岩体力学试验的理论分析

本文通过对岩石力学试验中岩石试件破坏方式的分析, 在理论上解释了岩体力学试验中经常遇到的一些力学现象并且作出了定量的回答, 同时还建立了岩石的各种破坏模式的判据。     

煤炭开采对煤层底板变形破坏及渗透性的影响

煤层底板变形破坏除受地质因素控制外,还受开采因素影响。通过试验和理论分析,系统研究了煤炭开采对回采工作面底板应力、应变和破坏及渗透性的影响。研究结果表明,不同岩性岩石的渗透性在全应力-应变过程中为应变的函数,在微裂隙闭合和弹性变形阶段,岩石的原生孔隙和裂隙容易被压密,岩石的渗透率随应力的增加由大变小明显,当应力增大至极限强度时岩石试件破坏形成贯穿裂隙,岩石的渗透率迅速增大至最大,不同岩性岩石存在一定差异性;随着回采工作面推进,煤层底板岩层在横向上划分为原岩应力区、超前压力压缩区、采动矿压直接破坏区和底板岩体应力恢复区4个区。煤层底板岩体的渗透性随着煤炭开采底板岩体变形破坏而呈规律性变化。      

Hoek-Brown岩石破坏经验判据确定岩石地基承载力的修正

岩石地基承载力的精确确定,对工程的安全性和经济性非常重要。简要介绍了Hoek-Brown岩石经验破坏判据及其剪切强度形式,并通过确定岩基潜在破坏面上的正应力,计算出岩体自重和岩体瞬时内摩擦角。对基于Hoek-Brown岩石经验破坏判据的岩基承载力的极限解法进行修正,得出剪切破坏模式下含有岩体自重和瞬时内摩擦角的Hoek-Brown岩基承载力修正公式。最后,通过算例证明修正公式的完善性和实用性。     

库水位变动条件下柱状危岩体变形破坏机理

三峡水库周期性水位变动造成了部分消落带岩体劣化,其具体表现为强度下降和宏观裂隙增多,这使得一些柱状危岩体被发现或需要重新认识,包括箭穿洞、曲子滩和棺木岭等危岩体。这些柱状危岩体三维边界清晰,由"硬-相对软"的岩性组成,主要受控于相对软的硬岩基座岩体。采用伪时间增量的方式模拟岩石强度的时间相关劣化效应,数值分析了多水位变动周期下棺木岭危岩体裂缝和破坏区的扩展情况。危岩体初始破坏区主要集中在基座趾部岩体。随着水位变动周期增多,裂缝和破坏区由危岩体踵部和趾部相对扩展,破坏区主要集中在危岩体踵部。10次水位周期计算所得破坏区比相同时步、没有劣化效应时增加了近4倍,且以拉张破坏为主。周期性水位变动造成的岩体劣化强烈加快了柱状危岩体演化进程,同时影响了其破坏机理。从数值分析来看,棺木岭危岩体的变形破坏模式从原来的倾倒为主将转为以压溃崩塌为主。水位变动条件下岩石强度的时间相关劣化效应及其对柱状危岩体的影响研究将为三峡水库危岩体防治提供重要技术支撑。     

岩石断裂破坏的机理研究

由于岩体中岩石通常处于宏观压应力状态,因此人们常认为岩石的破坏为剪切破坏。根据我们的研究,对于岩石的断裂破坏,其本质应归为微裂缝的拉张破坏。     

高边坡岩体渐进性破坏粘弹塑性有限元数值模拟

根据边坡实际地质模型 ,基于弹塑性与粘弹 -粘塑性理论的本构方程 ,通过有限元模拟分析 ,定量地揭示和模拟再现了高边坡岩体破裂、变形、破坏及失稳前后锁固段岩体渐进性破坏的机制和过程 ,探讨了高压水流作用下滑坡启程剧动的破坏机理。     

含裂隙岩石的受压破坏机理研究

含裂隙结构面岩体在加载过程中的裂纹扩张和强度对研究岩体的变形破坏机理具有重要意义。用砂浆裂隙试件模拟含裂隙岩石进行单轴压缩实验,获得了3种倾角(45、60、75)和3种裂隙长度(45mm、60mm、75mm)的9种组合工况的裂隙扩展角度和初裂强度,并分析了9种工况下的受压破坏机理。实验结果表明:当裂隙长度相同时,初裂强度随倾角的增加而增加,且倾角由60增加到75,初裂强度增加得更快;当裂隙倾角一定时,初裂强度随裂隙长度的增加而降低。应用最大周向正应力理论分析了含裂隙试件的受压破坏机理,获得了裂隙扩展角理论表达式;通过比较可知:裂隙扩展角的实测值和理论值基本吻合。     

围岩稳定分析的非线性理论研究

地下工程围岩体具有高度非线性 ,可以借助当代非线性科学研究和预测它的力学行为。应用耗散结构理论、突变论等非线性科学理论研究岩石非线性稳定问题 ,进一步揭示出岩体失稳过程和破坏机理 ,建立符合实际的岩体破坏分析方法和失稳判据     

围岩稳定分析的熵突变准则研究

地下工程围岩体具有高度的非线性,可以借助当代非线性科学研究和预测它的力学行为。应用耗散结构理论、熵及突变论等非线性科学理论研究岩石非线性稳定问题,揭示了岩体失稳过程和破坏机理,建立了符合实际的岩体破坏分析方法和失稳判据。     

岩石断裂破坏的机理研究

由于岩体中岩石通常处于宏观压应力状态，因此人们常认为岩石的破坏为剪切破坏。根据我们的研究，对于岩石的断裂破坏，其本质应归为微裂缝的拉张破坏。     

非贯通节理岩体直剪试验研究进展

基于典型的直剪试验,国内外学者提出了非贯通节理岩体贯通破坏机理,并建立了相应的强度准则,如Jennings方法,即加权平均强度理论和强度准则、Lajtai岩桥破坏理论和强度准则、断裂力学的II型破坏理论和强度准则,拉剪复合破坏和强度准则。然而,非贯通节理岩体破坏机理目前还没有完全弄清楚,已建立的强度准则所包含的重要参数还需深入研究,如：如节理面的传压系数、传剪系数、弱化了的岩桥内摩擦力和内摩擦角等;非贯通节理岩体节理闭合和剪切的本构关系有待建立;不共面非贯通节理岩体全过程最大抗剪强度需进一步研究。伺服直剪试验机、静态应变测试仪、声发射仪、X射线测量等无损检测技术能够为进一步研究非贯通节理岩体的破坏机理,提出新的理论和建立新的强度准则提供强有力的技术支持。     

基于弹性应变能的岩石强度准则

为建立更符合岩石屈服与破坏机制的强度准则,基于能量转化是岩石屈服与破坏的本质属性,采用试验与理论分析相结合的方法,对岩石屈服与破坏准则进行了研究。以岩石强度与整体破坏准则为基础,通过引入弹性应变能释放分散系数,建立基于弹性应变能强度准则;分别采用M-C准则、Murrell准则、三剪能量准则、统一能量准则、三维H-B强度准则及基于弹性应变能岩石强度准则对盐岩和花岗岩的破坏强度进行了计算。结果表明,基于弹性应变能岩石强度准则的计算结果与试验值比较吻合（尤其是真三轴试验条件下）,并且分析了产生上述结果的内在机制。所建立的强度准则仅需测定常规岩石力学参数（单轴抗压强度与泊松比）,物理力学意义明确,对于定量描述岩石的屈服与破坏特性具有重要的意义。     

The relationship between the deformation mechanism and permeability on brittle rock

In order to study the relationship between the deformation mechanism and permeability on brittle rock, the curves of stress–strain and permeability–strain of brittle rock were analyzed, the results indicated that the permeability of brittle rock increased rapidly at the critical failure point due to the microstructure changed seriously during the compaction, elastic deformation, and progressive failure process. When the rock bridges or asperities on the internal structural plane were ruptured partly or completely after the peak stress, a sudden decrease in rock strength occurred and the peak permeability could be the maximum. The strain at the critical point and turning point on the stress–strain curve corresponded to that at the rapid increase point and the peak point on the permeability–strain curve according to the renormalization theory and curves of stress–strain and permeability–strain. In addition, the ratios could be described by mathematical expressions. The conclusions could be proved reasonably by the experimental studies and examples of statistical analysis.     

输电线路节理化岩体注浆锚杆基础抗拔力模型试验研究

针对输电线路注浆锚杆基础特点,根据相似理论设计了节理化岩体注浆锚杆基础抗拔模型试验,模型设计中考虑了岩石弹性模量、浆体弹性模量、节理迹长、节理倾角、锚杆埋深5个因素的变化,选择5因素4水平的正交试验方法进行了模型试验研究。结果表明,岩石弹性模量对注浆锚杆基础抗拔力的影响最大,其次为锚杆埋深、节理倾角、浆体弹性模量、节理迹长。试验过程中以剪切破坏和开裂破坏为主,并以此分析了注浆锚杆的传力机制,得出浆体与锚杆和岩体之间的黏结强度是控制试验结果的主要因素,影响着锚杆的极限抗拔力和破坏状态,在施工过程中应注意质量控制。     

Damage Constitutive and Failure Prediction of Artificial Single-Joint Sandstone Based on Acoustic Emission

The effect law of deformation and failure of a jointed rock mass is essential for underground engineering safety and stability evaluation. In order to study the evolution mechanism and precursory characteristics of instability and failure of jointed rock masses, uniaxial compression and acoustic emission (AE) tests are conducted on sandstones with different joint dip angles. To simulate the mechanical behavior of the rock, a jointed rock mass damage constitutive model with AE characteristic parameters is created based on damage mechanics theory and taking into account the effect of rock mass structure and load coupling. To quantify the mechanism of rock instability, a cusp catastrophe model with AE characteristic parameters is created based on catastrophe theory. The results indicate that when the joint dip angle increases from 0° to 90°, the failure mechanism of sandstone shifts from tensile to shear, with 45° being the critical failure mode. Sandstone's compressive strength reduces initially and subsequently increases, resulting in a U-shaped distribution. The developed damage constitutive model's theoretical curve closely matches the test curve, indicating that the model can reasonably describe the damage evolution of sandstone. The cusp catastrophe model has a high forecast accuracy, and when combined with the damage constitutive model, the prediction accuracy can be increased further. The research results can provide theoretical guidance for the safety and stability evaluation of underground engineering.

     

水力耦合作用下的砂岩声发射特性试验研究

水压会刺激岩石裂纹的产生和加速岩石破裂,对岩石的变形破坏特征和破坏机制有重要影响。利用MTS815 Flex Test GT 岩石力学试验系统和PCI-Ⅱ声发射仪开展了砂岩在不同围压下的水-力耦合试验。结果表明：在整个岩石破裂过程中,声发射活动随加载时间、应力变化表现出不同的特征;声发射活动在岩石的峰后阶段随着水压的增大更为集中,强度也更高,而随着围压的增大其集中程度和强度都有所降低;在相同围压下,声发射累计振铃计数和累计能量随着水压的增大而增大,在相同水压下,声发射累计振铃计数和累计能量则随着围压增大而有所减少;随着水压的增大,岩石最终失稳破坏时刻的声发射三维定位图中裂纹数量增多,裂纹的集中程度也更高,在宏观破坏形态上表现出破坏角减小。这些成果揭示了水-力耦合作用下岩石的破坏机制由压制剪切向压制张裂变化,岩石破裂的脆性破坏特征增强。     

The influence of the intermediate principal stress on rock failure behaviour: A numerical study

The influence of the intermediate principal stress on rock strength has been studied comprehensively by previous researchers. However, the reason why rock strength firstly increases and subsequently decreases with the increase of intermediate principal stress is still unclear. In this paper, the mechanism of the intermediate principal stress effect on rock failure behaviour is revealed through a numerical method using the EPCA3D system (Elasto-Plastic Cellular Automaton). In this study, both homogeneous and heterogeneous rocks are considered. The heterogeneity of a rock specimen is modelled by introducing Weibull's statistical distribution. Two criteria, i.e. the Drucker–Prager and Mohr–Coulomb models, are used to determine whether a meso-scopic element in the rock specimen is in a failure state or not during the polyaxial stress loading process. The EPCA3D simulation reproduces the typical phenomenon of the intermediate principal stress effect that occurs in some rock experiments. By studying the EPCA3D simulated acoustic emission and complete stress–strain curves illustrating failure initiation, propagation and coalescence in the failure process of rocks, the essence of the intermediate principal stress effect is tracked. It is concluded that the heterogeneous stress distribution induced by the natural heterogeneity of rocks and the effect of the loading platen are two of the reasons producing the intermediate stress effect. Studies indicate that a moderate intermediate principal stress delays the onset of local failure, which in turn leads to an increase in the rock strength. However, once the intermediate principal stress reaches a certain value, local failure will be formed through the application of the intermediate principal stress. It is the number of failed elements in the pre-peak region that determines whether the rock strength decreases or not. The extent of rock strength reduction when the intermediate principal stress reaches a certain value is lessened with the increase in the minimum principal stress.     

不同节理表面形貌下非贯通节理岩体强度特性直剪试验研究

通过直剪模型试验,研究节理表面形貌下非贯通节理岩体扩展贯通强度特性。非贯通节理岩体的扩展贯通过程分为4个阶段：初裂前阶段、稳定扩展阶段、非稳定扩展阶段和摩擦阶段。结合试验现象和切向变形曲线,研究了非贯通节理岩体的初裂强度、临界强度、贯通破坏强度、残余强度等特性。在相同的法向应力下,节理表面越粗糙,不仅非贯通节理岩体的贯通破坏强度越大,而且初裂强度、临界强度、残余强度也越大。在不同的节理表面形貌下,初裂强度与贯通破坏强度的比值约为70%;临界强度与贯通破坏强度的比值约为90%;不过,残余强度与贯通破坏强度的比值变化较大,约为50%～90%。试验为进一步研究非贯通节理岩体破坏理论提供试验验证。     

岩体结构面强度的可靠度分析

基于岩体结构面破坏的Mohr-Coulomb准则和可靠度理论,视结构面和岩块强度参数以及结构面倾角为随机变量,分析了结构面强度参数的变异性对结构面破坏概率的影响,探讨了结构面破坏概率随结构面倾角的变化规律,提出了结构面和岩块破坏概率的计算公式,找出了影响结构面破坏概率的主要因素。结果表明,岩体结构面强度的可靠度分析比传统的定值分析方法更为客观合理。