对太阳辐射和城市空气污染变化关系的探讨

对兰州市太阳辐射和空气污染的年季变化规律分析表明：太阳直接辐射、总辐射及大气透明系数呈逐年下降趋势，散射辐射和晴天大气混浊因子呈逐年增加趋势，且从７０年代后期开始这种趋势更加明显；冬季大气污染最严重，夏季较其他季节轻，春季污染高于秋季。总悬浮微粒的年、季变化与太阳辐射和混浊因子的变化规律基本一致     

我国南方中东部地区地面太阳总辐射变化规律

为进一步探讨我国地面太阳辐射的变化规律及其原因,选择我国南方中东部地区,利用该区域1961—2007年33个站点的地面太阳总辐射资料,结合云量、大气水汽含量和能见度等观测资料,综合研究该区域地面太阳总辐射的变化规律及其原因。结果表明:1961—1989年,我国南方中东部地区地面太阳总辐射呈下降趋势,之后发生逆转,1995年后其变化趋于缓和,1961—2007年总体呈现变暗—变亮—变缓的趋势。究其原因,该区域云量平均值由峰入谷、云量下降速率由快变慢可能是产生此变化趋势的原因之一;其次,20世纪80年代到21世纪初,气溶胶光学厚度上升趋势减缓,气溶胶地面辐射强迫变化趋于缓和,某些区域甚至出现下降,也导致部分站点地面太阳总辐射由暗变亮。     

华南地面太阳辐射状况及其转折特征分析

利用华南地区1961—2003年的太阳总辐射、直接辐射和散射辐射资料分析了该地区地面太阳辐射状况,包括年际变化和季节变化,重点分析了该地区太阳总辐射在1980—1990年代期间的转折过程,并与全国平均状况进行对比。结果表明：1961—2003年,华南地区的总辐射和直接辐射整体呈下降趋势,散射辐射的变化不显著,与全国平均辐射状况的变化趋势一致。1983年之前,华南总辐射处于迅速下降阶段,之后发生转折开始回升,至2001年前后已经恢复到平均水平。华南地区总辐射和散射辐射的季节变化非常明显,夏季最高,春秋两季次之,冬季最低,一年中散射辐射的最高和最低值相比总辐射提前一个月出现。另外,结合云量和能见度资料初步分析了广州市地面太阳辐射的变化和转折过程,表明广州地面太阳总辐射的下降及转折过程主要与该地区的大气清洁程度相关。     

近44年四川太阳辐射时空变化特征

利用四川144个气象站1971~2014年的逐月日照时数数据和四川6个辐射站的逐月太阳总辐射数据,以气候学模拟的方法,计算了四川144个气象站的逐月太阳总辐射值。基于44年四川太阳辐射的平均分布和EOF分析的第一模态,将四川分成3个区域,并研究了四川太阳辐射的时空变化。结果表明:(1)四川年太阳总辐射从东南往西北随海拔升高呈阶梯式增加,结合年太阳总辐射EOF第一模态可把四川分为3个区域,分别是川西高原、攀西地区和四川盆地;(2)川西高原年总辐射随时间呈先下降后趋于平稳的变化,攀西地区年总辐射随时间的变化是先下降后上升,四川盆地总辐射变化不大,有缓慢下降趋势;(3)20世纪70年代四川大部分地区太阳总辐射是正距平,80年代除川西高原和雅安地区外基本是负距平,90年代是负距平,2001~2014年除攀西地区外基本是负距平。      

河南省近40年太阳辐射变化规律及其成因探讨

首先把河南省不完整的太阳辐射资料,用经验公式推算到近４０年（１９６０～１９９７年）的资料。并把只有总日射资料的站,利用经验公式,计算出直接辐射、散射辐射资料。在此基础上,用方差分析找出太阳辐射的周期变化规律,发现河南省太阳总辐射具有减少的趋势,直接辐射也呈减少趋势,散射辐射北部、南部呈减少趋势,中部呈增多趋势。初步研究证明,大气中总悬浮微粒的增加是导致太阳总辐射减少的重要原因     

山东省太阳辐射的计算及其分布

通过对国内外太阳总辐射气候学计算方法的分析对比,确定Q=Q0(a bS)为山东省太阳辐射最佳计算公式。根据济南、福山、莒县1961~2000年历年各月的总辐射和日照百分率,采用最小二乘法拟合出公式中各月的经验系数,并计算了山东省各地的月太阳总辐射。结果表明:山东省太阳总辐射年变化都表现为5月最大,12月最小。年太阳总辐射在4488~5692 MJ.m-2之间,北部多,南部少,其中年总辐射最大值出现在鲁北的庆云,其值高达5692 MJ.m-2,最低值出现在鲁西南的曹县,其值为4488 MJ.m-2。     

1961-2009年大同市太阳辐射变化特征及与气象要素的关系

在全球气候变暖背景下,地面接收太阳辐射总量发生改变,探讨自然和人为因素对其影响成为热点。利用线性趋势分析、M-K突变检验和小波分析等方法,分析了1961-2009年大同市地面接收太阳辐射的变化特征,验证地面接收太阳辐射的突变年份和周期变化及未来变化趋势,探讨太阳辐射与相关气象要素的关系。结果表明：近49 a大同市地面接收太阳辐射年平均值为5617.28 MJ/m²,整体呈现明显下降趋势,但2000年后又缓慢上升;大同市地面接收太阳总辐射在1975年发生突变;太阳总辐射的振荡周期为9a,现正处于太阳辐射偏高年份;日照时数逐年递减,地面接收太阳辐射减少,二者呈现显著正相关;降水量在波动中缓慢减少,而地面接收太阳辐射总量减少,二者呈现一定正相关;云量变化逐年减少,但与地面接收太阳辐射相关性不明显,气候的自然因素变化与地面接收太阳辐射的相关性较小。     

成都市太阳辐射时间变化特征及对气候因子的影响

基于成都市1991至2020 年太阳总辐射、直接辐射、散射辐射、气温、蒸发、日照时数等气象资料,采用线性趋势、Maan-KendaⅡ等方法研究太阳辐射的年、月、日变化特征,以及太阳总辐射的变化对气温、蒸发等气候因子的影响。结果表明：太阳总辐射、直接辐射逐年增多趋势明显,线性倾向率分别为29.69、20.25 MJ·m-2/a;太阳总辐射2010 年出现突变,突变年后较突变年前年平均太阳总辐射增多497.22 MJ·m-2。散射系数呈逐年减小趋势,线性倾向率为每10 年减少0.6。太阳总辐射与气温、蒸发、日照时数呈正相关,均通过显著性检验。太阳总辐射每增加10 MJ·m-2/a,年平均气温升高0.006℃,日照时数增加1.7 h,蒸发量增大1.2 mm。对太阳辐射增加的原因分析,人类活动造成的气溶胶含量减少可能是太阳辐射增加的一个原因。     

黄土高原地区太阳辐射时空演变特征

利用太阳总辐射和日照时数等资料,获得了计算黄土高原地区日太阳总辐射的统一公式,并进而计算和分析了该区39个站点1961～2000年共40年的月、季、年太阳总辐射的时间序列和空间趋势特征.结果表明,在研究时段内,黄土高原地区年太阳总辐射均值呈明显减少趋势,全区平均每10年减少81.7 MJ·m-2.夏季和冬季太阳辐射减少趋势尤为明显,春秋季下降趋势较微弱;年太阳总辐射仅在陕北、晋北和陇东等个别台站呈微弱增加趋势,其余大部分地区均呈减少趋势,其中山西大部、内蒙南部和河南北部减少趋势最明显.     

北京地区太阳紫外辐射的观测与分析研究

利用北京地区太阳辐射和其它常规气象观测资料，得到了到达地面的太阳紫外辐射的计算公式，并将计算值与观测值进行了比较，两者吻合得比较好。最后给出了北京地区地面太阳紫外总辐射的变化趋势，计算结果表明，地面太阳紫外总辐射对大气浑浊度的变化比对大气臭氧总量的变化敏感得多。     

An estimation of the surface solar ultraviolet irradiance during an extreme total ozone minimum

Summary A simple theoretical algorithm has been employed to estimate the solar ultraviolet irradiance at Athens, Greece (38.7°N, 23.4°E) during, summertime 1993, a year of extreme total ozone minimum in the existing data record. This estimation has been performed by using total ozone measurements as derived by both ground-based and satellite instrumentation. The utilization of the present investigation will assist to the various assesments for the risk of human health from the biologically-effective doses of the solar ultraviolet radiation arrived at the earth's surface during that time period.With 2 Figures     

利用MODIS资料估算西北雨养农业区地表净辐射

应用定西地区的气象资料和4次EOS-MODIS卫星资料,对典型的西北半干旱雨养农业区的基本地表特征参数进行反演,并在此基础上对地表净辐射量进行估算,进而分析了它的季节变化。结果表面,应用卫星数据估算的净辐射结果与实际观测值基本接近,相对误差在16%以内,基本反映了当地的实际情况;雨养农业区净辐射的季节变化表现为冬季最小,其次是秋季,夏春两季最大,并且四季相差比较大;净辐射四季变化也呈现出不均匀的分布特性,频率分布范围较宽。     

A mathematical representation of the incident solar energy as a function of latitude and time

A simple mathematical representation of the incoming solar radiation as a function of latitude and time is introduced. The expression approximates the total zonally and daily averaged solar energy incident on the earth's surface before any is absorbed. It includes dependence on both the obliquity and the precession of the equinoxes and, within its accuracy limits, the representation is convenient for use in long-term climate modelling.     

非绝热加热及地形动力作用下的大气环流长期演变过程

本文建立了一个理想的大气环流数值试验模式,其中简单地考虑了辐射、湍流、凝结加热及地形的动力作用。模式中放了两个陆地和两个海洋,海陆的影响由给定的下垫面温度表现出来。把方程组化成常微分方程组后,用Runge-Kutta方法在电子计算机上求数值解。 首先,在非绝热加热的作用下,由静止大气开始经过40天就建立起基本气流。其次,在具有年周期的太阳辐射、下垫面温度及凝结加热的作用下,基本气流以年周期变化。扰动也有明显的年周期,夏季扰动振幅变小,冬季扰动振幅变大,而且海陆温度的季节变化能控制波数为2的超长波的进退。夏季温度槽位于海洋东部,冬季位于大陆东部。 最后,在数值试验中看到初始场的影响只有100天左右。     

大气中的水汽对太阳紫外辐射消光的可能机制分析

本文给出了北京地区晴天和实际天气条件下到达地面太阳紫外总辐射的一种计算方法，分析了影响到达地面太阳紫外总辐射的各主要因子的主次贡献，重点讨论了水汽在参与大气中的光化学反应过程中，对到达地面的太阳紫外总辐射消光的可能机制。     

Prediction of downward flux of atmospheric radiation from clear skies

At present, there are two approaches to the prediction of downward flux of atmospheric radiation at the earth's surface. One can use either empirical correlations or radiation charts. The empirical correlations, being very elementary, do not always agree with observations made under different conditions. The radiation charts on the other hand require detailed knowledge of temperature and water vapour profiles. In the present paper, a semi-empirical approach is advocated. The emissivity of water vapour measured in the laboratory is used to predict the atmospheric downward radiation. Since the laboratory data are based on a homogeneous atmosphere, suitable pressure scaling is employed to take into account the non-homogeneity in the earth's atmosphere. The atmospheric downward radiation is obtained as a function of local temperature, water vapour scale height, and temperature lapse rate. It is shown that the resulting predictions agree somewhat better with observations than do the predictions based on empirical correlations.     

地球自轉速率年变化的一个可能進一步的解釋

把大气和地球看成一个孤立的系统,则此系统之总角动量不改变。从冬到夏地球本身的角动量增加,则同一时期大气的总角动量减少,但是低层大气(从地面到800毫巴)的平均西风环流夏季反而强於冬季,因此作者认为:从冬到夏近地面西风环流的这种加强,可能就是同一期间地转角速加快的原因;同时也可能是夏季大气角动量消耗率较高的原因。     

济南的城市发展对气候的影响

研究了济南城市的发展对局地气候的影响，发现济南城郊气温差值，降水日数差值有逐渐增大的趋势，而市区日照时数，太阳直接辐射量，总辐射量有明显减小的趋势，天空散射辐射量增加趋势明显。     

Study of Distinctive Regional Features of Surface Solar Radiation in North and East China

Solar radiation is an important energy source for plants on the earth and also a major component of the global energy balance.Variations in solar radiation incident at the earth's surface profoundly affect the human and terrestrial environment,including the climate change.To provide useful information for predicting the future climate change in China,distinctive regional features in spatial and temporal variations of the surface solar radiation (SSR) and corresponding attributions (such as cloud and aerosol) are analyzed based on SSR observations and other meteorological measurements in North and East China from 1961 to 2007.Multiple models,such as the plane-parallel radiative transfer model,empirical and statistical models,and corrclation and regrcssion analysis methods are used in the study.The results are given as follows.(1) During 1961-2007,the total SSR in North China went through a process from quickly “dimming” to slowly “dimming”,while in East China,a significant transition from “dimming” to “brightening” occurred.Although there are some differences between thc two regional variation trends,long-term variations in SSR in the two regions are basically consistent with the observation worldwide.(2) Between the 1960s and 1980s,in both North and East China,aerosols played a critical rolc in the radiation dimming.However,after 1989,different variation trends of SSR occurred in North and East China,indicating that aerosols were not the dominant factor.(3) Cloud cover contributed less to the variation of SSR in North China,but was thc major attribution in East China and played a promoting role in the reversal of SSR from dimming to brightening,especially in the “remarkable brightening” period,with its contribution as high as 70％.     

Simulation of Non-Homogeneous CO_2 and Its Impact on Regional Temperature in East Asia

Carbon dioxide(CO_2) is an important greenhouse gas that influences regional climate through disturbing the earth's energy balance. The CO_2 concentrations are usually prescribed homogenously in most climate models and the spatiotemporal variations of CO_2 are neglected. To address this issue,a regional climate model(RegCM4) is modified to investigate the non-homogeneous distribution of CO_2 and its effects on regional longwave radiation flux and temperature in East Asia. One-year simulation is performed with prescribed surface CO_2 fluxes that include fossil fuel emission, biomass burning, air-sea exchange, and terrestrial biosphere flux. Two numerical experiments(one using constant prescribed CO_2 concentrations in the radiation scheme and the other using the simulated CO_2 concentrations that are spatially non-homogeneous) are conducted to assess the impact of non-homogeneous CO_2 on the regional longwave radiation flux and temperature. Comparison of CO_2 concentrations from the model with the observations from the GLOBALVIEW-CO_2 network suggests that the model can well capture the spatiotemporal patterns of CO_2 concentrations. Generally, high CO_2 mixing ratios appear in the heavily industrialized eastern China in cold seasons, which probably relates to intensive human activities. The accommodation of non-homogeneous CO_2 concentrations in the radiative transfer scheme leads to an annual mean change of -0.12 W m~(-2) in total sky surface upward longwave flux in East Asia. The experiment with non-homogeneous CO_2 tends to yield a warmer lower troposphere.Surface temperature exhibits a maximum difference in summertime, ranging from -4.18 K to 3.88 K, when compared to its homogeneous counterpart. Our results indicate that the spatial and temporal distributions of CO_2 have a considerable impact on regional longwave radiation flux and temperature, and should be taken into account in future climate modeling.