准噶尔盆地西北缘阿拉德油田油源对比与成藏模式

以准噶尔盆地哈拉阿拉特山中东部地区阿拉德油田浅层稠油为研究对象,根据原油物性、地球化学特征及稠油降解作用,对原油碳同位素和生物标志化合物指标进行油源对比;根据包裹体均一温度,分析阿拉德油田油气成藏期次,建立成藏模式.结果表明:阿拉德油田主力层系中侏罗统西山窑组的原油为中等—严重生物降解原油,主要来源于玛湖地区下二叠统风城组烃源岩;三叠系、白垩系层系原油主要来源于哈山地区准原地下二叠统风城组烃源岩;浅层油藏存在白垩纪末期一期充注,具有"深部双向供烃、断层毯砂输导、地层圈闭聚集"的成藏特点.该结果可为研究区下一步油气勘探提供依据.     

东濮凹陷濮卫洼陷油气成藏期分析

综合利用断裂和圈闭发育史、油藏饱和压力、烃源岩主生排烃期、储层流体包裹体均一温度等方法对东濮凹陷濮卫洼陷油气成藏期进行了分析,并提出对于存在剥蚀厚度比较大的地区在利用饱和压力方法计算成藏期时应结合埋藏史.研究认为,该区主要为两期成藏,分别为古近纪末期和新近纪末期一第四纪,且东西两侧油气成藏期存在差异,东侧濮城地区两期成藏,在古近纪末期和新近纪末期一第四纪均发生油气充注成藏,而西侧卫城地区仅在古近纪末期存在油气充注成藏,为一期成藏.     

川西坳陷须三段致密砂岩气藏源储特征及成藏模式

川西坳陷须家河组致密气藏已成为拓展油气勘探、发现新储量的重要领域,致密气藏发育特征及其成藏机理成为目前亟需解决的关键科学问题之一。运用地球化学、地球物理和沉积学等分析方法,对须三段源储特征及成藏模式进行了系统分析,对高效烃源岩和优质储层进行了判别和预测,厘定了致密气藏成藏期次和成藏模式。得出以下结论:①须三段发育成熟-高成熟湖相烃源岩,以Ⅲ型干酪根为主,局部偶见Ⅱ₂型干酪根。发育于须三下亚段最大湖泛面附近,泥页岩体积分数在65%以上或者单层厚度较大、且1.50% ≤ w（TOC）≤ 10%时,属于高效烃源岩。②基于砂岩粒度中值识别出4期（S1,S2,S3和S4）优质储层,都属于低孔低渗-特低孔特低渗致密储层,中砂-细砂,粒度分布范围为0.5~0.062 5 mm,厚度一般5~10 m。主要发育于三角洲前缘和前三角洲。③烃源岩生排烃时间持续较长,中侏罗世开始生烃,一直持续至晚白垩世;从晚侏罗世开始排烃,早白垩世达到高峰。优质储层经历早期天然气持续充注和晚期凝析气充注,天然气充注时间要早于凝析气充注时间。形成了"断层垂向输导,先聚集后致密,晚期改造调整"的致密气藏成藏模式。      

柴达木盆地侏罗系油气成藏模式与油气聚集规律

针对柴达木盆地侏罗系油气勘探目标选择的难点,从烃源岩与圈闭时空配置的角度,建立侏罗系油气早期聚集早期成藏、早期聚集晚期成藏、晚期聚集晚期成藏3种模式。盆地油气来源、充注时期、油藏调整及破坏等方面存在规律性,这决定了油气分布的有序性,呈现出“断褶区聚气,山前、潜伏区聚油,凸起顶、凸起斜坡区油气并存”的基本格局和油气富集程度依次变好的序列。据此预测油气富集范围,从中优选冷湖4号东斜坡、乌南—巴依凸起斜坡、怀头他拉—德北斜坡、潜伏Ⅰ号等新靶区。     

包裹体综合分析方法在油气成藏过程中的应用——以塔里木盆地巴—麦地区为例

为研究塔里木盆地巴楚—麦盖提地区石炭系复杂油气成藏过程,对该地区石炭系16块储层样品进行岩相学观察、烃类包裹体荧光颜色和微束荧光光谱定量参数分析,以及包裹体均一温度测试,确定油气充注幕次和成藏时间.结果表明:巴楚—麦盖提地区石炭系共经历3幕油和1幕气充注过程,分别距今276.0~250.0、16.0~6.0、5.0~2.0和1.0~0 Ma.该地区包括两期成藏:第一期为海西晚期(距今276.0~250.0 Ma),油气主要来源于下部寒武—奥陶系烃源岩;第二期为喜山中—晚期(距今16.0~0 Ma),油气主要来源于下部寒武—奥陶系和上部石炭系烃源岩,具有混合来源特征,为研究该地区油气成藏规律提供依据.     

东海盆地西湖凹陷武云亭构造油气来源与成藏模式

近年来，东海盆地西湖凹陷平湖斜坡带武云亭构造油气勘探获得了较好的商业发现，但已钻探的A井与B井流体性质差异较大，A井为气井、B井为油井。通过生物标志化合物对比、碳同位素分析及流体包裹体分析，对武云亭构造油气来源、充注期次及成藏模式进行了分析，结果表明武云亭构造油为正常成熟原油，主要来源于本地宁波19洼平湖组煤系烃源岩；天然气有两种，一种为高成熟天然气，主要来源于东侧主洼宁波27洼平湖组烃源岩，另一种为正常成熟天然气，主要来源于本地次洼宁波19洼烃源岩。包裹体荧光呈现为淡黄色油气包裹体和无色气包裹体，均一温度表明武云亭构造主要经历两期油气充注，时间为2 Ma和现今。武云亭构造油气来源丰富，成藏过程复杂，基于油气来源及成藏特征划分为"双源侧向晚期次生型"和"单源垂向晚期原生型"两种成藏模式。      

准噶尔盆地木垒凹陷油气来源及成藏特征

为解决准噶尔盆地木垒凹陷油气来源认识不清、成藏特征不明确问题,应用油源对比技术分析油气源;利用地震、测井和分析化验资料,综合评价生储盖条件、输导体系及圈闭条件。结果表明:木垒凹陷油气来源于二叠系平地泉组烃源岩,二叠系平地泉组深湖—半深湖相暗色泥岩为主力烃源岩,纵向上发育砂砾岩、云质岩和火山岩三类优质储层;受多期构造运动的影响,发育多层系、多类型(构造、岩性和不整合等)圈闭,为油气聚集提供良好的储集空间;断裂和骨架砂体构成立体复合式输导体系。木垒凹陷存在自生自储型和古生新储型两类成藏模式,其中以二叠系平地泉组烃源岩为主要油源的自生自储型岩性油藏和古生新储型构造—岩性油藏,是最有利的勘探方向。     

东非Morondava盆地Tsimiroro稠油油田成藏特征

为深入认识东非马达加斯加Morondava盆地Tsimiroro稠油油田成藏特征和分布规律,基于油气成藏理论,对Tsimiroro稠油油田成藏条件进行了详细分析,建立了其稠油成藏模式,明确了成藏主控制因素。研究结果表明:Tsimiroro稠油油田成藏具有生储盖条件优越、“双凹”供烃、断裂输导、近源运聚及凸起带富集的特征。在晚侏罗世-早白垩世,来自东、西部2个凹陷带的原油沿油源断裂近距离运移至中央凸起带构造圈闭中聚集成藏,由于断裂发育及埋藏浅,原油遭受了严重生物降解而稠变。生烃凹陷的分布格局、中央凸起带构造抬升及由此发育的油源断裂和构造圈闭则直接控制了油藏的空间分布范围。      

木里冻土区天然气水合物成藏特征

为探讨木里冻土区天然气水合物的烃类来源及成藏特征,应用地球化学反演方法,根据碳同位素和成熟度的关系,分析烃类的成因和来源,结合水合物赋存特征、地层埋藏史等研究水合物成藏特征。结果表明:木里冻土地区天然气水合物的烃类气体以油型气为主,浅部混有少量煤成气;前者主要来源于石炭统和下二叠统烃源岩,侏罗系烃源岩贡献较小。水合物成藏空间分布非均质性较强,纵向上不同层段的气体来源和充注特征具有较大差异,上部层段烃类成熟度较低,来源于早期常规油气藏破坏后逸散气体,混有少量水合物分解甲烷;中部层段甲烷具有"多阶"充注特征,有原油裂解气贡献,底部发育油气优势运移路径;下部层段烃类主要来源于深部烃源岩层(早二叠系和石炭系),具有"多阶"充注特征。水合物形成前的常规油气藏演化和水合物形成后的保存条件,是研究区天然气水合物成藏和展布的主控因素。     

低凸起带油气充注机理及运聚模式:以济阳坳陷林樊家低凸起带为例

断陷盆地低凸起带具有远离油源,油气富集层系浅的特点,其油气充注机理及运聚模式研究还较薄弱。以济阳坳陷林樊家低凸起带为例,从油气来源入手,分析了油气成藏动力与阻力的关系,探讨了低凸起带油气充注方式和运聚模式。结果表明:林樊家低凸起带原油具有高伽马蜡烷/C30霍烷值、低姥植比的特点,来源于利津洼陷沙四上亚段烃源;在成藏地质背景分析的基础上,结合成藏动力-阻力计算结果,确定了林樊家低凸起带油气主要为"断层双重输导-多层系充注-不整合面分流"的充注方式;根据断层在活动时期和静止时期输导方式及输导能力的差异,结合圈闭发育情况,林樊家低凸起带油气成藏可总结为"断层垂向输导-岩性尖灭控圈"、"断层侧向输导-‘天窗’开启-岩性尖灭控圈"、"断层侧向输导-不整合面遮挡"、"断层侧向输导-岩性尖灭控圈"等4种成藏模式。     

Plate subduction,oxygen fugacity,and mineralization

Plate subduction is the largest natural factory that processes elements, which controls recycling and mineralization of a variety of elements. There are three major ore deposit belts in the world: the circumPaci?c, the central Asian, and the Tethys belts. All the three belts are closely associated with plate subductions, the mechanism remains obscure. We approached this problem from systematic studies on the behaviours of elements during geologic processes. This contribution summaries the recent progress of our research group. Our results suggest that porphyry Cu deposits form through partial melting of subducted young oceanic crust under oxygen fugacities higher than ? FMQ ～+1.5, which is promoted after the elevation of atmospheric oxygen at ca. 550 Ma. Tin deposits are associated with reducing magmatic rocks formed as a consequence of slab rollback. The Neo-Tethys tectonic regime hosts more than 60% of the world's total Sn reserves. This is due to the reducing environment formed during the subduction of organic rich sediments. For the same reason, porphyry Cu deposits formed in the late stages during the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. Tungsten deposits are also controlled by slab rollback, but is not so sensitive to oxygen fugacity. Subduction related W/Sn deposits are mostly accompanied by abundant accessory ?uorites due to the breakdown of phengite and apatite. Decomposition of phengite is also signi?cant for hard rock lithium deposits, whereas orogenic belt resulted from plate subduction promote the formation of Li brine deposits. Cretaceous red bed basins near the Nanling region are favorable for Li brines. Both Mo and Re are enriched in the oxidationreduction cycle during surface processes, and may get further enriched once Mo-, Re-enriched sediments are subducted and involved in magmatism. During plate subduction, Mo and Re fractionate from each other. Molybdenum is mainly hosted in porphyry Mo deposits and to a less extent, porphyry Cu-Mo deposits, whereas Re is predominantly hosted in porphyry Cu-Mo deposits and sedimentary sul?de deposits.     

Cloning, expressing, and hemolysis of tdh, trh and tlh genes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) is one of the pathogenic vibrios endangering net-cage cultured Pseudosciaena crocea,Fennerpenaeus chinensis, and shellfish in coastal areas of China. Several types of hemolysins produced by Vp have been characterized as major virulence factors.They are thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH),TDH-related hemolysin (TRH) and thermolabile hemolysin (TLH). In this study, we cloned tdh, trh, and tlh genes from the genome DNA of VP by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).We ligated the three genes into prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a (+),and transformed the recombinant plasmids into Es-cherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The expression of recombinant proteins was induced by isopropyl-β-D-thiogalacto-pyranoside (IPTG). The recombinant proteins were expressed in a form of inclusion bodies and thus purified with Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Western blotting results showed that recombinant proteins,TDH, TRH and TLH, could be recognized by rabbit anti-VP serum. The three purified proteins were renatured by gradient dialysis.The renatured proteins exhibited hemolytic activity except for TLH in the presence of phosphatidylcholine. These results not only are helpful for better understanding these genes’ functions under a single factor level, but also provide evidence for VP vaccine engineering.     

GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF Fe,Mn,Co,As,Cr,Sb,Zn,Sc AND V IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS FROM JIAOZHOU BAY

The contents of nearly forty-elements in surface sediments in Jiaozhou Bay were determined using a Neutron Activation Analysis Technique(Grancini,et al.,1976;Li Peiquan et al.,1985,1986;Li Xiuxia etal.,1986).This paper's detailed discussion on only nine elements(Fe,Mn,Co,Cr,Sc,As,Sb,Zn andV)includes their distributions,concentrations,correlationships,material sources,background,etc.Based on Zavaristski's classification method,Fe,Mn,Co Cr and V belong to the second group;As and Sb to theeighth groups:Sc and Zn to the third and sixth groups.It was found that their notably good correla-tionship is mainly due to the similarity of their ionic structures and that their variation is controlled by theFe content(except Mn).The source of sediments is mainly terristrial material,and the composition ofsediment is similar to that of shale and shale+clay.The contents for a large number of ele-ments are within the scope of the background level,but there still is pollution of Zn and Cr,at least in a few stations.     

Effects of small peptides,probiotics, prebiotics,and synbiotics on growth performance,digestive enzymes,and oxidative stress in orange-spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides,juveniles reared in artificial seawater

Aquaculture production efficiency may increase by using feed additives. This study investigated the effects of different dietary additives [w/w: 2% small peptides, 0.01% probiotics( Bacillus licheniformis) and 0.2% prebiotics(inulin)] on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and oxidative stress in juvenile Epinephelus coioides reared in artificial seawater of two salt concentrations(13.5 vs. 28.5). Weight gain rate was significantly higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides, B. licheniformis, inulin, or synbiotics than that in fish fed the basal diet; the greatest weight gain rate was found in fish fed the small peptide treatment [56.0% higher than basal diet]. Higher feed efficiency was detected in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides than that of fish in the other dietary treatments. Total protease activity in the stomach and intestines was highest in fish fed the small peptide-treated diet, whereas lipase activity was highest in those fed synbiotics(combination of Bacillus licheniformis and inulin) than that in fish fed the other treatments. Antioxidant enzyme(total superoxide dismutase and catalase) activities and hepatic malondialdehyde content were higher in fish receiving the dietary supplements and maintained in artificial seawater containing 13.5 salinity compared with those in the control(28.5). Hepatic catalase activity in grouper fed the diets with small peptides or synbiotics decreased significantly compared with that in control fish. Overall, the three types of additives improved growth rate of juvenile grouper and digestive enzymes activities to varying degrees but did not effectively improve antioxidant capacity under low-salinity stress conditions.     

Porosity, Dispersivity, and Contaminant Transport in Groundwater

Porosity (n) and Dispersivity (D) were modeled in relation to Solute Transport Time (t) in a saturated, homogeneous, isotropic, unconfined aquifer using the MOC model. It was noted that n and D have an important influence on solute transport time t in groundwater, with a consistently strong and direct relationship between n, D, and t. In the case of porosity, the relationship was found to be directly related to t when other aquifer properties remained unchanged. This was also mathematically argued using a form of the flow equation put forward by Henry Darcy (1856). Dispersivity on the other hand had somehow the same relationship with solute transport time t as porosity, but with much less effect. That is, higher dispersions lead to longer solute transport time within the aquifer system. This was because as the individual solute particles set off from the average seepage velocity, they traversed through longer distances due to tortuosity, mechanical mixing, diffusion, and microscopic heterogeneity latent in the porous media. Also when n and D were co- treated over t, n was noted to be dominant over D with regard t. This follows that the effect of porosity on solute transport time far out shadowed that of dispersivity. Stated in other words, the dispersivity of a substance in any porous medium is to a large extent a function of the porosity of that medium.     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FRACTIONATIONS OF Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn AND Ni AND SOIL PROPERTIES IN URBAN SOILS OF CHANGCHUN, CHINA

1IN T R O D U C T IO N With therapiddevelopment of urbanizatio,nurban land was exploitedand utilizetdoform differendtomains be- ing subjectto many potentialpollutionsourcessuch as vehicleemission, industrialactivitieasnd household garbage.Particularl, yur…     

Requirements of shrimp,Penaeus chinensis O'sbeck for potassium,sodium, magnesium and iodine

Potassium, sodium, magnesium and iodine requirements of shrimp,Penaeus chinensis were studied. Orthogonal design was employed in this experiment. The composition of the basal diet consisted of fish meal, peanut cake, corn meal, soybean cake, wheat bran, vitamin mix and mineral mix, and supplementations of potassium, sodium, magnesium and iodine in the basal diet were made according to the L₉(3⁴) orthogonal table. The results indicated that iodine supplementation improved growth of the shrimp significantly and raised survival very significantly, iodine requirement of the shrimp was 0.003%; sodium requirement was 0.87% or less; and that 1.1–1.3% potassium and 0.18–0.38% magnesium in the diet were proper nutrition supplements for the shrimp. Contribution No. 2342 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.