ETM+(TM)蚀变遥感异常提取方法研究与应用--方法选择和技术流程

从原理、模型试验及实际数据处理等方面分析对比了比值法、光谱角法及主分量分析法的优劣;选择了以主分量分析为主、光谱角法为辅进行蚀变遥感异常的提取;引用了误差理论某些基本概念,以标准离差σ作为遥感异常切割的尺度;建立了“去干扰异常主分量门限化技术流程”。以西藏驱龙一甲马蚀变遥感异常群为例,展示了此技术的效果,并与高光谱研究结果进行了比较。     

基于主成分分析和分形模型的ASTER蚀变异常信息提取

遥感蚀变异常信息在一定程度上可以反映出围岩蚀变情况.为了利用遥感数据提取围岩蚀变异常信息,通过分析蚀变矿物的波谱曲线,首先得出其在ASTER各波段的吸收、反射特征;然后选择特征明显的波段做主成分分析,并依据其光谱特征与特征向量的对应关系,确定出主要包含围岩蚀变信息的主分量;最后对该分量用分形模型计算其异常灰度的阚值,来...     

西藏羌多地区遥感蚀变与构造信息提取及成矿预测

使用ETM遥感图像,在分析地物光谱特征基础上,利用PCI软件,通过掩模技术去除白泥地、水体、阴影、植被等干扰信息,采用主分量分析、波段比值和阈值分割技术对西藏西部羌多地区进行了铁染及羟基蚀变信息提取;根据明显异常区建立参考谱,创新利用光谱角法剔除假异常信息;结合研究区线性构造的特点,对研究区进行成矿预测,圈定找矿远景区。提出的成矿预测方法比较灵活且效果明显,为今后加快地质找矿工作提供了一条可供参考、行之有效的途径。     

PCA和布谷鸟算法优化SVM的遥感矿化蚀变信息提取

为了进一步提高遥感矿化蚀变信息提取的精度,本文提出了一种基于主成分分析PCA (Principal Component Analysis)和布谷鸟算法优化支持向量机SVM (Support Vector Machine)的遥感矿化蚀变信息提取方法。首先,通过波段比值法增强研究区遥感图像中的矿化蚀变信息,并获得比值图像;然后,对比值图像进行主成分分析,进而提取训练样本;接着,利用SVM对训练样本进行训练,同时采用布谷鸟算法求取SVM的最优核参数及惩罚因子,构造最优SVM模型;最后,运用最优SVM模型完成矿化蚀变信息提取。选择青海省五龙沟地区为研究区,提取羟基及铁染蚀变信息。实验结果表明,与主成分分析法、基于光谱角法和SVM的方法、基于粒子群和SVM的方法及基于波段比值、PCA和粒子群优化SVM的方法等4种方法相比,本文方法获得的遥感矿化蚀变信息和已知矿点的吻合度最高,提取效果最好。     

基于ASTER数据的蚀变矿物信息提取——以哈密黄山铜镍矿区为例

在分析哈密黄山铜镍矿区典型地物波谱特征的基础上,设计了基于ASTER数据的蚀变信息提取流程,详细论述了对4组含不同离子或基团的常见蚀变矿物应用主成分分析(PCA)进行蚀变信息提取、采用光谱角制图法(spectral angle mapper,SAM)进行干扰异常筛选的“SAM去干扰异常主分量门限技术”.4组(9种)蚀变矿物包括:含Fe离子的矿物(针铁矿、赤铁矿)、含CO23-基团的矿物(方解石、白云石)、含Al - OH基团的矿物(白云母、蒙脱石、高岭石)以及含Mg - OH基团的矿物(绿泥石、绿帘石).蚀变矿物信息提取结果表明,“SAM去干扰异常主分量门限技术”方法可行,对ASTER数据的应用效果与实际情况比较吻合,充分证明ASTER在短波红外范围内具有很强的矿物刻画能力.     

基岩裸露区蚀变岩遥感信息的提取方法

笔者利用与金属矿化相关的蚀变岩的TM多波段图像像元亮度值曲线的双峰特性(TM3和TM5为高值),以柳沟峡地区为样区,进行了提取蚀变岩遥感信息的方法研究,改进了Crosta信息提取方法,认为用TM1+TM2、TM4/TM3、TM5、TM7组合进行主分量分析所获得的蚀变岩遥感异常图效果最佳。将该方法用于北祁连山西段,疏勒河以东9000km2区域内蚀变岩遥感信息提取,其结果是：在103处已知矿产地中的86处有蚀变岩遥感异常信息显示,符合率达83.5%,进而预测了找矿靶区115处。     

结合PCA、多尺度分割及SVM的ASTER遥感蚀变信息提取

为了利用遥感影像进行更加精确的找矿预测,本文选择新疆东天山尾亚地区ASTER数据进行矿化蚀变信息提取方法研究。为了提高信息提取精度,本文提出了结合主成分分析(PCA)、多尺度分割和支持向量机(SVM)的遥感矿化蚀变信息提取方法。首先,分析ASTER数据的特征,选取各矿化蚀变信息的特征波段,对组合波段进行主成分分析,获得主分量图像;然后,对各主分量图像进行多尺度分割,并获得分割之后的均值图像;接着,提取训练样本,利用SVM对训练样本进行训练,采用试验方法求得最优核参数和松弛变量,构造最优SVM模型;最后,运用最优SVM模型完成矿化蚀变信息的提取。进行主成分分析时,铁染蚀变信息选择Band1、2、3、4组合,Al-OH基团蚀变信息选择Band 1、4、6、7组合,OH和CO32-基团蚀变信息采用Band 1、2、8、9组合。在运行SVM时采用了序列最小优化算法(SMO)进行求解,速度提高了12%。实验结果表明,与波段比值法、主成分分析法及基于光谱角和SVM的方法等3种方法相比,本文方法提取铁染蚀变信息、Al-OH基团蚀变信息及OH和CO32-基团蚀变信息的总体精度可达到87.98%、 90.01%及88.93%,Kappa系数分别为0.8011、0.8134及0.8023,与成矿区带、已知矿点和已有不同地质背景成矿特征相关性较好。     

朱诺斑岩型铜矿蚀变信息提取方法比较

矿化蚀变信息的提取是遥感找矿中重要的内容,ASTER遥感数据因波段范围宽、波段多,在蚀变异常与矿产勘探中有较好的应用前景。本文在比较了前人的研究方法,如比值法、主成分分析法、光谱角法基础上,通过对西藏朱诺矿区进行试验研究,得出了在该研究区采用主成分分析法最佳的结论。     

稻城地区遥感蚀变信息提取研究

根据围岩蚀变在多波段遥感图像（TM）上具有的光谱特征,利用比值分析、主成分分析及比值增强后主成分分析等方法,对 四川省稻城地区围岩蚀变信息进行提取和分析,通过多层次的筛选和评估提取矿区异常区,制作遥感异常图。     

贵州弱矿化蚀变遥感信息的分布特征

为了对贵州省矿产资源潜力进行评价,以ETM+为数据源,采用"去干扰异常主分量门限化技术(deinterfered anomalous principal component thresholding technique,DAPCTT)"提取了贵州省弱矿化蚀变遥感信息(即羟基遥感异常和铁染遥感异常信息)。这些信息是大量的离散数据,并以栅格文件形式表现,故采用密度加权法对离散异常点进行了表面内插处理,并绘制成等值线图。从这些图可以看出,遥感异常的分布具有一定的规律性,与地层、构造和矿产资源分布均有较好的吻合度。结合部分元素的地球化学异常分布图、高分辨率遥感图像和野外实测蚀变带等地学资料对遥感异常进行比对和验证的结果表明,用上述方法提取的弱矿化蚀变遥感信息可靠,基本反映了它们与地质构造、岩石及采矿场的依存关系,为贵州省矿产资源潜力评价提供了新的依据。     

多光谱遥感异常提取技术方法体系研究

详细介绍了多光谱遥感异常提取方法体系——“去干扰（或称掩模）-主成分分析-异常筛选”（De-interfered Anomalous Principal Component Anomaly Filtration，以下简称DPF技术）的内容及工作方法，指出了技术体系应用时需要注意的问题。该 技术体系包括数据预处理、干扰去除、异常提取、异常后处理、异常筛选与推荐等5部分。在天山—北山、昆仑及冈底斯成矿带的 应用证明，该方法体系成效显著。     

遥感与化探异常在油气预测中的应用

根据对遥感解译的隐伏构造信息与油气化探所获得的烃异常信息的综合分析,进行油气靶区预测,明显提高了烃化探异常的找油效果。     

利用航空重力测量和DEM确定地面重力场

本文基于空中一点重力异常可以代表地面一定相关区的平均重力异常的频谱特性，以及在局部区域空间异常与地形高的相关性，提出综合利用航空重力测量和数字高程模型确定地面重力异常的方法。该法可以解决航空重力测量分辨率受航高所限以及地面相关区重叠等问题，数值试验证明了此方法的有效性。     

Developing a satellite-based combined drought indicator to monitor agricultural drought: a case study for Ethiopia

Developing a robust drought monitoring tool is vital to mitigate the adverse impacts of drought. A drought monitoring system that integrates multiple agrometeorological variables into a single drought indicator is lacking in areas such as Ethiopia, which is extremely susceptible to this natural hazard. The overarching goal of this study is to develop a combined drought indicator (CDI-E) to monitor the spatial and temporal extents of historic agricultural drought events in Ethiopia. The CDI-E was developed by combining four satellite-based agrometeorological input parameters – the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Land Surface Temperature (LST) anomaly, Standardized Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (stdNDVI) and Soil Moisture (SM) anomaly – for the period from 2001 to 2015. The method used to combine these indices is based on a quantitative approach that assigns a weight to each input parameter using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The CDI-E results were evaluated using satellite-based gridded rainfall (3-month SPI) and crop yield data for 36 intra-country crop growing zones for a 15-year period (2001 to 2015). The evaluation was carried out for the main rainfall season, Kiremt (June-September), and the short rainfall season, Belg (February-May). The results showed that moderate to severe droughts were detected by the CDI-E across the food insecure regions reported by FEWS NET during Kiremt and Belg rainfall seasons. Relatively higher correlation coefficient values (r > 0.65) were obtained when CDI-E was compared with the 3-month SPI across the majority of Ethiopia. The spatial correlation analyses of CDI-E and cereal crop yields showed relatively good correlations (r > 0.5) in some of the crop growing zones in the northern, eastern and southwestern parts of the country. The CDI-E generally mapped the spatial and temporal patterns of historic drought and non-drought years and hence the CDI-E could potentially be used to develop an agricultural drought monitoring and early warning system in Ethiopia. Moreover, decision makers and donors may potentially use CDI-E to more accurately monitor crop yields across the food-insecure regions in Ethiopia.     

对应各类重力场边值的调和性扰动场源解

从实际应用的需要出发，本文对现代物理大地测量学及地球物理学研究中日益关注的高和性扰动场源问题的求解模式进行了推演和分析。建立起在边界条件分别为扰动位、扰动重力、重力异常以及其中两类以上同时作为边界输入的情况下，对应的调和性扰动场源的球谐函数表达式及封闭解式。进而对调和性扰动场源在物理大地测量及地球物理中应用的有关问题进行了评注。     

独立成分分析的高光谱异常变化检测

遥感探测到的小目标信号一般是弱信号,利用传统的高光谱异常变化检测方法直接抑制背景来突出异常变化目标,往往导致小目标弱信号同时被抑制,造成目标探测率低、虚警率高。基于独立成分分析方法,研究了弱信号小目标的高光谱变化检测模型,该模型首先通过投影寻踪将异常变化影像投影到独立成分,突出异常变化目标,然后再抑制背景,从而达到异常变化目标和背景的有效分离。该模型可以有效降低虚警率,提高探测率。利用模拟数据和真实数据进行了精度验证,结果表明,利用模拟数据得到的探测精度为99%,利用真实数据得到的检测精度为86%,与传统异常变化检测算法相比,精度最高提高了9%。本文研究方法适用于弱信号小目标的高光谱异常变化检测。     

Ellipsoidal geoid computation

Modern geoid computation uses a global gravity model, such as EGM96, as a third component in a remove–restore process. The classical approach uses only two: the reference ellipsoid and a geometrical model representing the topography. The rationale for all three components is reviewed, drawing attention to the much smaller precision now needed when transforming residual gravity anomalies. It is shown that all ellipsoidal effects needed for geoid computation with millimetric accuracy are automatically included provided that the free air anomaly and geoid are calculated correctly from the global model. Both must be consistent with an ellipsoidal Earth and with the treatment of observed gravity data. Further ellipsoidal corrections are then negligible. Precise formulae are developed for the geoid height and the free air anomaly using a global gravity model, given as spherical harmonic coefficients. Although only linear in the anomalous potential, these formulae are otherwise exact for an ellipsoidal reference Earth—they involve closed analytical functions of the eccentricity (and the Earths spin rate), rather than a truncated power series in e². They are evaluated using EGM96 and give ellipsoidal corrections to the conventional free air anomaly ranging from –0.84 to +1.14 mGal, both extremes occurring in Tibet. The geoid error corresponding to these differences is dominated by longer wavelengths, so extrema occur elsewhere, rising to +766 mm south of India and falling to –594 mm over New Guinea. At short wavelengths, the difference between ellipsoidal corrections based only on EGM96 and those derived from detailed local gravity data for the North Sea geoid GEONZ97 has a standard deviation of only 3.3 mm. However, the long-wavelength components missed by the local computation reach 300 mm and have a significant slope. In Australia, for example, such a slope would amount to a 600-mm rise from Perth to Cairns.     

THE ORDNANCE SURVEY AND THE FINAL REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE OF 1935

Abstract

The conclusions of this Committee have aroused small interest so far, because war was upon us almost as soon as the publication (1938). They may, however, greatly affect our surveys and maps of the future, and it is time to examine them. First of all, however, it is desirable to see the background against which the Committee's recommendations appear. For that reason the following chronological summary is given. It is divided into three periods, those of Growth, of Hesitation and of War, and it is given to supplement the chronology of the Final Report in matters which are discussed therein.     

惯性测量系统中垂线偏差和重力异常的确定

本文对惯性测量各项系统误差及异常重力场进行了分析和研究,并在此基础上建立了两种用于惯性重力测量的估算模型;模拟计算的结果表明,所建模型在原理上是可靠的,结果是令人满意的;同时,本文较为详细地分析了各项系统误差对异常重力元素估计精度的影响,对卡尔曼滤波应用中的有关问题进行了讨论。     

THE MERCATOR PROJECTION AND THE RHUMB LINE

Abstract

Introductory Remarks.—A line of constant bearing was known as a Rhumb line. Later Snel invented the name Loxodrome for the same line. The drawing of this line on a curvilinear graticule was naturally difficult and attempts at graphical working in the chart-house were not very successfuL Consequently, according to Germain, in 1318 Petrus Vesconte de Janua devised the Plate Carree projection (“Plane” Chart). This had a rectilinear graticule and parallel meridians, and distances on the meridians were made true. The projection gave a rectilinear rhumb line; but the bearing of this rhumb line was in general far from true and the representation of the earth's surface was greatly distorted in high latitudes. For the former reason it offered no real solution of the problem of the navigator, who required a chart on which any straight line would be a line not alone of constant bearing but also of true bearing; the first condition necessarily postulated a chart with rectilinear meridians, since a meridian is itself a rhumb line, and for the same reason it postulated rectilinear parallels. It follows, therefore, that the meridians also must be parallel inter se, like the parallels of latitude. The remaining desideratum—that for a true bearing—was attained in I569 by Gerhard Kramer, usually known by his Latin name of Mercator, in early life a pupil of Gemma Frisius of Louvain, who was the first to teach triangulation as a means for surveying a country. Let us consider, then, that a chart is required to show a straight line as a rhumb line of true bearing and let us consider the Mercator projection from this point of view.