Accuracy Assessment of Digital Elevation Model Generated by SAR Stereoscopic Technique Using COSMO-Skymed Data

Radargrammetry technique using the stereoscopic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is used for the generation of a digital elevation model (DEM) of a region requires only the amplitude images. SAR stereoscopic technique is analogous to the stereo-photogrammetric technique where the optical stereoscopic images are used for DEM generation. While the advantages of the SAR images are their indifference to atmospheric transparency and solar illumination conditions, the side-looking geometry of the SAR increases the complexity in the SAR stereo analysis. The availability of high spatial and temporal resolution SAR data in recent years has facilitated generation of high-resolution DEM with greater vertical accuracy using radargrammetric technique. In the present study, attempt has been made to generate the DEM of Dehra Dun region, India, from the COSMO-Skymed X-band SAR data-pair acquired at 8 days interval through the radargrammetry technique. Here, radargrammetric orientation approach has been adopted to generate the DEM and various issues and processing steps with the radargrammetry technique have been discussed. The DEM was validated with ground measured elevation values using a differential global positioning system and the root-mean-square error of the DEM was found as 7.3 m. The DEM was compared with the reference DEM of the study area generated from the Cartosat-1 stereo data with a model accuracy of 4 m.     

一种针对机载重轨干涉SAR数据的配准方法

配准作为干涉处理过程中的重要一步,其精度直接影响后续的处理。机载重复轨道干涉数据,由于飞行的姿态不一致,导致影像间产生较大的相对变形,常规的方法无法对整幅影像进行配准。本文结合SIFT匹配算法的稳健性和解析搜索配准算法高精度的优点,利用飞行轨道间的关系和统计分析剔除错误的匹配,提出了一种针对机载重复轨道干涉数据的配准方法,有效解决了机载重复轨道干涉数据的配准问题。首先利用SIFT匹配算法提取一定数量的匹配点,然后利用飞行轨道之间的关系和对匹配点偏移量的统计分析,剔除误匹配的点,完成粗配准,最后使用解析搜索算法完成精配准。本文利用国产CASMSAR系统获取的机载P波段重复轨道干涉数据进行实验,取得了良好的效果。     

基于有理多项式模型的星载高分InSAR影像制作数字高程模型的研究

合成孔径雷达干涉测量是一种利用SAR影像复数据的相位信息提取地面三维信息的技术,它通过获取地面目标在两幅SAR影像上的相位差值来解算该点的三维坐标。有理多项式（RPC,Rational Polynomial Coefficient）模型作为一种数学意义上的几何模型,它独立于传感器和平台,简单且具有通用性,可建立地面任意坐标与影像空间的关系。本文在RPC模型用于替代星载SAR的距离多普勒模型和星载InSAR的干涉相位方程基础上,研究 RPC模型应用于星载高分辨率InSAR影像制作DEM的可行性和精度。利用兰州COSMO-SkyMed数据和资源三号三线阵数据制作的DEM为参考数据进行实验验证,RPC模型用于InSAR技术生成的DEM,中误差为7.55米。     

Maximum-likelihood estimation for multi-aspect multi-baseline SAR interferometry of urban areas

The reconstruction of digital surface models (DSMs) of urban areas from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data is a challenging task. In particular the SAR inherent layover and shadowing effects need to be coped with by sophisticated processing strategies. In this paper, a maximum-likelihood estimation procedure for the reconstruction of DSMs from multi-aspect multi-baseline InSAR imagery is proposed. In this framework, redundant as well as contradicting observations are exploited in a statistically optimal way. The presented method, which is especially suited for single-pass SAR interferometers, is examined using test data consisting of experimental airborne millimeterwave SAR imagery. The achievable accuracy is evaluated by comparison to LiDAR-derived reference data. It is shown that the proposed estimation procedure performs better than a comparable non-statistical reconstruction method.     

Application of the RPC model for spaceborne SAR image geometric processing

An increasing number of low, medium, and high resolution SAR satellites creates a demand for a generalized sensor model to replace the rigorous sensor model (RSM). The rational polynomial coefficient (RPC) model is a generic sensor model which accurately fits the object-image geometry for various sensor systems with different coefficient values. It has been widely used as an alternative to RSM for photogrammetric processing of optical images, but its applications to SAR images are rarely discussed in publications. In this paper, the feasibility and practicability of the RPC model for SAR images are studied. The RPC model can not only be used to replace the RSM (range–Doppler model for SAR), but also applied to the processing chain for SAR data, thus facilitating the processing of SAR and InSAR data for end users.     

The study on automatic registration of InSAR images

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) allows production of high resolution DEM and detection of small earth motions using multiple pass SAR data sets obtained by remote sensing satellite. But the whole process has not yet reached sufficient robustness to warrant automated DEM production as commonly produced by stereovision with optical images. The automatic algorithm for precision registration is one of the bottlenecks in InSAR data processing. In this paper, an automatic approach with multi-step image matching algorithm is presented. All procedures are automatically implemented. The experiment is carried out successfully with SIR-C/L-band InSAR data. The triangular piecewise rectification is also advanced in reducing local distortion between the images and processing the large scene image. The primary result has prospect in the precision registration for the repeat-track InSAR data and reveals the potential of the presented automatic strategy.     

The study on automatic registration of InSAR images

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) allows production of high resolution DEM and detection of small earth motions using multiple pass SAR data sets obtained by remote sensing satellite. But the whole process has not yet reached sufficient robustness to warrant automated DEM production as commonly produced by stereovision with optical images. The automatic algorithm for precision registration is one of the bottlenecks in InSAR data processing. In this paper, an automatic approach with multi-step image matching algorithm is presented. All procedures are automatically implemented. The experiment is carried out successfully with SIR-C/L-band InSAR data. The triangular piecewise rectification is also advanced in reducing local distortion between the images and processing the large scene image. The primary result has prospect in the precision registration for the repeat-track InSAR data and reveals the potential of the presented automatic strategy.     

基于有理函数模型的星载SAR影像几何校正

主要研究了面向星载合成孔径雷达SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)影像几何处理的有理函数模型RFM(Rational Function Model)的建模、求解和应用方法。首先采用与地形无关的方式,利用严密的距离-多普勒模型(Range Doppler,RD)构建虚拟控制点格网来进行RFM建模,实现了一种RFM模型参数的快速无偏解算新方法,能够取得相对于RD模型很高的拟合精度,在几何定位功能上实现了对RD模型的有效替代,同时大大提高了计算效率。然后在此基础上利用RFM模型实现了星载SAR影像的快速几何校正,为了提高几何校正结果的绝对定位精度,引入少量地面控制点对RFM模型进行了像方改正处理,以消除SAR影像几何定位的系统误差,并利用ENVISAT ASAR数据的实验结果验证了本文方法的有效性。     

使用SAR影像生成DEM的精度分析

雷达干涉测量(InSAR)和雷达立体测量(Radargrammetry)是使用SAR影像生成DEM的两种主动遥感新技术,前者利用反射雷达波的相位信息,而后者利用其灰度信息。本文利用ERS-1/2卫星对香港地区成像获取的SAR影像分别构成干涉像对和立体像对生成了DEM,并以外部DEM为参考,利用对比和统计方法分析了两种测量方法的精度情况和技术优势。     

监测城市基础设施健康的星载MT-InSAR方法介绍

星载合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术是近年来迅猛发展的一种空间对地观测技术,在InSAR基础上提出的多时相InSAR(MT-InSAR)方法,利用同一地区的多景SAR影像对时序稳定点(PS)进行精确分析,极大地降低了大气延迟等带来的测量误差,使得形变监测精度达到了厘米级到毫米级,可对城市基础设施进行大范围高精度的连续监测。本文通过对MT-InSAR技术发展的综述,总结了目前MT-InSAR技术在基础设施健康监测方面的关键问题和应用领域,并对未来MT-InSAR在城市应用方面的发展提出了展望。     

基于粗DEM的立体SAR像对配准

影像配准是雷达立体摄影测量技术获取数字高程模型的一个关键步骤,也是一大难点。为了能够自动而又稳健地获取高精度的立体SAR像对配准结果,文中设计一种基于粗DEM、距离多普勒SAR构像模型和基于区域逐级窗口的立体SAR像对配准方法。该方法采用距离多普勒SAR成像模型和粗DEM获取像素级的粗略配准结果。在此基础上,采用基于区域的逐级窗口配准方法获取高精度的配准结果。文中最后利用立体SAR像对进行实验研究。实验结果表明,设计的立体像对配准方法可行,其配准精度可以达到子像素级,距离向为0.3像素左右,方位向为0.1像素左右,完全能够满足雷达立体测图的要求,而且该方法还具有很好的稳健性。     

星载SAR复数图像的配准

星载干涉雷达测量已经被证实用于生成大范围（乃至全球）的DEM或监测地表位移具有广阔的应用前景，其中SAR复数图像序列的精确配准是保证生成有效干涉相位图的重要环节之一。本文分析了卫星InSAR系统中所涉及的几种坐标系统变换问题，并提出了基于此的几何配准方案，即基于卫星轨道状态矢量、SAR成像几何进行配准的算法；同时，还设计了基于几何配准结果和能量影像相关技术的配准算法，最后使用ERS－1／2、JERS－1和RADARSAT卫星获取的3种SAR复数图像对分别做几何配准和相关配准试验和比较，并对卫星SAR图像质量和轨道数据质量作了定性分析。     

Coregistration Based on Three Parts of Two Complex Images and Contoured Windows for Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry

The coregistration of complex image pairs is a very important step in synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) data processing. This letter proposes a novel coregistration method that only needs three arbitrary parts of the two complex images instead of four parts in the existing coregistration methods. This method constitutes an integrated three-part method for InSAR data processing with our contoured-correlation-interferometry method for phase-image generation. Saving one part transmission makes a significant advantage when processing SAR images on satellites. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, by means of using fringe contoured windows instead of squared windows, the accuracy of the coregistration for both the three-part coregistration method and the existing methods can be improved considerably     

Topographic correction of ALOS-PALSAR images using InSAR-derived DEM

Topographic corrections of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images over hilly regions are vital for retrieval of correct backscatter values associated with natural targets. The coarse resolution external digital elevation models (DEM) available for topographic corrections of high resolution SAR images often result into degradation of spatial resolution or improper estimation of backscatter values in SAR images. Also, many a times the external DEMs do not spatially co-register well with the SAR data. The present study showcases the methodology and results of topographic correction of ALOS-PALSAR image using high resolution DEM generated from the same data. High resolution DEMs of Jaipur region, India were generated using multiple pair SAR images acquired from ALOS-PALSAR using interferometric (InSAR) techniques. The DEMs were validated using differential global positioning system measured elevation values as ground control points and were compared with photogrammetric DEM (advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer – ASTER) and SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) DEM. It was observed that ALOS-PALSAR images with optimum baseline parameters produced high resolution DEM with better height accuracy. Finally, the validated DEM was used for topographic correction of ALOS-PALSAR images of the same region and were found to produce better result as compared with ASTER and SRTM-DEM.     

利用雷达干涉数据进行城市不透水层百分比估算

人工不透水层是城市地区的重要特征.作为城市生态环境的关键指数,不透水层百分比(Impervious Surfaces Percentage, ISP)常用于城市水文过程模拟、水质面源污染及城市专题制图等研究中.本文利用ERS-1/2 重复轨道雷达干涉数据,采用分类与回归树(CART)算法探究了雷达遥感在城市ISP估算中的可行性和潜力,并与SPOT5 HRG光学遥感图像的估算结果进行了分析比较.香港九龙港岛实验区的初步研究结果表明,雷达干涉数据在城市不透水层研究中具有一定的应用潜力,特别是裸土和稀疏植被的ISP估算结果要好于光学遥感,这主要得益于雷达干涉数据(特别是长时间相干图像)在人工建筑物和裸土或稀疏植被之间具有很强的区分能力,另外,雷达干涉数据和光学遥感数据间的融合能够提高ISP估算精度.     

基于RPC的TerraSAR-X影像立体定向平差模型

针对新型高分辨率雷达卫星TerraSAR-X立体像对,本文提出采用基于RPC的平差模型,通过少量的地面控制点来拟合因传感器不稳定、平台星历数据不精确及测距误差引起的影像几何畸变,从而达到精确定向目的.为验证RPC平差模型的适用性,通过在立体成像区域均匀市设人工角反射器点的方法验证其模型精度,并评估了其三维定向平差后的精...     

机载SAR交向立体模式及定位方法研究

为了充分使用构架或受限飞行时获取的交向影像,本文对机载SAR交向立体模式及定位方法进行了研究。首先,简要比较了三种利用SAR影像提取DEM的方法,分析了机载雷达立体测量的意义。其次,研究了SAR交向立体获取方式及所获取立体影像对的特点。最后,应用两种立体定位模型,即距离-多普勒模型和多项式正射校正模型,对陕西某地1m分辨率SAR影像对进行了实验分析,取得了较好的定位精度。     

Spatial-Correlation Based Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Study for Ground Deformation

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), nowadays, is a precise technique for monitoring and detecting ground deformation at a millimetric level over large areas using multi-temporal SAR images. Persistent Scatterer Interferometric SAR (PSInSAR), an advanced version of InSAR, is an effective tool for measuring ground deformation using temporally stable reference points or persistent scatterers. We have applied both PSInSAR and Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) methods, based on the spatial correlation of interferometric phase, to estimate the ground deformation and time-series analysis. In this study, we select Las Vegas, Nevada, USA as our test area to detect the ground deformation along satellite line-of-sight (LOS) during November 1992–September 2000 using 44 C-band SAR images of the European Remote Sensing (ERS-1 and ERS-2) satellites. We observe the ground displacement rate of Las Vegas is in the range of ?19 to 8 mm/year in the same period. We also cross-compare PSInSAR and SBAS using mean LOS velocity and time-series. The comparison shows a correlation coefficient of 0.9467 in the case of mean LOS velocity. Along this study, we validate the ground deformation results from the satellite with the ground water depth of Las Vegas using time-series analysis, and the InSAR measurements show similar patterns with ground water data.     

永久散射体差分干涉测量技术中SAR影像精配准的一种新方法

提出并实现了一种基于加权最小二乘的低相干SAR像对精配准新方法。该方法借助一幅与主、辅影像相干性都较高的第三幅影像来完成低相干SAR影像对的初步配准,利用加权最小二乘法求出二者间的坐标映射函数,从而快速高效地实现低相干SAR影像对的高精度亚像元级配准。采用ERS-1/2实际数据的配准实验,验证了该方法可以提高低相干SAR像对的干涉图质量,提高二者之间的相干性和控制点的配准精度,改善低相干SAR影像对的配准效果,在一定程度上解决了PS InSAR技术中低相干SAR影像对的配准问题。     

基于参考DEM的机载InSAR定标方法

研究无人工靶标的干涉定标方法对促进机载InSAR技术在山区等复杂地形的测绘、制图等定量应用有重要的实用价值。本文提出一种新的基于参考DEM的干涉定标方法,在InSAR定标中用已知高程精度的参考DEM与待定标的InSAR系统生成的DEM进行比较,利用参考DEM模拟SAR图像,获得大量定标所需的控制点坐标来建立敏感度矩阵,并对敏感度方程的解算进行了改进,同时将干涉处理与定标过程相结合,改进了干涉处理过程,最后得到定标后的干涉参数并生成DEM,利用机载数据进行了实验验证,并分析了无人工靶标干涉定标实验结果的误差。