西藏色龙西山二叠系-三叠系界线剖面稳定碳同位素特征

古生代-中生代之交的生物灭绝过程和原因一直是科学家关注和致力解决的关键古生物学问题之一.色龙西山剖面的牙形石分带工作取得了重要进展,为认识该地区地层序列和沉积历史提供了新的证据.全岩碳同位素分析表明,在长兴阶与印度阶附近该剖面存在着碳同位素负偏,可以同我国华南多个剖面进行对比,揭示了古生代-中生代之交的碳同位素变化和生物灭绝模式具有全球对比性.新识别出的奥伦尼克阶底部（Neospathodus waageni带底部）碳同位素值大幅度负偏及之后的正偏,与华南等地的变化规律一致,反映了二叠纪末期到早三叠世长期的、复杂的生物和环境变化过程.      

湖南嘉禾大窝岭剖面吴家坪阶-长兴阶界线牙形石生物地层及一次碳同位素负偏

吴家坪阶-长兴阶界线位于这两次生物大灭绝事件之间,科学界对该界线附近是否发生重大地质事件仍然知之甚少,有关该时期的环境变化、碳循环的研究也不深入.嘉禾大窝岭剖面牙形石生物地层以及碳同位素变化的研究,为进一步探讨吴家坪期-长兴期附近的生物及环境事件提供基础材料.晚二叠世时以深水盆地相沉积为主的大窝岭剖面位于湖南省嘉禾县袁家镇附近.该剖面大隆组出露较好,岩性主要为硅质岩、硅质灰岩、灰岩以及泥岩.在大隆组中共识别出牙形石1属3种(含一个未定种):Clarkina wangi,C. deflecta,C. sp.,并识别出牙形石C. wangi带和C. changxingensis-C. deflecta组合带.根据C. wangi的首现,将大窝岭剖面的吴家坪阶-长兴阶界线(Wuchiapingian-Changhsingian boundary,简称WCB)置于第11层底部.该剖面全岩无机碳同位素数据显示在13~15层发生了一次快速的负偏,从2.18‰负偏到-1.39‰,负偏值近3.50‰,可与浙江煤山及四川上寺等剖面进行很好的对比,揭示这次碳同位素负偏在华南区域上可具对比性.      

巢湖地区早三叠世碳氧同位素地层对比及其古生态环境意义

二叠纪-三叠纪之交的环境恶化事件不但导致了生物大绝灭，而且造成了自然界正常的碳循环崩溃。为了研究三叠纪早期生物复苏过程中的环境特征、碳氧同位素演化上的地层学意义，对巢湖平顶山西坡剖面下三叠统碳酸盐岩取样分析。研究结果表明，巢湖平顶山西坡剖面早三叠世碳氧同位素地层曲线与已知的平顶山北坡剖面碳氧同位素地层曲线相似。δ^13C值在Indian阶、Olenekian阶底部首先表现为大幅度负漂，随后呈上升趋势。δ^18O值除了表现出l Ma的周期性波动之外，与δ^13C低值区对应处也具负偏趋势。δ^13C、δ^18O值的演化趋势反映了早三叠世海洋环境恶化、生物复苏十分缓慢。     

西藏文布当桑二叠系-三叠系界线剖面碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素异常研究

华南海相二叠系-三叠系界线(PTB)剖面研究相当成熟,且滇东黔西和天山地区的陆相PTB剖面也取得了重大突破,但西藏特提斯域该领域研究相对薄弱。在前人建立完整二叠系-三叠系牙形刺生物地层剖面的基础上开展碳氧同位素分析,研究表明西藏文布当桑PTB剖面附近碳同位素明显负偏,但偏移样式与华南煤山剖面突变模式具有明显差异,表现为随时间推移逐渐变小,且变化连续,类似南阿尔卑斯地区PTB剖面变化样式,通过与中下扬子地区代表碳酸盐岩台地相到下斜坡相沉积环境的典型海相PTB地层剖面对比发现,西藏文布当桑剖面与江苏西山浅水碳酸盐岩台地相剖面碳同位素变化曲线高度一致。此外,西藏文布当桑PTB剖面伴随碳同位素负偏,出现了两次明显的氧同位素波动,氧同位素两次负偏对应着海水温度的增加和盐度的降低。     

江西东岭剖面P-T界线碳同位素变化与沉积物输入的关系

二叠纪末期发生了显生宙以来规模最大的生物灭绝事件,利用江西修水东岭剖面二叠-三叠系界线的碳同位素、主量元素及微量元素分别研究全球碳循环的变化及其相对应的物源的变化进而分析环境变化与生物灭绝的关系。研究结果表明,东岭剖面二叠-三叠系界线存在阶梯式碳同位素负偏,第一阶段阶梯式负偏幅度为2‰,第二阶段阶梯式负偏幅度为2.5‰,总的负偏幅度高达4.5‰。在阶段阶梯式碳同位素负偏过程,碳酸盐岩中的硅酸盐组分物源由基性火成岩转变为岛弧性质的酸性火成岩。后者可能与我国华南周围岛弧火山喷发有关。这些碳同位素负偏在时间上与物源的转变及火山灰层基本一致,推测其与我国华南岛弧火山及西伯利亚大火成岩省喷发有关。大规模火山作用喷出或诱发出的二氧化碳及甲烷温室气体有可能是造成二叠-三叠系阶梯式碳同位素负偏的主要原因。火山喷发造成的环境恶化如全球变暖、海洋缺氧、海洋酸化、植被破坏形成的大量沉积物输入海洋致使生物生存压力增大,从而造成二叠末期生物的大灭绝。     

贵州乐康P/T界线无机碳同位素特征及其意义

贵州乐康深水海槽相中的无机碳同位素研究表明,晚二叠世由于局限环境,区域内生物贫乏,相对应的碳同位素值比同期其他剖面中碳同位素值偏低。而在长兴阶晚期,由于受区域内火山作用的影响,在剖面界线之下发育另一个碳同位素负异常,之后碳同位素有所回升,直至界线附近降低为最低值。早三叠世由于绝灭之后的生物复苏缓慢,无机碳同位素表现为低正值。碳同位素特征显示,碳同位素的变化受到了生物和环境等多种因素的综合控制。     

巢湖地区楚歌岭剖面下三叠统和龙山组碳同位素变化特征及其意义

碳同位素在海相碳酸盐岩研究中日益受到重视,成为重大地质事件识别与解释、地层划分与对比的重要手段之一.通过对巢湖地区楚歌岭剖面早三叠世地层碳同位素研究,显示Smithian\Spathian界线处碳同位素的快速正漂具有全球性特征,可以作为地层划分对比的良好标志;而且这一变化特征反映一次海洋生产力暴发事件,与海洋环境突变和灾后生物的复苏关系密切,为早三叠世海洋生态系统灾后重建过程的恢复提供了重要线索.     

安徽巢湖下三叠统含巢湖龙动物群地层碳氧同位素特征及意义

安徽巢湖地区在早三叠世斯帕斯亚期经历了从深水盆地到外缓坡两种环境的海退过程。利用稳定碳氧同位素测试结果,对巢湖马家山剖面下三叠统南陵湖组中上段含巢湖龙动物群地层的碳氧同位素特征进行了初步分析,探讨了巢湖龙动物群化石产出层段地层所反映的沉积环境背景。马家山剖面南陵湖组中段及上段δ13C值变化范围在-7.312‰~3.936‰之间,变化幅度为11.248‰,平均值-0.857‰。碳同位素与生物初级生产力成正比,南陵湖组中上段稳定碳同位素曲线大幅度负漂移,说明早三叠世海洋生物量稀少,生物初级生产力较低。同时,研究区δ18 O值变化范围在-12.081‰~-3.545‰之间,变化幅度为-8.536‰,平均值-6.598‰。氧同位素与古海水温度成反比,δ18 O值普遍偏低,很可能说明斯帕斯亚期延续了斯密斯亚期末期海水的高温度。综合巢湖地区马家山剖面南陵湖组中段及上段地层沉积特征及稳定碳氧同位素曲线特征,分析出巢湖龙动物群生活在安静的外缓坡—深水盆地,生物初级生产力较低且海水温度总体偏高的环境中。     

安徽巢湖地区下三叠统综合层序

印度阶一奥伦尼克阶界线的全球层型候选剖面之一位于安徽巢湖地区;巢湖地区的下三叠统也是国际上同期地层中生物地层序列最有代表性、多重地层学手段应用齐备、研究效果最好的地层序列之一。根据巢湖地区3条代表性下三叠统剖面的岩石地层、生物地层和碳同位素地层的最新研究成果归纳出本区早三叠世综合地层序列,作为区域地层对比研究的标准．巢湖的下三叠统明确包含8个牙形石带和6个菊石带。它们具有区域甚至全球对比意义;巢湖地区早三叠世碳同位素δ^13Ccarb的演变呈现2个显著的漂移周期,这种有特色的碳同位素漂移,不仅具有地层学价值,而且可能对于三叠纪初的生物复苏和生态系演变具有指导意义．在综合地层序列基础上,将3条剖面的古地磁学研究成果链接,形成了巢湖地区完整的早三叠世磁性地层序列,包括5个主要的正向极性带和5个反向极性带,这也是目前在本区乃至华南获得的最完整的早三叠世磁极性序列之一．这些为该区域乃至全球相关地层研究树立了一个基本格架。     

西藏海相三叠系—侏罗系界线及晚三叠世生物绝灭事件研究

1998—2004年间在西藏聂拉木、林周、墨竹工卡和洛扎等地进行的三叠系/侏罗系界线地层研究表明,西藏隆子县和洛扎县尚未发现具有连续菊石层序的三叠系/侏罗系界线地层剖面。拉萨以北地区广泛分布的火山岩时代确定为晚三叠世—早侏罗世早期,这有助于解释晚三叠世末期生物绝灭与晚三叠世岩浆侵入和大规模的火山活动有关,但T/J界线尚待精确限定。聂拉木县格米格剖面是特提斯地区唯一未曾“压缩”的三叠系/侏罗系界线地层剖面,具有瑞替阶MARSHI菊石带、赫塘阶Tibeticum、Callyphyllum和Pleuro-notum菊石带。格米格剖面三叠系/侏罗系界线碳稳定同位素曲线记录了晚三叠世瑞替阶末期(Marshi菊石带)突然的负偏移,它很有可能和晚三叠世末期的由超级温室效应所产生的生物绝灭事件相对应。     

晚三叠世中卡尼期极端气候事件:研究进展及存在问题

作为三叠纪最显著的气候变化事件,全球性的卡尼期气候事件以幕次降雨量增多为特征,在西北特提斯洋地区表现较为明显,主要反映了从碳酸盐岩到黑色页岩的岩性变化,近年来这一地质事件在美国、中国、日本等地的卡尼阶地层中也有识别.其成因一直是学者研究的重点,有人认为是板块构造运动促使大气或大洋循环发生了变化,或是超级大陆聚合碰撞而触发大火成岩省喷发致使全球气候发生了紊乱,也有人认为是地球系统综合因素相互作用的结果.联系到中国西南部地区卡尼阶现状,认为超级季风、构造运动和卡尼期气候变化的关系值得深入研究,此外卡尼期气候事件过程中碳酸盐补偿深度上升问题、卡尼期黑色页岩事件反映的大洋生产力以及多幕卡尼期气候事件反映的气候波动事件等科学问题也是今后的研究中值得重视的.     

Carbon Isotope Records Indicative of Paleoceanographical Events at the Latest Permian Dalong Formation at Shangsi, Northeast Sichuan, China

Paired organic and carbonate carbon isotope compositions of Late Permian Wujiaping (吴家坪) and Dalong (大隆) formations at Shangsi (上寺), Northeast Sichuan (四川) were analyzed by MAT 251. An abrupt negative excursion in the two isotope records was observed in the middle part of Dalong Formation, in association with a drop in the carbon isotope difference of the two records and an increase of total organic carbon (TOC) content. The negative drop of the paired carbon isotope records issuggestive of the input of 12C-enriched CO2. The molecular ratios of pristane to phytane and dibenzothiophene to phenanthrene indicate the anoxic condition in this interval. The enhanced TOC content is indicative of the elevated preservation of organic matter due to the anoxic condition. These isotopic and organic geochemical data probably infer the occurrence of the upwelUng in this interval. The additional contribution of volcanism activity observed in South China cannot be excluded to the input of 12C-enriched CO2 and the negative shifts in carbon isotope composition of bulk organic matter and carbonate.     

Turonian to Santonian carbon isotope data from the Tethys Himalaya, southern Tibet

New stable carbon and oxygen isotope data from an Upper Cretaceous section in Tibet are presented, and compared to carbon isotope records from England, Italy, and Germany. Together with a stratigraphic re-interpretation of published carbon isotope data from a nearby section in Tibet, our data can surprisingly well be correlated with the European sections. This indicates that, similar to the distinct positive carbon isotope excursion at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, also the broad positive carbon isotope shift in the middle-late Coniacian and early Santonian reflects a major perturbation of the carbon cycle on a global scale, even though organic-rich sediments related to the OAE3 appear to be mainly restricted to the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent basins. The data further show that, apart from the broad Coniacian-Santonian carbon isotope excursion, also isotopic shifts on a smaller scale in the Turonian and Coniacian, such as the Round Down, Pewsey, and Hitchwood Events, can be correlated over both hemispheres. This demonstrates that the development of global oceanic anoxic conditions and associated burial of large amounts of organic carbon do not constitute a prerequisite for globally reflected carbon isotopic shifts. The data from Tibet support the concept of a relation between main carbon isotope excursions and major sea-level variations. Cyclic fluctuations of geochemical and lithological parameters are likely to be orbitally driven. These cycles appear to be preferably reflected in the sediments during periods of lower or variable sea-level, whereas the ocean-atmosphere system seems to have operated in a different mode during long phases of high, stable sea-level, as during the Coniacian-Santonian OAE3.     

藏高珠穆朗玛峰地区三叠系层序地层及沉积演化：—从陆表海盆地到裂谷盆地

珠峰地区的三叠系形成于大陆拉伸背景。自下而上可划分为12个三级沉积层序和5个层序组，分属于2个中层序。发生在Induan阶初期（约250Ma)，Anisian阶早期（约239Ma),Carnian阶初期（约231Ma）和Norian早期（约223Ma)的4个海侵事件最为重要。可作跨越板块的地层对比标志。藏南地区在三叠纪经历了从泛大陆到大陆裂谷的构造演化，早一中三叠世以陆表海盆地浅水环境为主，晚三叠世以深水断陷盆地为特征。晚三叠世晚期，与长期全球海平面下降相伴随，过量的陆源碎屑输入造成该地区由深水盆地转为河流作用明显的三角洲平原环境。     

卡尼期湿润幕：气候- 环境变化与海洋生态效应研究新进展

晚三叠世卡尼期湿润幕（Carnian Pluvial Episode, CPE）是近年来最受瞩目的地质事件之一。此次事件以卡尼中期全球不同纬度环境湿度显著上升为主要标志。CPE的发生不仅对全球各地沉积格局产生重大改变，也对三叠纪生物演化产生了深远影响。海洋生物群在跨越CPE期间发生了不同程度的灭绝与演替，大部分海洋无脊椎动物和部分脊椎动物的多样性在CPE之后出现明显的降低，著名的关岭生物群也受到了CPE的明显影响，并开始显现出危机。CPE之后，恐龙类群开始逐步占据陆地生态的主导地位，早中生代和现代生物的先祖开始在这一时期纷纷出现。CPE的发生揭开了现生生物演化史新的一页，并最终开创了早中生代和现生生物黎明。有关CPE的触发机制主要包括以下2个方面：① 晚三叠世巨型季风环流在卡尼期达到鼎盛并区域上影响了大气降水量；② 板块活动造成大规模火山喷发引发全球气候扰动。由于上述2种解释还未能与我国其他地质记录较好匹配，因而CPE在特提斯东缘的发生次序和发展过程并不清晰。这其中，对CPE触发机制的探讨，需要将全球板块变化与古气候模拟纳入其研究范畴。不同于晚二叠世生物大灭绝后生物类群缓慢重启和生态逐步复苏，CPE期间的生物演化与革新在短时间内促成了现代生物类群的形成。在我国，上三叠统卡尼阶分布广泛、发育齐全，且保存有各门类丰富的动植物化石，是开展卡尼期气候- 环境变化与生态效应研究的重要场所。然而目前国内有关CPE研究还十分有限，一些基础的地质工作仍然有待开展。位于特提斯东缘的我国地质记录有助于深刻理解CPE过程和环境- 生物协同演化关系，尤其在现代生物多样性起源和当代生态系统结构成型的研究过程中需要提供更多中国的对比方案。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘上二叠统——中下三叠统地球化学特征及其古气候、古环境指示意义

为探索陆相湖泊环境记录中二叠纪—三叠纪之交古气候演化的信息,以鄂尔多斯盆地南缘陕西铜川石川河剖面上二叠统石千峰组(P3s)和三叠系的刘家沟组(T1l)、和尚沟组(T1h)、纸坊组(T2z)为研究对象,对界面上下地层开展了系统的矿物学、岩石学和地球化学研究。通过主量和微量元素、碳氧同位素以及TOC测试对古盐度、古氧化还原环境和古气候演化规律进行分析。测试结果显示在二叠系—三叠系(P/T)界线附近主、微量元素和碳、氧同位素发生较明显的变化,气候环境代用化学指标的波动指示了从晚二叠世至早中三叠世鄂尔多斯盆地的古气候、古环境的变化。研究结果表明上二叠统石千峰组形成于河流-三角洲沉积环境,氧化程度相对低,古气候相对温暖湿润;下三叠统刘家沟组与和尚沟组的紫红色砂泥岩代表水体较浅的河流-三角洲相,强氧化环境,气候干旱炎热;而到中三叠统纸坊组沉积期,湖平面上升,元素的迁移作用加强,氧化程度变弱,气温降低,气候转为半干旱半湿润气候。碳同位素分析结果显示,鄂尔多斯盆地陆相P/T界线上δ^13CPDB存在显著负偏,与全球范围内的海相P/T界线具有一致性,说明在华北地台陆相P/T界线上同样存在气候突变和生物灭绝等重大地质事件的沉积记录,与海相地层可对比。     

Lower Triassic δC isotope curve from shallow-marine carbonates in Japan, Panthalassa realm: Confirmation of the Tethys δC curve

δ¹³C data from Tethyan sections provide evidence of profound changes in the carbon cycle during the Lower Triassic. Sections from the Panthalassa realm were investigated to establish whether these variations are also present there. In the Jurassic accretionary wedges in Japan, exotic blocks having a Panthalassan affinity, have been incorporated. The majority of the blocks are pelagic cherts but rare shallow-water carbonates are also present. We present a δ¹³C study on the Lower Triassic of a shallow-water carbonate succession deposited on a mid-oceanic seamount and accreted to the Chichibu Belt, Japan. Two sections have been measured at Kamura, central Kyushu Island. The carbon isotope curve shows depleted values across the Permian–Triassic boundary (PTB), subsequently followed by an increase to heavier values into the Dienerian, culminating in a maximum of almost +4‰ V-PDB, before a steep drop at a stratigraphic gap. Low values are recorded in the Smithian, but rise to enriched δ¹³C values > +3.5‰ near the Smithian–Spathian boundary. The observed trend of the stable carbon isotope curve from Japanese sediments mirrors the curves derived from sections in the Tethys (e.g. Italy, Iran, Turkey, Oman and the South China Nanpanjing Basin). Our results support the interpretation of this curve as representing a global trend across the PTB and in the Lower Triassic, although some distinct features are absent around the Dienerian/Smithian boundary. Profound variations of the carbon isotope curve in the Lower Triassic are presented for the first time from a marine section outside of the Tethys. They indicate severe, global changes in the Lower Triassic carbon cycle, and the causative processes must have significantly contributed to the delayed biotic recovery after the PTB. Large amounts of carbon were shifted between carbon reservoirs, most probably between shallow- and deep-ocean waters, and/or ocean and sediment. Anoxia followed by overturn of the ocean water masses may have been the mechanism which quickly altered ecological conditions in the ocean leading to variable availability of nutrients and oxygen, and changes in isotope composition of the available carbon in the surface waters that was incorporated in the precipitated carbonate.     

Lake sedimentological and ecological response to hyperthermals: Boltysh impact crater,Ukraine

The Boltysh meteorite impact crater, Ukraine, formed at the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary at ca 65·2 Ma. A borehole drilled in the central part of the crater cored a >400 m thick high‐resolution lacustrine succession that covers the Dan‐C2 hyperthermal event associated with a negative carbon isotope excursion. Continuous terrestrial records of past hyperthermals are of limited availability, which makes this record a unique case study of the continental impact of rapid climate warming. This study uses high‐resolution sedimentological core log data together with thin‐section, X‐ray diffraction, microprobe and palynological analyses to: (i) reconstruct lake sedimentological and ecological development across the carbon isotope excursion; and (ii) assess the environmental effect of hyperthermals on terrestrial ecosystems. Based on detailed facies analysis, five gradual stages of lake formation are identified, which show a strong relationship to carbon isotope shifts and associated climatic trends. Initially, sediment supply into the Boltysh lake was controlled by crater morphology. During later lake stages, sediment supply was increasingly controlled by changes in inflow–evaporation ratios which affected seasonal stratification patterns and longer term lake levels. An inferred increase in atmospheric pCO₂ related to the carbon isotope excursion, together with increasing mean annual temperatures, was probably responsible for periodic increases in biological activity of photosynthesising organisms and biomass production. These fluctuations in facies and lake settings largely correspond to orbital‐paced moisture availability oscillations. The gradual reduction in sediment supply commencing during early lake formation prior to carbon isotope excursion inception suggest that the Dan‐C2 event did not initiate sedimentary changes, but intensified sedimentary response to orbital controlled climate change.     

Development of an equatorial carbonate platform across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and links to global palaeoenvironmental changes (Musandam Peninsula,UAE/Oman)

The Triassic-Jurassic boundary is marked by one of the ‘big five’ mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic. This boundary event was accompanied by several carbon cycle perturbations, potentially induced by the opening of the Central Atlantic and associated volcanism, and accompanied by an ocean acidification event. Continuous carbonate successions covering this interval of environmental change are however rare. Here data from a shallow-marine equatorial mixed carbonate-siliciclastic succession is presented, that was studied on a regional scale. Four sections that are 48 km apart were examined on the Musandam Peninsula (United Arab Emirates and Sultanate of Oman). The system was analysed for its sedimentology, vertical and lateral facies changes, and stable carbon and oxygen isotopes. Strontium isotope analysis was used to determine the position of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary horizon. The studied ramp experienced an episode of demise during the Late Triassic, followed by a restricted microbialite dominated ramp, containing large amounts of siliciclastic facies. During the Latest Triassic the diverse carbonate factory revived and flourished across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. No clear evidence for a biocalcification crisis or an ocean acidification event across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary is visible. Lateral facies heterogeneities can be observed across the studied interval, attributed to hydrodynamic activity, including tropical storms, crossing the extensive shelf area. Although evidence for synsedimentary tectonic activity is present, the vertical stacking pattern is largely controlled by changes in relative sea level. The refined chronostratigraphy accompanied by the detailed environment of deposition analysis allows for a refinement of the regional palaeogeography. The neritic equatorial carbonate ramp has archived a negative carbon isotope excursion preceding the Triassic-Jurassic boundary that has also been reported from other study sites. The lack of evidence for a biocalcification crisis across the equatorial Triassic-Jurassic boundary indicates that the Tethys did not experience a distinct global acidification event.