaeogene (Late Palaeocene to Early Eocene) super greenhouse globe. Facies analysis of this shale–lignite sequence suggests deposition in a lagoon/bay, developed over the Deccan Trap basement. Detailed sequence stratigraphic analysis using basin‐wide representative composite sections, marker lignite seam, event bed and high‐resolution carbon isotope (δ¹³C) chemostratigraphy suggest an overall transgressive motif. Among the three prominent Early Eocene eustatic highstands, only the one at ca 53·7 Ma is expressed by the thickest coal accumulation throughout the basin. Expression of the other sequence stratigraphic surfaces is subdued and can be due to the overall finer grain size of the sediment or local variation in the subsidence rate at different fault‐controlled mini‐basins. Enigmatic presence of a maximum flooding surface coinciding with the 53·7 Ma climate event (Eocene Thermal Maximum 2), manifested by negative carbon isotope excursion, indicates possible influence of climate over and above tectonics in developing the rift sequence. Qualitative rainfall variation assessed using the magnitude of the carbon isotope excursion and pollen abundance show that a relatively dry/low precipitation climatic phase during the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 hindered the siliclastic supply to the basin. Thus, it has been inferred that climate‐induced high siliciclastic supply possibly enhanced the autocyclic reorganization and hindered the development of the key sequence stratigraphic surfaces across the basin during climate extremes.     

Latitudinally different responses of Tethyan shoal‐water carbonate systems to the Early Aptian oceanic anoxic event (OAE 1a)

Ocean‐wide anoxic events represent intensively investigated anomalies in the global carbon cycle. Most previous research has focussed on hemipelagic and pelagic settings and on the relationship between black‐shale deposition and carbon‐isotope excursions. The study of ocean‐wide anoxic events and coeval shallow‐water settings is now increasingly seen as an interesting complementary approach, but one that is not without problems. Whereas platform drowning characterizes the Early Aptian of the northern Tethyan margin, Lithocodium–Bacinella‐rich facies and ongoing shoal‐water sedimentation at the southern Tethyan margin (Oman) bears important information on potential causes of carbon‐cycle perturbations. The present paper seeks to test the supra‐regional relevance of the Oman data by investigating coeval central Tethyan limestones. Three Lower Aptian shoal‐water sections in Istria (Croatia), deposited on the isolated Adriatic Carbonate Platform, are investigated applying chemostratigraphy (carbon and strontium) and detailed sedimentological analysis. The focus is on peritidal to lagoonal facies characterized by mass occurrences of Lithocodium–Bacinella, an enigmatic microencruster community. Lithocodium–Bacinella facies occurs predominantly in layers ranging from one to several centimetres in stratigraphic thickness, with several layers merging to metre‐thick packages. Growth fabrics within the layers include oncoidal morphotypes, lumps, interconnected patches and columns, layers and rare nodular to massive bindstone facies. These growth patterns show a remarkable regional extent and consistency over study sites distributed several kilometres apart. This widespread distribution suggests that specific Lithocodium–Bacinella morphotypes might serve as regional stratigraphic markers. The high‐resolution carbon‐isotope chemostratigraphy presented here is based on pristine rudist shells and matrix micrite samples and calibrated against strontium‐isotope data obtained from screened rudist low‐Mg calcite. The chemostratigraphic data are consistent with existing biostratigraphic data and place the studied strata at the onset of Early Aptian oceanic anoxic event 1a. Moreover, results indicate the near‐coeval nature of Lithocodium–Bacinella bloom facies in Istria and Oman. The outcomes of this study point to latitudinally different responses of Tethyan shoal‐water carbonate systems (platform drowning versus Lithocodium–Bacinella blooms) to the ocean‐wide anoxic event 1a.     

Chemostratigraphy of Neoproterozoic carbonates: implications for 'blind dating'

The δ¹³C_carb and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr secular variations in Neoproteozoic seawater have been used for the purpose of 'isotope stratigraphy' but there are a number of problems that can preclude its routine use. In particular, it cannot be used with confidence for 'blind dating'. The compilation of isotopic data on carbonate rocks reveals a high level of inconsistency between various carbon isotope age curves constructed for Neoproteozoic seawater, caused by a relatively high frequency of both global and local δ¹³C_carb fluctuations combined with few reliable age determinations. Further complication is caused by the unresolved problem as to whether two or four glaciations, and associated negative δ¹³C_carb excursions, can be reliably documented. Carbon isotope stratigraphy cannot be used alone for geological correlation and 'blind dating'. Strontium isotope stratigraphy is a more reliable and precise tool for stratigraphic correlations and indirect age determinations. Combining strontium and carbon isotope stratigraphy, several discrete ages within the 590–544 Myr interval, and two age-groups at 660–610 and 740–690 Myr can be resolved.     

华南二叠系长兴阶层型剖面碳酸盐岩的碳氧同位素地层

华南长兴阶层型剖面４０多米厚的地层主要由泥晶灰岩组成,从中系统采集了１５９个碳酸盐岩样品进行碳氧同位素地层学研究,清楚地识别出同位素的变化规律,划分出８个序列和３个旋回。３个碳氧同位素地层旋回由上至下为：长兴早期的Ｐａｌａｅｏｆｕｓｕｌｉｎａｍｉｎｉｍａ旋回,长兴中期的Ｃｒｕ－ｒｉｔｈｙｒｉｓ－Ｇｅｉｎｉｔｚｉｎａ－Ｃｌａｒｋｉｎａｓｕｂｃａｒｉｎａｔａ旋回,长兴晚期的Ｐａｌａｅｏｆｕｓｕｌｉｎａｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ旋回。碳酸盐岩碳同位素的异常变化与有机碳的贮藏和氧化相关,而这些变化可能具同时性,记录于整个古华南海水中,从而成为地层对比的良好标志。长兴阶高分辨率碳氧同位素地层的建立,提高了地层的划分精度,为长兴阶进一步的精细地层对比提供了可能。     

黔西滇东地区二叠纪-三叠纪之交有机碳同位素和生物地层对比

二叠纪-三叠纪之交海、陆相地层对比研究对陆相二叠系-三叠系界线的定义以及全面认识该全球性重大生物与环境突变事件具有重要意义,是当前国际古生物学与地层学研究的重点和难点.选择贵州六盘水仲河二叠系-三叠系界线剖面为研究对象,系统研究了该剖面的化石面貌和有机碳同位素演变特征.结合黔西滇东地区二叠纪-三叠纪之交良好的陆相、海陆过渡相和浅海碎屑岩相地层记录,初步搭建了海、陆相生物地层与有机碳同位素地层对比框架.值得关注的是,综合已有研究的陆相和海陆过渡相剖面植物有机碳同位素和海相剖面无机碳同位素数据,发现均存在相同的碳同位素演变特征,且与生物地层对比方案一致.据此,认为高分辨率的有机碳同位素化学地层是实现海-陆相地层对比的有效手段之一.      

西藏聂拉木三叠系土隆群-曲龙共巴组稳定碳同位素组成及对比

古生代-中生代之交生物灭绝后,三叠纪海洋长期、复杂的生物和环境变化过程受到高度关注.基于牙形石、菊石生物时代及土隆地区三叠系全岩稳定碳同位素曲线,识别出6次负偏和5次正偏.其中早三叠世碳同位素的N1-N4四次负偏和P1-P4四次正向偏移过程,能与我国华南、日本等多个剖面进行对应,反映我国藏南所在的高纬度地区经历了与低纬度地区相同的全球碳循环异常.首次报道了土隆剖面识别出的晚三叠世卡尼期碳同位素负偏,其幅度达到3.3‰,可对应意大利、日本以及我国川西北地区和华南南盘江盆地所记录的卡尼期极端气候事件.中卡尼期温度升高,降雨量急剧增多,风化作用显著加强,陆源硅质碎屑输入增强,可能是土隆剖面岩性剧烈变化的环境驱动因素.      

植物硅酸体研究及其在第四纪地质学中的应用

第三系及其以上地层中广泛存在着大量由陆生高等植物所产生的植物硅酸体。由于源自不同植物的硅酸体具有不同的形态类型组合,因此沉积物中硅酸体组合的研究,不仅可以划分对比地层,而且可通过古植被恢复来探讨古生态环境,这方面的作用在第四纪地质研究中已得到成功的应用。此外,硅酸体内赋存的有机
碳的同位素研究可以使地质时代和古气候研究达到定量或半定量化。     

新生代深海冷水碳酸盐泥丘成因及IODP 307航次初步研究结果

记述了新生代深海冷水碳酸盐泥丘近期的9个重要研究事件;总结了冷水泥丘具有全球海洋(大陆斜坡为主)分布、形态各异、冷水枝状珊瑚构筑泥丘的特点;介绍了冷水泥丘形成的(地质流体渗流和微生物作用)内因及(海底牵引底流作用)外因两种主要观点.对2005年IODP 307航次实施的北大西洋Porcupine Seabight冷水泥丘大洋钻探工作初步成果进行了编译,公布了中国科学家在碳氧同位素方面的初步实验结果.实验结果显示上新世中期以来的2 Ma里冷水碳酸盐泥丘启动和发育过程中存在2次碳氧同位素偏移事件(Ⅰ和Ⅱ),碳氧同位素偏移事件Ⅰ与泥丘的启动相呼应,暗示北大西洋古海洋气候发生巨大变化,可能与北极冰盖极盛有关.     

国际全球变化研究发展态势文献计量评价

-全球变化研究是国际上地球系统综合研究的重大跨学科研究领域。随着全球环境问题的日益突出，国际上先后组织发起了全球环境变化研究的四大科学计划WCRP、IGBP、IHDP、DIVERSITAS及其组成的地球系统科学联盟ESSP，开展对全球变化和地球系统科学的研究。当前，全球变化问题不仅是科学界关注和研究的问题，也是政治界、经济界都关注的重大问题。 科技文献能够反映科学前沿的发展动态。对SCIE和SSCI数据库收录的全球变化研究文献进行统计，从文献计量学的角度，分析国际全球变化研究领域的发展态势，了解中国全球变化研究的国际影响力。可以看出：国际上全球变化研究的论文数量一直呈增长趋势，以地球科学多学科、生态学、环境科学、自然地理学、植物学等学科领域为主。中国自2000年以来在该领域的发文数量增长较快，特别是中国科学院的发文量已进入国际前列，但中国在该研究领域尚缺少高影响力的论文。     

扬子地区中-晚奥陶世转折期的碳同位素漂移事件及其成因探讨

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