雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段仲巴地区俯冲—增生过程

雅鲁藏布江缝合带是新特提斯洋俯冲消亡的残余,记录了新特提斯洋打开—闭合的全过程。本文以雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段仲巴地区南侧的纳久混杂岩为研究对象,进行了详细的放射虫年代学,砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb同位素年代学以及碎屑组分统计研究。我们的数据表明,纳久混杂岩中硅质岩含有大量保存较好的放射虫化石,包含Pseudodictyomitra carpatica带典型分子,根据放射虫时代组合确定其时代为早Barremian阶;混杂岩中砂岩岩块主要为岩屑砂岩,不同样品碎屑锆石得出的最大沉积年龄介于95～73 Ma之间。碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄源区分析表明,碎屑物质来自北侧的冈底斯岩浆弧和拉萨地体。纳久混杂岩南侧的砂岩沉积时代为早白垩世,碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄源区表明具有典型的特提斯喜马拉雅特征。我们的数据表明,纳久混杂岩基质时代为早白垩世,砂岩岩块时代为晚白垩世,与北侧的早白垩世蛇绿岩共同组成了白垩纪的增生楔,随着印度与欧亚大陆的碰撞仰冲到特提斯喜马拉雅之上。     

雅鲁藏布江南带白垩纪地层划分及特征

通过1∶25万区域地质调查,在藏南普兰县拉昂错—萨嘎县旦嘎东雅鲁藏布江结合带南带修康群中发现了大量放射虫化石,通过对该区沉积地层的详细调查,结合放射虫化石对原划修康群进行了充分解体,新厘定出侏罗系至始新统7个组级岩石地层单位,其中白垩系划分为折巴组与桑单林组。折巴组以杂色硅质岩、泥岩和页岩为主,夹砂岩、玄武岩等,与上覆上侏罗统旦嘎组和下伏下白垩统桑单林组呈整合接触关系,含丰富的早白垩世放射虫化石; 桑单林组以杂色石英砂岩、砂岩、泥岩、页岩及硅质岩为主,夹玄武岩等,整合于下白垩统折巴组与古近系蹬岗组之间,含丰富的晚白垩世放射虫与有孔虫化石。白垩系折巴组与桑单林组的建立与研究,丰富和完善了中生代特提斯洋盆区(雅鲁藏布江南带地层分区)的岩石地层沉积序列,提高了地层的研究水平,为研究该区沉积古地理环境和大地构造演化提供了新的基础资料。     

西藏南部古近纪放射虫研究进展

西藏南部的雅鲁藏布江缝合带及其相邻南部的沉积地层带中发育大量含有古近纪放射虫的地层.这些放射虫化石的研究,在解释缝合带复杂的地层层序、古海洋盆地演化以及揭示特提斯洋最终关闭及印-亚板块全面碰撞时间、过程等方面,可提供主要的微体古生物学证据.根据近10年已发表的文献、西藏南部1∶25万地质填图资料和我们正在研究的初步成果...     

拉孜县幅地质调查新成果及主要进展

在雅鲁藏布江缝合带(中段)南部发现中、晚三叠世放射虫动物群,提供了该地区深水动物群新资料和混杂岩地层的年代依据.从原修康群(T3X)解体出中贝混杂岩(T2-3ZM)和破姆弄混杂岩(J3K1PM),前者形成于中-晚三叠世,后者形成于晚侏罗世-早白垩世,并由此揭示缝合带具有多旋回碰撞演化特征.冈底斯地块昂杰组(C2P1a)玄武岩的发现,表明藏南晚古生代超级冈瓦纳古大陆开始裂解.     

西藏南部羊卓绒错混杂岩中的提索期放射虫

羊卓绒错混杂岩是一条长达2 000 km的构造破碎岩带,出露于西藏南部雅鲁藏布江缝合带以南.该缝合带于新生代欧亚碰撞后闭合,记录了特提斯海洋中的残留部分.混杂岩发育于印度板块北部大陆边缘与其以北地体的一次大的碰撞事件中.这次碰撞到底是欧亚碰撞的主事件还是一次早期碰撞事件尚不确定.由于混杂岩是碰撞期间地层不断破碎而形成的,因此地层中的任何岩石古生物学资料对于确定混杂岩的成因及形成时代是有意义的.该混杂岩中发育大量的放射虫硅质岩和燧石,它们可以提供大量的古生物学证据.文中所描述的提索期放射虫,采自于江孜县白洒村附近的一个原地岩块.为典型的东特提斯属种,可与西特提斯的属种对比,其中大部分属种为主要属种,有稳定的地层时限分布,如:Archaeodictyomitra apiarium(Rust),Archaeodictyomitra minoensis(Mizutani), Archaeodictyomitra patricki Jud,Eucyrtidiellium pyramis(Atta),和Protunuma japonicus Matsuoka &Yao,它们分别对应于在西特提斯所建立起来的“统一组合区带”(Unitary Association Zone)的8—22,9—12,13—22,12—13,7—12区带,尤其是后4个放射虫种,有非常短的地层分布,能够将地层年代确定得非常具体.这对于西藏广泛分布的海相含放射虫岩石地层来说,是一个非常有效的     

藏南硅质岩及富SiO2热水流体成岩成矿作用研究

藏南地区中生代硅质岩广泛发育,呈东西向带状展布,自北向南可分为雅鲁藏布江缝合带北侧早白垩世硅质岩带、雅鲁藏布江缝合带南侧三叠纪至白垩纪硅质岩带和特提斯喜马拉雅沉积区白垩纪硅质岩带.按照野外的沉积建造特征,分为蛇绿岩_硅质岩建造、火山岩-硅质岩建造、改造型硅质岩建造(构造断块型和构造混杂型)和浊积岩-硅质岩建造等多种类型.按照岩石学特征分为块状硅质岩、层状硅质岩、角砾状硅质岩和结核状硅质岩等四大类.     

对雅鲁藏布江结合带形成演化的再探讨

通过1∶5万区域地质调查和收集相关资料的综合研究,本文对雅鲁藏布江结合带的形成演化作了进一步的探讨。雅鲁藏布江特提斯洋具有弧后扩张洋盆的性质,在早三叠世至中三叠世中期洋盆初步形成,中三叠世晚期至晚三叠世洋盆全面形成,从早侏罗世至晚白垩世洋盆逐步萎缩,到古新世至始新世关闭。南带的蛇绿岩主要为洋中脊扩张型(MORB型),形成于中三叠世晚期至晚三叠世。北带的蛇绿岩主要为与洋内俯冲相关的俯冲带上盘型(SSZ型),形成于早中侏罗世。带内侏罗纪至白垩纪其他岩浆岩主要为前弧玄武岩类(FAB型)。显示雅鲁藏布江特提斯洋从早侏罗世开始发生了洋内俯冲,并同步向北向冈底斯带之下主动俯冲消减和向南向喜马拉雅地块之下被动俯冲消减,持续发展到晚白垩世,在古新世至始新世俯冲碰撞消亡转化为结合带。     

藏南桑单林地区晚白垩世—始新世砂岩物源区分析

西藏南部桑单林地区出露一套晚白垩世-始新世深水沉积的地层,下部为晚白垩世以石英砂岩和粉砂质页岩为主的桑单林组,上部为始新世含长石岩屑砂岩、硅质岩和硅质页岩的者雅组,由于断层错断,二者之间的古新世地层缺失.砂岩的岩石学分析表明,桑单林组石英砂岩的成分成熟度和结构成熟度均较高,杂基含量少,为硅质胶结;者雅组长石岩屑砂岩中,不稳定组分明显增加,杂基含量高,主要为泥质胶结.运用重矿物组合以及全岩主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素组成对砂岩的物源区分析表明,桑单林组砂岩形成于稳定的被动大陆边缘,碎屑物质来源于印度克拉通内部,而者雅组砂岩中存在明显的火成岩物质的输入,这些火山物质只可能来自于沉积盆地北部.桑单林组和者雅组砂岩的物源区的明显变化,反映了古新世末期-早始新世的一次碰撞事件:印度大陆与亚洲大陆的碰撞或者印度大陆与洋内岛弧的碰撞.     

西藏萨嘎地区构造岩石地层新认识及其构造意义

对萨嘎地区古近纪海相沉积放射虫化石和上覆陆相沉积年代学研究证实,原古近系折巴群包含了早白垩世—早始新世不同时代的沉积,而不整合在其上陆相磨拉石沉积时代为早始新世中晚期(41.2 Ma~46.2 Ma)。变形分析表明萨嘎地区原古近系折巴群经历了强烈复杂的构造变形,不同时代的沉积岩系呈构造岩片在空间上重复叠置,表现出典型构造岩石地层单元的特点。萨嘎地区海相沉积岩系中始新世早期放射虫化石的发现和构造属性的确定,表明始新世早期沿萨嘎一线存在一定规模的特提斯海盆,特提斯洋的最终关闭和印度-欧亚板块全面碰撞造山作用发生于早始新世中晚期,并在此后发育与碰撞造山作用相关的磨拉石沉积。     

拉孜县幅地质调查新成果及主要进展

在雅鲁藏布江缝合带(中段)南部发现中、晚三叠世放射虫动物群，提供了该地区深水动物群新资料和混杂岩地层的年代依据。从原修康群(T3X)解体出中贝混杂岩(T2-3Z^M)和破姆弄混杂岩(J3K1P^M)，前者形成于中-晚三卺世，后者形成于晚侏罗世-早白垩世．并由此揭示缝合带具有多旋回碰撞演化特征：冈底斯地块昂杰组(C2P1a)玄武岩的发现，表明藏南晚古生代超级冈瓦纳古大陆开始裂解：     

Early Eocene Radiolarian Fauna from the Sangdanlin, Southern Tibet: Constraints on the Timing of Initial India-Asia Collision

This is a new report on the early Eocene radiolarian fauna from the Sangdanlin section in the Gyirong region, along the southern margin of the Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone. The Sangdanlin section measured in this study is divided into three lithostratigraphic units from bottom to top: the Zongzhuo, Sangdanlin, and Zheya formations. Abundant radiolarian fossils were obtained from the Sangdanlin section and 54 species of 30 genera were identified and assigned as follows: Cryptamphorella conara-C. macropora the late Cretaceous Zone and Amphisphaera coronate, Buryella tetradica-Bekoma campechensis, and B.bidartensis-B. divaricata the Paleocene-early Eocene Interval Zones. The Paleocene–early Eocene radiolarian zones are comparable to the radiolarian zones RP4-RP8 in New Zealand. Based on the data of radiolaria and lithofacies, it is suggested that the Zongzhuo Formation should be deposited along the base of the north-facing, continental slope of the Greater Indian continental margin, and the Sangdanlin Formation should be a deep marine, sedimentary sequence located in a foreland basin. The early Eocene radiolarian fauna in the Sangdanlin Formation constrains the initial age of the India-Asia collision to no later than 53.6 Ma.     

Petrology of lawsonite-, pumpellyite- and sodic amphibole-bearing metabasites from north-east Oman

The assemblages chlorite-pumpellyite-lawsonite-albite-quartz, chlorite-lawsonite-quartz-epidote and chlorite-epidote-albite-quartz occur in metabasaltic blocks and veins in a metamorphosed tectonic mélange in the structurally highest unit of the autochthonous and parautochthonous section underlying the Semail ophiolite in Saih Hatat, north-east Oman. The pre-Permian basement of this section contains mafic units characterized by the assemblage crossite-epidote-chlorite-quartz-albite /el actinolite. These assemblages indicate a down-section increase in metamorphic grade from 'lawsonite-albite facies' conditions in the mélange to 'epidote-blueschist' facies conditions in the basement.
Application of empirically and experimentally based thermobarometers as well as petrogenetic grids calculated for a model basaltic system indicates that the P-T conditions of metamorphism ranged from 3 to 6 kbar and 250 to 300 C for the mélange and P > 6.8 kbar, T > 310 C for the basement units. Textural relations interpreted in the context of petrogenetic grids indicate that these units followed clockwise P-T paths of evolution. The estimated P-T conditions and down-section increase in metamorphic grade in central, western and northern Saih Hatat are consistent with the hypothesis relating metamorphism to the Late Cretaceous tectonic loading of the continental margin by an ophiolite slab < 18 km in thickness. These results contrast with field and petrological observations documented for blueschists and eclogites exposed along the eastern coast of Saih Hatat which may have formed at an earlier stage in response to an Early Cretaceous collisional event.     

New radiolarian biostratigraphic age constraints on Middle Triassic basalts and radiolarites from the Inner Hellenides (Northern Pindos and Othris Mountains, Northern Greece) and their implications for the geodynamic evolution of the early Mesozoic Neotethys

The Avdella Mélange in the northern Pindos Mountains and its equivalent formation, the Loggitsion Unit in the Othris Mountains expose early Mesozoic (Mid-Late Triassic) oceanic fragments beneath the Western Greek Ophiolite Belt of the Inner Hellenides, Northern Greece. The mélange consists of locally interfingering blocks and slices of ribbon radiolarite, radiolarian chert and pillow basalt and is usually overthrust by Jurassic ophiolites. New Middle and Upper Triassic radiolarian biostratigraphic data are presented from radiolarites and basalt-radiolarite sequences within mélange blocks. Pillow basalts associated with the radiolarites provide clues to the opening of the Neotethyan ocean basin. The radiolarians indicate a Middle Triassic age (latest Anisian, probably early Illyrian), which is documented for the first time in the northern Pindos Mountains. The new radiolarian biostratigraphic data suggest that rift-type basalt volcanism already began in pre-Ladinian time (late Scythian?—Anisian). These basalts were then overlain by Upper Anisian to Carnian (?Norian) radiolarites.     

二连盆地乌尼特坳陷早白垩世构造特征——深部构造与浅部构造的关联

乌尼特坳陷属于二连盆地五大坳陷之一,内部发育一系列地堑、半地堑,主要充填地层为下白垩统。坳陷基底由晚古生代复式向斜及二连-贺根山混杂岩带(Pz_2)组成。乌尼特坳陷早白垩世断陷结构和分布组合与基底构造紧密相关。复式向斜断陷带基底为北东向、北北东向晚古生代复式向斜,受基底控制早白垩世发育一系列北东向、北北东向断陷。断陷带北部主干断层向深部延伸时受复式向斜构造层韧性伸展变形影响而在浅层滑脱,形成浅而宽阔的断陷,主要为并联式组合。断陷带南部终止于混杂岩带并与之斜交,主干断层向深部延伸时受混杂岩带伸展走滑构造变形影响而在浅层滑脱,形成浅而狭长的断陷,主要为斜列式组合。二连-贺根山混杂岩断陷带基底为混杂岩带,受基底控制早白垩世发育一系列北东向、北北东向断陷。断陷主干断层向深部延伸时受以伸展为主的构造变形影响而在混杂岩深层滑脱,形成深而狭长的断陷,以串联或并联式组合。     

新疆西准噶尔萨尔托海蛇绿混杂岩形成时代及构造环境分析

萨尔托海蛇绿混杂岩是西准噶尔地区达拉布特蛇绿混杂岩带的重要组成部分,其形成时代和构造环境颇具争议。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石微区原位U-Pb同位素测年,获得其中辉长辉绿岩的 ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U 加权平均年龄为388.8±1.1 Ma,确定该蛇绿混杂岩形成于中泥盆世。岩石地球化学分析表明,纯橄岩(蛇纹岩)属于低Si、低碱、高Mg的变质橄榄岩,REE呈∑REE 偏低的平坦型分布模式,Cr、Ni和Co含量较高,变玄武岩属于高Ti、富Mg、富Fe、偏碱的拉斑系列,REE分布模式呈现 ∑REE 偏低、Eu异常不明显的平坦型曲线,微量元素分布模式为K、Cs、Th、Nb和P相对亏损的平坦型曲线,Zr/Nb比值低,总体表现出与E-MORB相似的特征。综合判断认为,萨尔托海蛇绿混杂岩形成于大陆裂谷向洋盆转化的构造环境,类似于"红海式"洋盆,为进一步深入认识新疆地区众多蛇绿混杂岩的形成构造环境提供了新思路。     

Mélange formation by subduction erosion: the case of the Osa mélange in southern Costa Rica

The convergent plate margin off the Osa peninsula in southern Costa Rica is characterized by the indentation of the Cocos ridge at 4–5 Ma. The indentation causes the uplift of the Osa mélange which we interpret to represent an exhumed major channel for the transport of tectonically eroded material down into the subduction zone. We present evidence that, similar to the Nicoya segment of the Costa Rica convergent margin, subduction erosion rather than accretion has been the dominant process along the plate boundary. The composition of the Osa mélange is dominated by tectonized material of the upper-plate Nicoya ophiolite complex (basalt, radiolarite, limestone). Strong deformation is concentrated in numerous discrete shear zones and produced the layered fabric of large rock volumes, which partly experienced temperatures > 200°C. We thus interpret the Osa mélange to be a product of subduction erosion at the base of the outer arc wedge structure.     

思茅地块西缘龙洞河组放射虫动物群及其地质意义

思茅地块西缘的龙洞河组为一套火山—沉积岩系 ,原定时代为晚石炭世 ,被认为属南澜沧江洋弧后盆地沉积。现在龙洞河组层状硅质岩断片中发现了晚泥盆世放射虫化石 ,在细碧角斑岩之硅质岩夹层中发现了早石炭世放射虫动物群 ,表明龙洞河组不全是晚石炭世地层 ,而是由晚古生代的一些地层断片组成。思茅地块西缘深水沉积盆地的演化始于泥盆纪 ,应为滇西南古特提斯多岛洋的一个分支 ,向南可能与泰国难河带对比。     

共轭伸展褶劈理夹角的定量解析

９０ 年代初以来,中国地质学者先后在浙、皖、赣、湘的“板溪群”及震旦系中发现了古生代的生物化石。因此,再次将“板溪群”是否是前震旦纪的一个变质地层单位、江南古陆是否存在以及华南大地构造格局是否需要重新厘定等问题提了出来。１９９３ 年笔者于赣东北蛇绿混杂岩带内的“双桥山群”岩块中,首次发现了含晚古生代的放射虫硅质岩。１９９６ 年又在该混杂岩带多处的“双桥山群”岩块和“下震旦统志棠组”中找到了含晚古生代的放射虫硅质岩,还首次在“登山群拔竹坑组”中发现了早古生代的几丁虫化石。经数年野外多次观察和对室内化石鉴定、岩石地球化学测试结果以及岩石学特征的综合分析表明,所发现的含晚古生代放射虫硅质岩及其岩石组合是一套洋盆深水相沉积;登山群拔竹坑组,是早古生代的一套浅水陆棚 深水陆棚 半深海相沉积。结合同行学者在邻区“板溪群”研究方面取得的新成果,笔者认为：“板溪群”不是前震旦纪的一个变质地层单位,而是一个复杂的构造岩带,江南古陆是不存在的,华南从早古生代到中生代早期还经历了一次洋盆演化过程,现在的构造格局是印支运动奠定的