中—新生代有孔虫古地理对西藏特提斯演变的动态响应

有孔虫化石资料是地质历史的真实记录,对不同地质时期古地理格局和生态环境的变迁具有动态响应。西藏特提斯构造带的演化、板块相对地理位置变迁等诸多问题一直是地学界关注的热点。研究西藏特提斯沉积盆地内有孔虫动物群的古生态特征和古地理分布,能够识别生物地理区系,进而恢复不同时期的大地构造演化格局。西藏地区中、新生代古生物地理区系的分化是西藏特提斯地质演变的具体反映。西藏南部早侏罗世产底栖大有孔虫Orbitopsella喜暖动物群,晚侏罗世出现双壳类Buchia喜冷动物群。由此推测,侏罗纪新特提斯洋扩张尤其是中大西洋的开张,将位于印度大陆北缘的特提斯喜马拉雅带,从早侏罗世较低纬度的温暖位置向南推移至较高纬度的低温地区。白垩纪中期Orbitolina有孔虫类群繁盛于特提斯北侧亚洲大陆的拉萨地块和羌塘盆地,但没有出现在印度大陆。这说明当时印度大陆已脱离冈瓦纳大陆向北漂移,受四周深水环境的阻隔,Orbitolina动物群未能向印度大陆扩散。此时深水环境中生活着浮游有孔虫Ticinella-Rotalipora动物群。Turonian晚期开始形成海退,拉萨地块的海洋环境基本消失。Coniacian-Campanian早期印度大陆北缘浮游有孔虫继续占优势,繁盛Marginotruncana-Globotruncana动物群。直至白垩纪末,印度和欧亚大陆之间的深海阻隔仍然存在,雅鲁藏布江缝合带两侧动物群一直存在根本性差异。印度大陆北缘发育着Orbitoides Omphaloceclus动物群,冈底斯南缘则以Lepidorbitoides-Pseudorbitoides动物群为特征。古新世Danian期生态环境发生变化,显示大印度与亚洲大陆发生初始碰撞(66～61 Ma)。Selandian期之后,缝合带两侧才出现相同的Miscellanea-Daviesina有孔虫类群,生物区系的分异基本结束。始新世早期缝合带两侧为完全相同的生物区系,共同发育底栖大有孔虫Nummulites-Discocyclina动物群。有孔虫古地理证据表明,大印度与欧亚大陆的初始碰撞在古新世早期发生,时间大致在Danian期,沿雅鲁藏布缝合带的深海演变为残留海环境。小个体货币虫Nummulites willcoxi和浮游有孔虫Globigerina ouachitaensis的存在,代表特提斯喜马拉雅最高海相沉积,时代属于始新世Priabonian晚期(35～34 Ma)。随后,特提斯喜马拉雅海封闭,海水完全退出西藏境内。     

试论西藏二叠纪(竹蜓)类及非(竹蜓)有孔虫的生物地理区系与古地理及古构造的关系

本文通过对西藏二叠系(竹蜓)类及非(竹蜓)有孔虫的研究认为,早二叠世早期(竹蜓)类以冷温型的Monodiexodina动物群为主,属冈瓦纳—特提斯生物区,冈瓦纳大陆与欧亚太陆及扬子地块的分界分别为昆仑山南坡断裂和金沙江断裂。早二叠世晚期(竹蜓)类Neoschwagerina-Polydiexodina动物群仍限于冈瓦纳北缘区,其生物区系以及扬子地块的分界与早二叠世早期相同,而冈瓦纳大陆北缘西部首先与欧亚大陆塔里木等地块接近,该动物群才越过了昆仑山北坡。晚二叠世晚期(竹蜓)类以Palaeofusulina动物群为主,与扬子地块相似属华夏—特提斯生物区,冈瓦纳与欧亚大陆的界线转为班公湖—怒江断裂,而冈底斯带与喜马拉雅带至今未见Palaeofusulina,该二带仍属冈瓦纳—特提斯生物区。     

雅鲁藏布江缝合带南缘混杂岩放射虫组合及其地质意义

在西藏南部雅鲁藏布江缝合带南侧的吉隆地区出露有一套混杂岩,该混杂岩中见大量的放射虫化石。其研究成果可为恢复缝合带南缘混杂岩地层层序、探讨特提斯古海洋盆地演化、揭示印度-亚洲板块的全面碰撞过程等提供重要的生物地层学证据。将吉隆地区桑单林剖面自下而上划分为宗卓组、桑单林组和者雅组3个岩石地层单元;并在其中发现有晚白垩世-始新世放射虫化石,鉴定出50属、72种,划分了4个放射虫化石带：Immersothorax cyclops带(晚白垩世Campanian期),Spongurus irregularis带(早古新世,RP1-RP3),Buryella dumitricai带(古新世中晚期,RP4-RP6),Phormocyrtis turgida带(始新世早期,RP7-RP8)。通过对古近纪时期特提斯喜马拉雅北亚带的地层、沉积等特征进行横向上的对比分析,认为古新世时处于特提斯喜马拉雅沉积带北亚带西段的吉隆地区为前渊环境,东段的江孜地区则为滨浅海沉积环境,表明西藏境内特提斯洋的闭合并不是同时发生的,而是沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带自东向西发生。     

特提斯喜马拉雅二叠纪-白垩纪中-基性火山岩研究进展

介绍了特提斯喜马拉雅带中—基性火山岩的研究进展，报道了新近在该带中部地区二叠系到白垩系地层中发现的11个层位的中—基性火山岩，讨论了在特提斯喜马拉雅火山岩研究中存在的一些问题及其在反演印度大陆北缘大地构造属性方面的意义。据目前已有的研究成果，认为特提斯喜马拉雅带的二叠纪火山活动可能与新特提斯洋的开启有成生联系，中生代火山事件则主要与印度大陆北缘不同时期的伸展活动有关。新近发现的中—基性火山岩的科学意义体现在3个方面：查明印度大陆北缘二叠纪—白垩纪长达225Ma时间跨度范围内的大地构造属性；了解印度大陆北缘构造活动的时空演化规律，重建特提斯的构造演化格架，为全球对比提供依据。     

西藏南部晚白垩世-古新世大洋红层的分布与时代

特提斯—喜马拉雅北沉积亚带沉积有一套大洋红色岩层,由东往西在羊卓雍错、江孜、萨迦、萨嘎、札达一带断续出露,并与宗卓组上部地层相关。这套海相红层,根据岩性特征和浮游有孔虫可以直接进行区域对比。其时代在江孜地区为Santonian晚期—Campanian中期,包括Dicarinella asymetrica, Globotruncanitaelevata,Globotruncana ventricosa 和Globotruncanita calcarata 浮游有孔虫带;在萨迦地区限于Campanian期,鉴定有Globotruncanita elevata, Globotruncana ventricosa 和G. linneiana等具时代意义的浮游有孔虫;在萨嘎—吉隆地区为Maastrichtian期,识别出Gansserina gansseri 和Abthomphalus mayaroensis 浮游有孔虫带;在札达地区为古新世早期,以Glibigerina eugubina G. fringa化石带为代表。海相红层在西藏南部由东往西其时代逐渐变新,主要沉积时代分布在Santonian晚期—古新世早期。其总体时间跨度较大,大约长达20Ma。而事件在各个地点的延续时间有限,基本在3~8 Ma之内。根据对海相红层和沉积基质中浮游有孔虫的研究,该沉积带宗卓组的顶界时代已超出白垩纪,进入了古新世。     

西藏特提斯喜马拉雅海相白垩纪—古近纪生物地层与重大地质事件研究进展

地质历史时期曾发过许多对生命的演化进程造成过重大影响与制约的全球性地质事件,白垩纪—古近纪就是一个重大地质事件频发的时期。随着冈瓦纳大陆在中生代时期的解体,全球海陆格局发生了根本的变化,地球的表层和岩石圈层均发生了重大的改变,由此引发了构造运动空前活跃,发生过诸如大洋缺氧事件(OAE)、大洋富氧事件(CORBs)、白垩纪/古近纪(K/Pg)生物大灭绝事件、古新世—始新世极热(PETM)事件、印度-亚洲板块碰撞、新特提斯洋的演化及最终消亡等一系列的全球性重大地质事件。对这些重大地质事件的研究,有助于加深我们对古海洋、古地理、古环境的认识。尝试追踪和捕捉这些重大地质事件,恢复和重建古地理,其基础是建立精确的年代地层格架。西藏南部保存了中国最为完整的海相白垩纪—古近纪沉积,完整地记录了上述的全球性重大地质事件,通过对札达、岗巴、定日、亚东、江孜、萨嘎和吉隆等地区高分辨率浮游和底栖有孔虫、介形虫、钙质超微化石和放射虫生物地层学研究,可直接约束全球性重大地质事件发生的时间,并为重建新特提斯洋古海洋环境和古地理提供证据。此外,在重大地质环境突变期间生物的演化过程,也可为探明极端环境变化发生时期气候-环境-生物之间的协同演化关系提供证据。本文系统总结了课题组为主的近年来对藏南白垩纪—古近纪海相地层中微体古生物学的研究成果及重要进展,并对未来研究提出展望。     

西藏特提斯喜马拉雅海相白垩纪—古近纪生物地层与重大地质事件研究进展

地质历史时期曾发过许多对生命的演化进程造成过重大影响与制约的全球性地质事件,白垩纪—古近纪就是一个重大地质事件频发的时期。随着冈瓦纳大陆在中生代时期的解体,全球海陆格局发生了根本的变化,地球的表层和岩石圈层均发生了重大的改变,由此引发了构造运动空前活跃,发生过诸如大洋缺氧事件(OAE)、大洋富氧事件(CORBs)、白垩纪/古近纪(K/Pg)生物大灭绝事件、古新世—始新世极热(PETM)事件、印度-亚洲板块碰撞、新特提斯洋的演化及最终消亡等一系列的全球性重大地质事件。对这些重大地质事件的研究,有助于加深我们对古海洋、古地理、古环境的认识。尝试追踪和捕捉这些重大地质事件,恢复和重建古地理,其基础是建立精确的年代地层格架。西藏南部保存了中国最为完整的海相白垩纪—古近纪沉积,完整地记录了上述的全球性重大地质事件,通过对札达、岗巴、定日、亚东、江孜、萨嘎和吉隆等地区高分辨率浮游和底栖有孔虫、介形虫、钙质超微化石和放射虫生物地层学研究,可直接约束全球性重大地质事件发生的时间,并为重建新特提斯洋古海洋环境和古地理提供证据。此外,在重大地质环境突变期间生物的演化过程,也可为探明极端环境变化发生时期气候-环境-生物之间的协同演化关系提供证据。本文系统总结了课题组为主的近年来对藏南白垩纪—古近纪海相地层中微体古生物学的研究成果及重要进展,并对未来研究提出展望。     

西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带二叠纪灰岩体的动物群及其古地理意义

西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带含有从砾石级到几十平方千米大小的二叠纪灰岩体，它们没有完整的地层层序，与围岩形成混杂或滑杂堆积，长期以来对其来源的解释存在争论。本文通过对灰岩体的动物群类型、古生物地理区系及其岩石学特征等方面进行研究和比较，认为雅鲁藏布江缝合线一带的二叠纪灰岩体总体上都呈现出冈瓦纳冷水型与华夏暖水型动物群混生特点，应形成于相同或类似的沉积环境。根据珊瑚、筵、腕足类等动物群大致分为与南方冈瓦纳大陆北缘内陆棚相动物群比较接近和与更靠近古赤道区的拉萨地块动物群较为接近两种类型，其时代从早二叠世晚期至长兴期不等。灰岩体主要由肉红色或灰色纯生物碎屑灰岩组成，不含或含有很少的陆源碎屑，均孤立地分散于中生代地层中，与围岩往往呈断层接触，断层带或灰岩夹层中经常有玄武岩或其他火山岩。因此，灰岩体可能为位于冈瓦纳大陆北缘外陆棚上小型碳酸盐台地或新特提斯洋最初裂解带上的海山型碳酸盐岩沉积，受后期印度-欧亚大陆板块碰撞作用而成为外来体夹于缝合带的其他海相沉积中。     

青藏高原古新世构造岩相古地理

在系统分析青藏高原及邻区古新世残留盆地类型、形成构造背景、岩石地层序列的基础上,对青藏高原古新世构造岩相古地理演化特征进行讨论:青藏高原西北部的西昆仑,北部的阿尔金、祁连、西秦岭,东北部的松潘-甘孜和南部的冈底斯陆缘弧带,以及北部的阿拉善古陆和南部的上扬子古陆和印度古陆为隆起剥蚀区。西宁-兰州、成都和班戈地区零星分布个别构造压陷湖盆。高原西部和南部为新特提斯海。南部的特提斯-喜马拉雅海区的古地理格局为萨嘎以西为残余洋盆,以东为前陆盆地。由此提出,白垩纪晚期—古新世印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞起始于东部构造结,新特提斯洋的闭合是自东向西进行的。     

西藏白垩纪中期Orbitolinids（有孔虫）的分布与古地理意义

白垩纪中期Orbitolinids在全球许多地区均有分布，其生存地区以环特提斯洋的滨浅海地带为主，当时它沿这一滨浅海区广泛扩散。在拉萨地块。该动物群大量分布于冈底斯南缘前盆地，冈底斯－念青唐古拉弧内盆地和藏北弧背盆地。沿拉萨地块这一构造单元东西两侧的延续地段，Orbitolinids发育于缅甸中－东部的Central Cenozoic带和Shan-Tanintharyi地块，以及克什米尔Ladakh一带，该动物群向北穿越班公湖－怒江缝合带羌塘盆地扩散。受东特提斯洋的阻隔，其分布范围向南没有跨越印度河－雅鲁藏布江缝合带，印度板块当时可能已与非洲大陆分离并向北漂移，该动物群也没能从非洲大陆东侧越过海洋进入印度大陆，据Orbitolinids、介形虫和双壳类的分布，识别出以印度河－雅鲁藏布江缝合带为界的两个生物地理分区。     

SUBDUCTION AND ACCRETION TECTONICS OF HIMALAYAN AND KARAKORAM TERRANES AND THEIR PALAEOGEOLOGIC CONFIGURATION

he 2500km long Indus\|Tsangpo Suture has been recognized as one of the best examples of continent to continent collisional Suture Zone. It has come into existence as a result of subduction followed by continental collision (55～60Ma) between Indian (Sinha, 1989, 1997; Sinha et al., 1999) and Eurasian plates. While considering the recent palaeogeographic reconstruction of Pangea during late Palaeozoic it appears that a southern belt of Asian microcontinents stretching from Iran and Afghanistan through southern Tibet to western Thailand, Malaysia and Sumatra, comprise several continental blocks and numerous fragments that have coalesced since the Mid\|Palaeozoic along with the closure of Tethys. The origin, migration, assembly and timing of accretion of all these blocks to their present geotectonic position is not well known and there is no Permo—Triassic crust left in the present day Indian Ocean. The oldest ocean crust adjacent to the west African and Antarctic margin is of early or middle Cretaceous age (approximately 140～100Ma) (Searle, 1991). The Karakoram\|Hindukush microplate in the west and the Qiangtang\|Lhasa block in the central and eastern segment of South Asia margin are among those blocks already welded with Asian plates around 120～130Ma ago, before the collision of India (55～60Ma) with the collage of plates forming Peri\|Gondwanian microcontinents. But the reconstruction of palaeogeographic configuration remain incomplete due to paucity of authentic geologic information available from Karakoram, Pamir and Western Tibet. Prior to our discovery no early Permian plant remains and palynomorphs were ever reported from Karakoram terrane. Our discovery of Early Permian remains and late Asselian (about 280～275Ma) palynomorphs provides crucial clue regarding the palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Karakoram\|Himalayan block in the Permian time.     

Cenomanian-Coniacian Sea-level Change and Dissolved Oxygen Fluctuations in Tethys-Himalaya: Evidences from Benthic Foraminifera of Gamba, Tibet

Benthic foraminifera, preserved in the Late Cretaceous organic carbon-rich sediments of Gamba, southern Tibet, provide high-resolution proxies for sea-level changes and dissolved oxygen fluctuations of southeastern Tethys. The fossils were statistically analyzed and divided into three faunas of "Cenomanian fauna", "Turonian fauna", and "Coniacian fauna". A middle neritic-upper bathal environment (50-250m) was estimated considering the ratios of planktonic and epifaunal benthic foraminifera (P/(P+E)), the morphological analysis according to the studies of recent foraminifera and the abundant distributions of depth-related species such as Alabamina creta, Laevidentalina sp., Praebulimina spp., Pleurostomella cf. naranjoensis, Pyrulina sp., Quinqueloculina spp., Haplophragmoides spp., etc. The result shows an almost parallel trend with the global transgressive and regressive cycles, but the former fluctuates more frequently at upper Cenomanian, which probably indicates tectonic instability of the continental margin. According to the benthic foraminiferal richness (BFN), Shannon-Weiner diversity (H(s)), as well as benthic foraminiferal oxygen index (BFOI), five periods of oxygen depleted conditions (dysoxic-anoxic) have been recognized. They correspond to the OAE2, the lower Turonian, the upper Turonian, the Turonian-Caniacian boundary event and the probably OAE3. In addition, the oxygen fluctuations in Gamba might be controlled directly by sea-level changes, while the paleoproductivity and oxygen conditions interacted with each other under oxygen deficiency environments.     

Early Cenozoic Tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau

Geological mapping at a scale of 1:250000 coupled with related researches in recent years reveal well Early Cenozoic paleo-tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. Marine deposits and foraminifera assemblages indicate that the Tethys-Himalaya Ocean and the Southwest Tarim Sea existed in the south and north of the Tibetan Plateau, respectively, in Paleocene-Eocene. The paleooceanic plate between the Indian continental plate and the Lhasa block had been as wide as 900km at beginning of the Cenozoic Era. Late Paleocene transgressions of the paleo-sea led to the formation of paleo-bays in the southern Lhasa block. Northward subduction of the Tethys-Himalaya Oceanic Plate caused magma emplacement and volcanic eruptions of the Linzizong Group in 64.5-44.3 Ma, which formed the Paleocene-Eocene Gangdise Magmatic Arc in the north of Yalung-Zangbu Suture (YZS), accompanied by intensive thrust in the Lhasa, Qiangtang, Hoh Xil and Kunlun blocks. The Paleocene-Eocene depression of basins reached to a depth of 3500-4800 m along major thrust faults and 680-850 m along the boundary normal faults in central Tibetan Plateau, and the Paleocene-Eocene depression of the Tarim and Qaidam basins without evident contractions were only as deep as 300-580 m and 600-830 m, respectively, far away from central Tibetan Plateau. Low elevation plains formed in the southern continental margin of the Tethy-Himalaya Ocean, the central Tibet and the Tarim basin in Paleocene-Early Eocene. The Tibetan Plateau and Himalaya Mts. mainly uplifted after the Indian-Eurasian continental collision in Early-Middle Eocene.     

Paleogene Sequence Stratigraphy and Sea Level Change Cycles in South Xizang (Tibet) - Last Stage in Eastern Neo-Tethyan Evolution

INTRODUCTIONAfteralongperiodofevollltionfromepicontinentalseaviariftbasinandintercontinentalseatoanoceanicbasinduringMesozoic,theeastalsNeO--tetherchangedagainideanepicontinentalseainthelateStCretaCeous.Atca80Ma,thenorthwarddriftingoftheindianplatefindlyleadtothecontaCtandinitialcollisionoftheplatewiththeEUrasiancontinent,resultinginalargeamplitudeofsealevelfallandtheconsequentlowersealevelperiodinnorthernHimalayas(Shietal.,1995).DUringPalcogene,theseaareaswererestrictedinspacelargel…     

印度陆块新生代两次仰冲事件及其构造驱动机制:论印度洋、特提斯和欧亚板块相互作用

印度陆块与欧亚大陆的碰撞是印度洋扩张和特提斯洋闭合综合作用的结果。本文通过综合分析和研究提出这3个板块的相互作用致使印度陆块发生过2次向北的仰冲:早期(古新世末-始新世初,~57Ma)仰冲受其超高速运动(140mm/yr)的驱动,与特提斯之间产生的速度差致使两者间的边界发生破裂,密度小的印度陆块沿印度洋东经90°海岭和马尔代夫岛链向北仰冲到特提斯洋壳之上,两者的叠加导致印度陆块北缘——特提斯喜马拉雅地壳增厚(~70km)并且沉积了一套造山磨拉石——柳曲砾岩;晚期(渐新世-中新世之交,~25Ma)仰冲发生在碰撞后,由于高喜马拉雅结晶岩系沿主中央冲断带和藏南拆离断裂发生的垂向挤出,位于上盘的特提斯喜马拉雅沉积盖层同时发生重力垮塌,沿大喜马拉雅反冲断裂仰冲到冈底斯岩浆岩带之上并且造成后者的隆升和前陆下陷,其北缘充填了一套造山磨拉石沉积——大竹卡砾岩。这两次构造事件均受印度陆块的快速运动驱动。此外,在印度陆块超高速运动的挤压下,特提斯洋可能在早白垩世之后就停止了扩张,而老的洋壳不是俯冲消减了就是被仰冲的印度陆块掩盖了,这解释了为什么雅鲁藏布江缝合带只存早白垩世蛇绿岩。印度洋内东经90°海岭和马尔代夫岛链构成印度陆块的南东和南西边界,前者呈右行走滑,后者呈左行走滑,两者勾画出印度陆块向北漂移的轨迹。     

西藏仲巴地区白垩纪末期—始新世早期海相地层

西藏仲巴县北部地区出露有晚白垩世至古近纪的海相地层 ,本次工作新测制了卓勒剖面 ,并对原错江顶剖面上部地层做了再次研究。地层中化石丰富 ,据有孔虫化石研究结果重新厘定曲下组时代为古新世早期、加拉孜组上段属始新世早期 ,认为该区白垩 /古近纪界线位于曲贝亚组与曲下组之间。在这一界面上 ,古新世磨拉石直接覆于晚白垩世的陆棚碳酸盐台地沉积之上 ,其间存在沉积间断 ,为弧前盆地演化后期的重大沉积转变。古新世早期曲下组为近海相磨拉石沉积 ,古新世晚期至始新世早期加拉孜组为残留海盆沉积。加拉孜组顶部为该区最高海相地层 ,其上为冈底斯群的磨拉石不整合覆盖。冈底斯群的时代应晚于始新世中期。     

Shallow water agglutinated foraminiferal response to Late Cretaceous–Early Paleocene sea-level changes in the Dakhla Oasis,Western Desert,Egypt

The Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) to early Paleocene (Thanetian) shallow water (<100 m) agglutinated foraminifera from a section at Dakhla Oasis (Western Desert, Egypt) were analyzed for their assemblage, species and genera distribution, diversity, depositional environment, community structure and palaeobathymetry with respect to regional tectonics, climate and global eustasy. Data suggest an equitable benthic environment with low species dominance deposited in a brackish littoral and/or marsh setting. Sea level curves using characteristic benthic foraminiferal species, genera and assemblages corroborate quantitatively generated estimate and statistical analysis. Data suggests that in the absence of or of an impoverished benthic foraminiferal fauna, a high resolution agglutinated foraminiferal dataset can be as good a predictor of the benthic community structure and environment, as its calcareous counterpart, at least for shallow settings (<100 m). Present data also provides a good window in better understanding the distribution and interrelationship between the three dominant genera, Haplophragmoides, Trochammina and Ammobaculites. Faunal changes at boundaries (Cretaceous/Paleogene, Danian/Selandian and Selandian/Thanetian) are also evaluated.     

Sandstone provenance and tectonic evolution of the Xiukang Mélange from Neotethyan subduction to India–Asia collision (Yarlung-Zangbo suture,south Tibet)

The Xiukang Mélange of the Yarlung-Zangbo suture zone in south Tibet documents low efficiency of accretion along the southern active margin of Asia during Cretaceous Neotethyan subduction, followed by final development during the early Paleogene stages of the India–Asia collision. Here we present integrated petrologic, U–Pb detrital-zircon geochronology and Hf isotope data on different types of sandstone blocks in the Xiukang Mélange. Three groups of sandstone blocks with different provenance and depositional setting are distinguished by their petrographic, geochronological and isotopic fingerprints. Blocks of turbiditic quartzarenite originally sourced from the Indian continent were deposited in pre-Cretaceous time on the northernmost edge of the Indian passive margin and eventually involved into the mélange at the early stage of the India–Asia collision. Two distinct groups of volcaniclastic-sandstone blocks were derived from the central Lhasa block and Gangdese magmatic arc. One group was deposited in the trench and/or on the trench slope of the Asian margin during the early Late Cretaceous, and the other group in a syn-collisional basin just after the onset of the India–Asia collision in the Early Eocene. The largely erosional character of the Asian active margin in the Late Cretaceous is indicated by the scarcity of off-scraped trench-fill deposits and the relatively small subduction complex developed during limited episodes of accretion. The Xiukang Mélange was finally structured in the Late Paleocene/Eocene, when sandstone blocks of both Indian and Asian origin were progressively incorporated tectonically in the suture zone of the nascent Himalayan Orogen.     

从有孔虫分析西藏南部白垩纪海平面升降

白垩纪是地质历史中的最大海侵时期。海平面的升降改变了海洋的物理、化学及生物因素,从而影响了有孔虫的演化与发展。根据对有孔虫丰度、分异度及演化类型的研究,认为西藏白垩纪最大海侵时期形成于赛诺曼期与土仑期的界线附近。此后海平面总的处于下降趋势,只是在康尼亚克期至三冬期海平面又有回升。马斯特里赫特末期有孔虫的大量灭绝反映了白垩纪与第三纪界线事件的影响。     

新特提斯洋打开于晚三叠世?——印度大陆北缘沉积响应

新特提斯洋是中生代位于北方欧亚大陆和南方冈瓦纳大陆之间的古大洋,它在青藏高原南部地区于新生代早期因印度-欧亚大陆碰撞而消亡,其遗迹为现今的印度河-雅鲁藏布缝合带。新特提斯洋打开以拉萨地块从冈瓦纳大陆的裂离为标志。准确约束新特提斯洋的开启时间是重建冈瓦纳大陆裂解过程和特提斯洋演化历史的关键,但目前学术界对于新特提斯洋的开启时间还存在很大争议,不同学科方法的认识从早二叠世到晚三叠世不等。本文对新特提斯洋南侧印度被动大陆边缘二叠纪—三叠纪沉积地层进行了系统的梳理,研究发现在早二叠世冰期结束之后,印度大陆北缘长期表现为稳定的沉积环境,显著的沉积环境变化仅发生在晚三叠世。晚三叠世的沉积环境变化伴随着沉积和沉降速率增加、沉积物源变化、双峰式火山活动以及古地理格局的重大改变。研究认为,晚三叠世印度大陆北缘沉积作用变化所记录的区域伸展作用很可能代表了新特提斯洋的开启。