地震现象的新观点

本文综述断裂和碎形理论的最新进展，以分形的观点解释地震学经验公式，提出了地震作为自组织临界现象（ＳＯＣ）的观点。地震的发生是地壳中的能量耗散过程，而地壳构造能量连续地得到补给，地壳的自组织行为达到临界状态，时间上和空间上的分形结构就自然呈现出来。众所周知，在地震中幂次律关系即是地壳临界状态的表述。本文还提出了一个地震的ＳＯＣ模型，用以解释古登堡－里克特公式，大森的余震公式以及震源的分形分布。地震现     

细胞自动机的多重分形特征和动力学根源

用大量弹簧滑块组成的模型可以模拟地震的复杂性,本文以细胞自动机(CA)为数学工具,结合地震学和岩石力学的结果,考虑了能量的输入和损耗,进行了地震事件的数字模拟。对模型中输出的"地震"事件进行了时间和空间的多分形分析,并对自组织临界(SOC)状态进行了讨论,进而得到事件至少在时间域里的分布呈现出层次结构,符合自相似特征。本文的CA模型属于确定性的混沌系统,而对于处在SOC状态下的大量事件的频度和大小的统计与G-R指数律很好地吻合。结果表明,虽然自组织(SO)可能是更准确的地震表征,但SOC仍然是研究地震现象的很好的模式。     

1932年昌马地震构造力学特征探讨

１９３２年昌马地震构造力学特征探讨郭万武，张范民，邢成起，温增平（国家地震局兰州地震研究所，兰州）ＤＩＳＣＵＳＳＩＯＮＯＮＴＨＥＴＥＣＴＯＮＯＭＥＣＨＡＮＩＣＦＥＡＴＵＲＥＳＯＦ１９３２ＣＨＡＮＧＭＡＥＡＲＴＨＱＵＡＫＥＭｓ７．６￥ＧｕｏＷａｎｗｕ；...     

自组织临界性与地震预测：对目前地震预测问题争论的评述（之一）

目前国际上围绕地震预测问题的争论,很大程度上与地震的自组织临界性模型有关。根据地震ＳＯＣ模型,地震预测被认为是不可能的。事实上,这是一个误解这个误解又是关于地震的ＳＯＣ模型的诸多误解中的一个。在地震的ＳＯＣ模型中,地震的能量－频度关系具有重要的地位。     

标记乳糖基白蛋白SPIO作为磁共振肝细胞受体显影剂的实验研究

目的是探讨标记乳糖基白蛋白的超顺磁性氧化铁粒子（ＬＡＣ－ＨＳＡ－ＳＰＩＯ）作为配体与肝细胞膜去唾液酸糖蛋白受体（ＡＳＧ）特异性结合可能性;评价ＬＡＣ－ＨＳＡ－ＳＰＩＯ增强磁共振受体成像对大鼠微小肝癌灶的显示能力。方法：将Ｆｅ３＋Ｆｅ２＋混合液与ＬＡＣ－ＨＳＡ在碱性条件下制备出ＬＡＯ－ＨＳＡ－ＳＰＩＯ;应用　二乙基亚硝酸胺建立大鼠肝癌模型;电镜及Ｐｅｒｌｓ（普鲁士蓝）染色,观察ＬＡＣ－ＨＳＡ－ＳＰＩＯ在肝组织的颁;并比较ＬＡＣ－ＨＳＡ－ＳＰＩＯ增强前后大鼠肝癌的显示情况。得到结果是（１）Ｐｅｒｌｓ染色证实有ＬＡＣ－ＨＳＡ－ＳＰＩＯ分布到肝细胞浆内;电镜下也显示肝细胞膜表面及胞浆内有电子致密ＳＰＩＯ粒子分布;（２）注射小剂量ＬＡＣ－ＨＳＡ－ＳＰＩＯ可观察到明显明显肝脏强化效果,大鼠肝癌检出率由平扫３６．８％（７／１９）提高到７８％（１５／１９,Ｐ＜００１）。结论：ＬＡＣ－ＨＳＡ－ＳＰＩＯ是一种新型的具有肝细胞ＡＳＧ受体靶向性显影剂,对提高肝脏微小瘤灶检出率有章要价值。     

CDSN台站用C语言调用ORACLE数据库的震级计算软件

新一代ＣＤＳＮ台站的地震信息管理,采用ＯＲＡＣＬＥ关系数据库系统。该系统主要由ＯＲＡＣＬＥ的核心,ＳＱＬ＊ＰＬＵＳ接口及各种实用程序组成（图１）。台站ＳＵＮ工作站系统配置的ＡＲＳ软件,是分析处理数字化地震资料的较为理想的应用软件。支持该软件的就是ＯＲ...     

地震学研究联合会（IRIS）研究工作进展概述

介绍了ＩＲＩＳ的研究计划和项目：①全球地震台网（ＧＳＮ）;②大隅岩石圈台阵地震研究计划（ＰＡＳＳＣＡＬ）;③数据管理中心（ＤＭＣ）全球数据管理系统（ＤＭＳ）;④教育与扩展计划（Ｅ＆Ｏ）;⑤海洋地夺台网（ＯＳＮ）。概述了ＩＲＩＳ跨世纪规划和项目研究的最新进展情况。     

依据实验室高温条件下获得的岩石物理特性建立乌兹别克地震活动区域地壳岩石物理模型

依据实验室高温条件下获得的岩石物理特性建立乌兹别克地震活动区域地壳岩石物理模型巴卡耶夫Ｍ．Ｋｈ，阿布诺基莫夫Ａ．Ｋｈ（乌兹别克斯坦科学院地震学研究所，塔什干）ＰＥＴＲＯＰＨＹＳＩＣＡＩＭＯＤＥＬＳＯＦＴＨＥＥＡＲＴＨ＇ＳＣＲＵＳＴＩＮＳＥＩＳＭＩＣＡ...     

精密可控常时震源系统(ACROSS)的初步实验

地震是重大自然灾害之一 ,长期以来 ,人们不断地发展各种地震观测手段 ,探索地震预报之路。精密可控常时震源系统ＡＣＲＯＳＳ(ＡｃｃｕｒａｔｅｌｙＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｅｄＲｏｕｔｉｎｅｌｙＯｐｅｒａｔｅｄＳｉｇｎａｌＳｙｓ ｔｅｍ)是国际上 2 0世纪 90年代以来发展起来的一种新型可控震源技术。目的是通过产生精密可控的地震波和采用先进的观测与处理技术监测地震发生区域地层物理状态的微小变化。ＡＣＲＯＳＳ震源与通常的爆破震源相比 ,有如下主要特点 :( 1 )ＡＣＲＯＳＳ震源产生的是单一弹性波 ,从能量的角度讲 ,机械波的能量效率…     

国际地震学与地球内部物理学协会亚洲区域大会将在我国唐山举行

国际地震学与地球内部物理学协会亚洲区域大会将在我国唐山举行由亚洲地震委员会（ＡＳＣ）、中国国家地震局主办，由国际地震学与地球内部物理学协会（ＩＡＳＰＥＩ）、唐山市政府、国际岩石国计划（ＩＬＰ）、联全国教科文组织（ＵＮＥＳＣＯ）、中国国家自然科学基金委...     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.