Shale Oil Occurrence and Reservoir Characteristics of the Qijia-Gulong Depression in Songliao Basin

<正>1 Introduction The technology breakthrough in the exploration of shale gas and tight oil has greatly extended the global fossil fuel resources(Jia et al.,2012;Zou et al.,2012;Qiu et al.,2013).Although shale oil has been the global hot topic in the study of unconventional resources,there are varied definitions with respect to shale oil by different researchers.     

The Significance of Wettability in Tight Oil Exploration and Development

<正>With the increasing of energy demand and conventional oil and gas resources depletion,unconventional oil and gas resources are getting more and more attention,and have become a major contributor to the global oil and gas production growth over the past five years(Zou et al.,2012;Jia et al.,2014).After shale gas,the tight oil in the     

Characteristics of Coal Reservoir Pore Structure and Its Diffusion Mode in Huhehu Depression

<正>1 Introduction The importance of reservoir has been widely recognized in the field of unconventional oil and gas resource(Zou Caineng et al.,2012).The pore structure is the core problem of coal reservoir.One side,the pore structure influenced the adsorption ability of the coal pore structure;The other     

Pores Characteristics of Different Types of Shale in China

<正>1 Introduction As the rapid development of the exploration of unconventional oil and gas resources,shale gas resources in China have been becoming the focus of unconventional oil and gas resources research with the characteristics of high resource potential and favorable geological setting.The exploration on the Paleozoic shale gas in southern Sichuan Basin and the Triassic shale gas in northern Sichuan Basin has already achieved important     

A unified model for the formation and distribution of both conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs

The discovery and large-scale exploration of unconventional oil/gas resources since 1980s have been considered as the most important advancement in the history of petroleum geology;that has not only changed the balance of supply and demand in the global energy market,but also improved our understanding of the formation mechanisms and distribution characteristics of oil/gas reservoirs.However,what is the difference of conventional and unconventional resources and why they always related to each other in petroliferous basins is not clear.As the differences and correlations between unconventional and conventional resources are complex challenging issues and very critical for resources assessment and hydrocarbon exploration,this paper focused on studying the relationship of formations and distributions among different oil/gas reservoirs.Drilling results of 12,237 exploratory wells in 6 representative petroliferous basins of China and distribution characteristics for 52,926 oil/gas accumulations over the world were applied to clarify the formation conditions and genetic relations of different oil/gas reservoirs in a petroliferous basin,and then to establish a unified model to address the differences and correlations of conventional and unconventional reservoirs.In this model,conventional reservoirs formed in free hydrocarbon dynamic field with high porosity and permeability located above the boundary of hydrocarbon buoyancy-driven accumulation depth limit.Unconventional tight reservoirs formed in confined hydrocarbon dynamic field with low porosity and permeability located between hydrocarbon buoyancy-driven accumulation depth limit and hydrocarbon accumulation depth limit.Shale oil/gas reservoirs formed in the bound hydrocarbon dynamic field with low porosity and ultra-low permeability within the source rock layers.More than 75%of proved reserves around the world are discovered in the free hydrocarbon dynamic field,which is estimated to contain only 10%of originally generated hydrocarbons.Most of undiscovered resources distributed in the confined hydrocarbon dynamic field and the bound hydrocarbon dynamic field,which contains 90%of original generated hydrocarbons,implying a reasonable and promising area for future hydrocarbon explorations.The buried depths of hydrocarbon dynamic fields become shallow with the increase of heat flow,and the remaining oil/gas resources mainly exist in the deep area of“cold basin”with low geothermal gradient.Lithology changing in the hydrocarbon dynamic field causes local anomalies in the oil/gas dynamic mechanism,leading to the local formation of unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs in the free hydrocarbon dynamic field or the occurrence of oil/gas enrichment sweet points with high porosity and permeability in the confined hydrocarbon dynamic field.The tectonic movements destroy the medium conditions and oil/gas components,which leads to the transformation of conventional oil/gas reservoirs formed in free hydrocarbon dynamic field to unconventional ones or unconventional ones formed in confined and bound hydrocarbon dynamic fields to conventional ones.     

Pore Structure Characterization and Classification of in-Source Tight Oil Reservoirs in Northern Songliao Basin

<正>There is no clear consensus on the definition of tight oil in literature;however,more and more researchers accept that tight reservoirs refer to those with permeability less than 1.0 mD or 0.1 mD in the subsurface condition(Jia et al.,2012;Zhao et al.,2012;Zhao,2012;Zou et al.,2014).The Cretaceous Qingshankou formation in the Songliao Basin is rich in tight oil,in which Gaotaizi oil reservoirs     

Progress in China's Unconventional Oil & Gas Exploration and Development and Theoretical Technologies

The new century has witnessed a strategic breakthrough in unconventional oil gas.Hydrocarbon accumulated in micro-/nano-scale pore throat shale systems has become an important domain that could replace current oil gas resources.Unconventional oil gas plays an increasingly important role in our energy demand.Tight gas,CBM,heavy oil and asphaltic sand have served as a key domain of exploration development,with tight oil becoming a 'bright spot' domain and shale gas becoming a 'hotspot' domain.China has made great breakthroughs in unconventional oil gas resources,such as tight gas,shale gas,tight oil and CBM,and great progress in oil shale,gas hydrate,heavy oil and oil sand.China has an estimated(223-263)×10~8t of unconventional oil resources and(890-1260)×l0~(12)m~3 of gas resources.China has made a breakthrough for progress in unconventional oil gas study.New progress achieved in fine-grained sedimentary studies related to continental open lacustrine basin large-scale shallow-water delta sand bodies,lacustrine basin central sandy clastic flow sediments and marine-continental fine-grained sediments provide a theoretical basis for the formation and distribution of basin central reservoir bodies.Great breakthroughs have been made in unconventional reservoir geology in respect of research methodology technology,multi-scale data merging and physical simulation of formation conditions.Overall characterization of unconventional reservoirs via multi-method and multi-scale becomes increasingly popular and facilitates the rapid development of unconventional oil gas geological theory,method and technology.The formation of innovative,continuous hydrocarbon accumulation theory,the establishment of the framework of the unconventional oil gas geological theory system,and the determination of the implications,geological feature,formation mechanism,distribution rule and core technology of unconventional oil gas geological study lays a theoretical foundation for extensive unconventional oil gas exploration and development.Theories and technologies of unconventional oil gas exploration and development developed rapidly,including some key evaluation techniques such as 'sweet spot zone' integrated evaluation and a six-property evaluation technique that uses hydrocarbon source,lithology,physical property,brittleness,hydrocarbon potential and stress anisotropy,and some key development engineering technologies including micro-seismic monitoring,horizontal drilling completion and "factory-like" operation pattern, "man-made reservoir" development,which have facilitated the innovative development of unconventional oil gas.These breakthroughs define a new understanding in four aspects:①theoretical innovation;② key technologies;③ complete market mechanism and national policy support;and ④ well-developed ground infrastructure,which are significant for prolonging the life cycle of petroleum industry,accelerating the upgrade and development of theories and technologies and altering the global traditional energy structure.     

Discovery of Potassium-Bearing Cuttings from the Well Yangta 4 in the Kuqa Depression and Seam Division

正The world petroleum exploration suggests that,about70%of the world’s potash resources were discovered during oil and gas exploration(Zheng et al.,2007).The Kuqa depression in the Tarim basin is abundant with petroleum exploration data,and     

Lower Limits and Grading Evaluation Criteria of Source Rocks and Reservoirs of Tight Oil and Gas

<正>1 Introduction The importance of the unconventional petroleum is increasingly prominent,with the rising demand of oil and gas in the economic and social development and the gradual consumption and depletion of conventional oil and gas resources.Compared with the shale and coal-bed gas reservoir,tight reservoir has better fracturing capability.So     

Geological characteristics of unconventional tight oil reservoir(109 t):A case study of Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation,northern Songliao Basin,NE China

The Daqing exploration area in the northern Songliao Basin has great potential for unconventional oil and gas resources, among which the total resources of tight oil alone exceed 109 t and is regarded as an important resource base of Daqing oilfield. After years of exploration in the Qijia area, Songliao Basin,NE China, tight oil has been found in the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation. To work out tight oil’s geological characteristics, taking tight oil in Gaotaizi oil layers of the Upper C...     

IAEA和中国的硫同位素参考物质的δ33 S、δ34 S值与32S/33S、32S/34S绝对比值

用六氟化硫法对IAEA-S-1、I.AEA-S-2、IAEA-S-3、IAEA-SO-5、IAEA-SO-6、GBW-04414和GBW-04415的δ33S、δ34S值进行了测定.用人工配制的同位素混合物和六氟化硫法对IAEA-S-1、IAEA-S-2、IAEA-S-3和GBW-04414、GBW-04415的32S/33S、32S/34S绝对值进行了标定.其结果对IAEA硫同位素系列参考物质的定值起到了关键作用.     

长江口南槽季节性冲淤变化及其对河流入海水沙响应关系的初步研究

本文利用长江口南槽1989年12个月的实测地形图和大通站相应的水沙资料,采用GIS技术和数理统计技术分析了南槽的地形变化及其与河流来水来沙的关系.结果表明南槽水深与大通站各月平均流量、输沙率和含沙量之间有明显的相关性,说明河口冲淤对流域水沙变化有敏感响应;河槽的响应具有1～1.5月的滞后性.     

内生金矿床成因与地幔地壳演化

金矿是当前世界重视的找矿对象。如何认识金矿的形成规律,提供找矿的理论前提,是当前地学界尚待深入研究的重要课题之一。关于金矿床的成因,W. H. Emmons最早进行过系统的研究。对内生金矿床的成因,他在P. Niggli岩浆演化理论的基础上,强调了热液成因的重要性,指出酸性小侵入体是成矿的母岩。近二十年来,世界对金的找矿和采矿不断扩大,对金矿床成因的研究已从单一的     

The Krakatau islands: The geotectonic setting

The Sunda Strait is located in a transitional zone between two different modes of subduction, the Java frontal and Sumatra oblique subductions. Western Java and Sumatra are, however, geologically continuous.The Krakatau complex lies at the intersection of two graben zones and a north-south active, shallow seismic belt, which coincides with a fracture zone along this seismic belt with fissure extrusion of alkali basaltic rocks commencing at Sukadana and continuing southward as far as the Panaitan island through Rajabasa, Sebuku and Krakatau.Paleomagnetic studies suggest that the island of Sumatra has been rotating clockwise relative to Java from at least 2.0 Ma to the present at a rate of 5–10h/Ma, and therefore the opening of the Sunda Strait might have started before 2 Ma (Nishimura et al. 1986).From geomorphological and seismological studies, it is estimated that the western part of Sumatra has been moving northward along the Semangko fault and the southern part of Sunda Strait has been pulled apart.Assuming that the perpendicular component (58 mm/yr; Fitch 1972) of the oblique subduction has not changed, we can estimate that the subduction started at 7–10 Ma. Huchon and LePichon (1984) also estimated that the subduction started at 13 Ma.Recent crustal earthquakes in the Sunda Strait area are clustered into three groups: (1) beneath the Krakatau complex where they are typically of tectonic origin, (2) inside a graben in the western part of the strait, and (3) in a more diffuse zone south of Sumatra. The individual and composite focal mechanisms of the events inside the strait show an extensional regime. A stress tensor, deduced from the individual focal mechanisms of the Krakatau group shows that the tensional axis has a N 130°E orientation (Harjono et al. 1988).These studies confirm that the Sunda Strait is under a tensional tectonic regime as a result of clockwise rotation along the continental margin and northward movement of the Sumatra sliver plate along the Semangko fault zone.     

暗色岩脉与铀成矿关系研究

本文对暗色岩脉与铀成矿关系在铀成矿的源—运—储三方面进行了较为深入的研究。结果表明,暗色岩脉对铀成矿所起的作用主要是提供有利于铀沉淀富集的场所。岩脉的铀含量数倍于同类岩石是花岗岩地区暗色岩脉的特点,但不代表暗色岩脉能够为铀成矿提供铀源。根据暗色岩脉富含挥发分、所代表的岩浆活动与铀成矿作用最接近、成脉与成矿构造上的关联性以及暗色岩脉是深部岩浆浅部表现形式的成因特点,认为暗色岩脉所代表的岩浆活动、构造运动还可以为铀从花岗岩中的活化转移创造有利条件,岩脉的侵入作用虽然对围岩具有一定的加热作用,但还不能成为铀成矿的主要热源。     

岩石破坏的机理再认识

岩石的各种强度准则一直是解释岩石或岩体破坏机理的主要理论。此外,从流变现象出发,通过数值模拟、实验对照、理论分析、进一步对岩石破坏机理的解释进行了探讨,认为受力岩石或岩体内差异流动变形也是导致岩石破坏的原因。     

达东古湖的形成、发展与消亡

本文通过卫片解释、水化学和Br的地球化学研究以及地质剖面结构分析,论证了达东古湖的形成、发展和消亡过程。文中指出:大约在9000年前,在柴达木盆地达布逊湖以东约200km~2的干盐滩被溶解,形成了一个卤水湖。后来由于河流改道或气候变干旱,湖水被蒸发,湖体自北向南收缩,直到干化。在湖体收缩过程中,盐类矿物按照K~+-Na~+-Mg~(2+)/Cl~--SO_4~(2-)-H_2O五元体系相图所示的规律结晶:石盐析出较早,主要分布在湖的北部;光卤石结晶较晚,集中分布在湖的南部。在这一过程中,钾盐发生了富集,而且富集在靠淡水源比较近的地方。