用等效球Mie理论计算冰云光学特性的一种新方法

对由六角形冰晶粒子组成的冰云的１４种冰晶尺度分布,分别用等效球Ｍｉｅ理论和射线光学理论计算了它们在从可见光到近红外谱区的１７个波长上的散射特性参量。并利用由等效球Ｍｉｅ理论获得的散射参数及冰晶尺度分布特征参量ｒｅ（有效半径）建立了冰云光学特性的参数化公式。这些参数化公式的最大相对误差小于５％。     

冰云光学特性与等效球Mie理论的误差分析

用改进的射线光学理论和等效球Ｍｉｅ理论，计算了若干冰晶和冰晶尺度分布在太阳光谱区中一系列波长上的光学特性和散射特性，详细分析了Ｍｉｅ散射计算的误差，并假定冰云光学特性有１０％误差的情况下，用Ｄｅｌｔａ－Ｅｄｄｉｎｇｔｏｎ近似对所引起的冰云辐射特性的误差进行了数值试验。结果表明，沿用已久的等效球Ｍｉｅ理论因计算冰云光学特性在波长小于２．６μｍ波段误差过大，将引起冰云辐射特性有显著误差，最后提出了计算冰云光学特性的新方案。     

基于太阳光度计的成都双流地区夏季气溶胶光学特性研究

选取成都信息工程学院航空港校区为研究区,利用CE318太阳光度计于2013年6月期间连续观测的数据反演气溶胶光学厚度,Angstrom指数和粒子谱分布,然后进行气溶胶光学特性分析,结果表明:气溶胶光学厚度随波长增加而减少;气溶胶光学厚度随人为活动和天气等诸多因素变化而变化;平均波长指数显示该地区气溶胶中小粒子占主控地位,平均直径在1.2μm左右;平均浑浊度系数为0.44,大气处于浑浊状态;粒子谱分布呈双峰型,证明该地区为城市气溶胶类型,也详细表明气溶胶粒径的变化。     

降水层状水云的光学特性及其参数化

本文根据Mie散射理论计算了分别由7种不同谱分布构成的四种降水层状水云的单次散射反照率、不对称因子和削弱系数,给出它们的参数化公式,考虑的波长范围是0.3μm～4.7μm的太阳辐射。对光学厚度参数化公式用Stephons的列表数据进行了检验,结果表明拟合精度很高。     

3，5-二溴水杨醛缩甘氨酸的合成及荧光法测定粮食中微量锌

合成了新型席夫碱试剂3，5-二溴水杨醛缩甘氨酸(DBSAGLY)，建立该试剂荧光度法测定微量Zn(Ⅱ)的新体系，在pH=7．0～8．0时Zn(Ⅱ)与DBSAGLY形成1：1的络合物，络合物最大激发和发射波长分别为λex=300nm和λcm=468nm，荧光线性范围0-120μg／L，检测限量1.6μg／L。本法用于粮食中锌的测定。     

卷云中冰晶粒子的单次散射参数

利用射线光学理论和等效球Ｍｉｃ理论，计算了卷云中六棱状冰晶和六角片状冰晶及两种假设冰晶谱的单次散射参数，并对两种计算结果进行了详细分析和比较、得到一些有用的结论。     

无规取向、无吸收非球形粒子光散射的T-矩阵方法

较详细地研究了无规取向、无吸收椭球体粒子的T－矩阵收敛问题。首先，简要概括了nmax的3种收敛方案和它们的基本特性。然后，应用1993年提出的数学收敛方法（M－方法）和1998年提出和物理收敛方法（P－方法）研究收敛问题。结果表明椭球粒子收敛精度对粒子的尺度参数，纵横比以及椭球体的种类（例如，长／扁椭球）有很强的依赖性。当粒子的尺度参数不太大时，甚至在极端纵横比的条件下，P－收敛方案优于M－收敛方案。     

成都地区4～6月低涡云系降水的雨滴谱分析

以１９９０年４～６月在成都采集的１１３份雨滴谱资料为基础，着重分析了低涡云系和槽后西北气流影响本地降水的雨滴谱浓度、雨水含水量、雷达反射率因子、雨滴谱型及其变化规律。分析发现，雨滴谱浓度大，含水量小，平均谱合乎Ｍ－Ｐ分布。还讨论了滴谱浓度、雨水含水量、雷达反射率因子与雨强的关系。     

雨滴谱的变化对降水估计的影响

针对雨滴谱的变化对降水估计的影响,提出根据激光雨滴谱仪上方雷达回波的结构特征将降水过程划分为对流云降水和层状云降水交替分布5个部分,通过基于2种降水类型的第Ⅰ种分类Z-R关系、基于5个部分的第Ⅱ种分类Z-R关系和基于整个降水过程的总体Z-R关系分析雨滴谱的变化对降水估计的影响。结果表明:当对流云降水向层状云降水过渡时,指数谱从无到有、多峰谱比例减小,Nw减小、μ增大、Dm变化不大;Nw与R变化相似,当Z增大时μ和Dm分别是递减和递增的;Z-R关系(Z=aRb)中a值变化范围较大、系数b在1~2波动且与层状云阶段相比,对流云阶段的a和b值较小;利用第Ⅱ种分类Z-R关系反演的雨强与基于雨滴谱仪观测数据计算的雨强最接近;雨滴谱仪在层状云阶段的反演效果明显强于对流云阶段,这与对流云降水中雨滴谱信息变化大且快等因素有关。     

雨滴谱的变化对降水估计的影响

针对雨滴谱的变化对降水估计的影响,提出根据激光雨滴谱仪上方雷达回波的结构特征将降水过程划分为对流云降水和层状云降水交替分布5个部分,通过基于2种降水类型的第1种分类Z-R关系、基于5个部分的第Ⅱ种分类Z-R关系和基于整个降水过程的总体Z-R关系分析雨滴谱的变化对降水估计的影响.结果表明:当对流云降水向层状云降水过渡时,指数谱从无到有、多峰谱比例减小,Nw减小、μ增大、Dm变化不大;Mw与R变化相似,当Z增大时μ和Dm分别是递减和递增的;Z-R关系(Z=aRb)中a值变化范围较大、系数b在1～2波动且与层状云阶段相比,对流云阶段的a和b值较小;利用第Ⅱ种分类Z-R关系反演的雨强与基于雨滴谱仪观测数据计算的雨强最接近;雨滴谱仪在层状云阶段的反演效果明显强于对流云阶段,这与对流云降水中雨滴谱信息变化大且快等因素有关.     

Particle size distributions and organic-inorganic compositions of suspended particulate matters around the Bohai Strait

Laser in situ scattering and transmissometry(LISST) significantly improves our ability to assess particle size distribu-tion(PSD) in seawater, while wide-ranging measurements of the organic-inorganic compositions of suspended particulate matters(SPM) are still difficult by using traditional methods such as microscopy. In this study, PSD properties and SPM compositions around the Bohai Strait(China) were investigated based on the measurements by LISST in combination with hydro-biological parameters collected from a field survey in summer 2014. Four typical PSD shapes were found in the region, namely right-peak, left-peak, dou-ble-peak and negative-skew shapes. The double-peak and negative-skew shapes may interconvert into each other along with strong hydrodynamic variation. In the upper layer of the Bohai Sea, organic particles were in the majority, with inorganic particles rarely observed. In the bottom layer, SPM were the mixture of organic and inorganic matters. LISST provided valuable baseline information on size-resolved organic-inorganic compositions of SPM: the size of organic particles mainly ranged from 4 to 20 μm and 40 to 100 μm, while most SPM ranging from 20 to 40 μm were composed of inorganic sediment.     

Sentinel-1 SAR在洪水范围提取与极化分析中的应用研究

在洪水灾情监测中,快速准确的获取淹没区域和洪灾面积,对防汛救灾和灾后重建工作具有重要价值。本文以2017年美国圣路易斯洪水为例,基于Sentinel-1 SAR数据,利用变化检测和阈值相结合的方法实现大范围洪水淹没提取,将VV/VH极化数据分别与从同期Sentinel-2光学影像中获取的洪水淹没范围进行比较,评定极化方式的洪水适用性优劣程度。不同的SAR极化数据对洪水监测的适用性不同,通过绘制各极化不同时期的后向散射横断面线来分析多极化中的散射响应特征。研究表明：Sentinel-1 VV/VH极化数据均能以超过82%的高精度识别出洪水,VV极化洪水提取时产生的误判更少;在同样的区域,相较于VH,Sentinel-1 VV极化信号的散射程度小了约28%,在洪水中的信息敏感,更适用于洪水灾害的淹没范围监测。     

细粒子气溶胶光学厚度和谱分布偏振的反演

 细粒子气溶胶物理和光学参数定量卫星遥感反演一直是环境和气候领域研究人员关注的重要课题。气溶胶参数卫星业务遥感产品主要是反演气溶胶光学厚度,它体现大气中气溶胶总含量的信息,而获取气溶胶谱分布函数有助于进一步了解气溶胶物理特性,并提高气溶胶其他参数的遥感探测精度。目前,陆地气溶胶卫星反演面临两个关键问题:一是气溶胶模式;二是地表反射贡献的去除,偏振遥感在这两方面有其独有的优势。本文以多角度偏振方法,采用RT3辐射传输模型建立矢量查找表,利用法国PARASOL探测器一级数据反演了京津唐地区的细粒子气溶胶光学厚度和谱分布参数,并使用AERONET地基观测数据对反演结果进行验证,结果表明:偏振方法能较高精度地实现细粒子气溶胶光学厚度反演,而谱分布的反演还需进一步改进。     

Estimation of design sea ice thickness with maximum entropy distribution by particle swarm optimization method

The maximum entropy distribution, which consists of various recognized theoretical distributions, is a better curve to estimate the design thickness of sea ice. Method of moment and empirical curve fitting method are common-used parameter estimation methods for maximum entropy distribution. In this study, we propose to use the particle swarm optimization method as a new parameter estimation method for the maximum entropy distribution, which has the advantage to avoid deviation introduced by simplifications made in other methods. We conducted a case study to fit the hindcasted thickness of the sea ice in the Liaodong Bay of Bohai Sea using these three parameter-estimation methods for the maximum entropy distribution. All methods implemented in this study pass the K-S tests at 0.05 significant level. In terms of the average sum of deviation squares, the empirical curve fitting method provides the best fit for the original data, while the method of moment provides the worst. Among all three methods, the particle swarm optimization method predicts the largest thickness of the sea ice for a same return period. As a result, we recommend using the particle swarm optimization method for the maximum entropy distribution for offshore structures mainly influenced by the sea ice in winter, but using the empirical curve fitting method to reduce the cost in the design of temporary and economic buildings.     

Calculation of photosynthetically available radiation using multispectral data in the Arctic

Photosynthetically Available Radiation(PAR) is an important bio-optical parameter related to marine primary production.PAR is usually measured by a broadband sensor and can also be calculated by multispectral data.When the PAR is calculated by multispectral data in polar region,four factors are possible error sources.PAR could be overestimated as the wavelengths of multispectral instrument are usually chosen to evade main absorption zones of atmosphere. However,both PARs calculated by hyperspectral and m...     

Analysis of multi-dimensional SAR for determining the thickness of thin sea ice in the Bohai Sea

Flat thin ice (<30 cm thick) is a common ice type in the Bohai Sea, China. Ice thickness detection is important to offshore exploration and marine transport in winter. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can be used to acquire sea ice data in all weather conditions, and it is a useful tool for monitoring sea ice conditions. In this paper, we combine a multi-layered sea ice electromagnetic (EM) scattering model with a sea ice thermodynamic model to assess the determination of the thickness of flat thin ice in the Bohai Sea using SAR at different frequencies, polarization, and incidence angles. Our modeling studies suggest that co-polarization backscattering coefficients and the co-polarized ratio can be used to retrieve the thickness of flat thin ice from C- and X-band SAR, while the co-polarized correlation coefficient can be used to retrieve flat thin ice thickness from L-, C-, and X-band SAR. Importantly, small or moderate incidence angles should be chosen to avoid the effect of speckle noise.     

Relationship between Antarctic sea ice and the climate in summer of China

The variations of sea ice are different in different regions in Antarctica, thus have different impacts on local atmospheric circulation and global climatic system. The relationships between the sea ice in Ross Sea and Weddell Sea regions and the synoptic climate in summer of China are investigated in this paper via diagnostic analysis methods by using global sea ice concentration gridded data covering Jan. 1968 through Dec. 2002 obtained from Hadley Center, combined with Geopotential Height on 500hPa and 100hPa over North Hemisphere and monthly precipitation and air temperatures data covering the corresponding period over 160 meteorological stations in China obtained from CMA （ China Meteorological Administration）. Results disclose that both these two regions are of indicative meanings to the climate in summer of China. The Ross Sea Region is the key sea ice region to the precipitation in Northeast China in summer. More sea ice in this region in September will result in less precipitation in Northeast China in the following June. Weddell Sea Region is the key sea ice region to the air temperature in Northeast China in summer. More sea ice in this region in September will contribute to lower air temperature in Northeast China in the following June.     

Rank-size distributions of Chinese cities: Macro and micro patterns

A large number of studies have been conducted to find a better fit for city rank-size distributions in different countries. Many theoretical curves have been proposed, but no consensus has been reached. This study argues for the importance of examining city rank-size distribution across different city size scales. In addition to focusing on macro patterns, this study examines the micro patterns of city rank-size distributions in China. A moving window method is developed to detect rank-size distributions of cities in different sizes incrementally. The results show that micro patterns of the actual city rank-size distributions in China are much more complex than those suggested by the three theoretical distributions examined(Pareto, quadratic, and q-exponential distributions). City size distributions present persistent discontinuities. Large cities are more evenly distributed than small cities and than that predicted by Zipf′s law. In addition, the trend is becoming more pronounced over time. Medium-sized cities became evenly distributed first and then unevenly distributed thereafter. The rank-size distributions of small cities are relatively consistent. While the three theoretical distributions examined in this study all have the ability to detect the overall dynamics of city rank-size distributions, the actual macro distribution may be composed of a combination of the three theoretical distributions.