基于粗DEM的立体SAR像对配准

影像配准是雷达立体摄影测量技术获取数字高程模型的一个关键步骤,也是一大难点。为了能够自动而又稳健地获取高精度的立体SAR像对配准结果,文中设计一种基于粗DEM、距离多普勒SAR构像模型和基于区域逐级窗口的立体SAR像对配准方法。该方法采用距离多普勒SAR成像模型和粗DEM获取像素级的粗略配准结果。在此基础上,采用基于区域的逐级窗口配准方法获取高精度的配准结果。文中最后利用立体SAR像对进行实验研究。实验结果表明,设计的立体像对配准方法可行,其配准精度可以达到子像素级,距离向为0.3像素左右,方位向为0.1像素左右,完全能够满足雷达立体测图的要求,而且该方法还具有很好的稳健性。     

MAPPING WITH AIRCRAFT AND SATELLITE RADAR IMAGES

The history of radargrammetry spans about 35 years. It has moved from early plan position indicator (PPI) radar records of 1948 to the current (1984) space shuttle imaging radar SIR-B. We can look forward to the future 1989 European and Japanese remote sensing satellites ERS-1 and NASA's 1988 Venus Radar Mapper (VRM) mission. The mapping application requires that methods be available to deal with single images, stereoscopic pairs or blocks of image strips. The predominantly digital data format suggests that radargrammetric methods should be implemented in digital image processing systems for rectification, digital terrain elevation extraction and multi-image registration for change monitoring. This paper presents a review of current radargrammetric understanding, applications and expected developments.     

Improving Cartosat-1 DEM accuracy using synthetic stereo pair and triplet

Cartosat–1 is the first Indian Remote Sensing Satellite capable of providing along-track stereo images. Cartosat–1 provides forward stereo images with look angles +26° and −5° with respect to nadir for generating Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), Orthoimages and value added products for various applications. A pitch bias of −21° to the satellite resulted in giving reverse tilt mode stereo pair with look angles of +5° and −26° with respect to nadir. This paper compares DEMs generated using forward, reverse and other possible synthetic stereo pairs for two different types of topographies. Stereo triplet was used to generate DEM for Himalayan mountain topography to overcome the problem of occlusions.For flat to undulating topography it was shown that using Cartosat-1 synthetic stereo pair with look angles of −26° and +26° will produce improved version of DEM. Planimetric and height accuracy (Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)) of less than 2.5 m and 2.95 m respectively were obtained and qualitative analysis shows finer details in comparison with other DEMs. For rugged terrain and steep slopes of Himalayan mountain topography simple stereo pairs may not provide reliable accuracies in DEMs due to occlusions and shadows. Stereo triplet from Cartosat-1 was used to generate DEM for mountainous topography. This DEM shows better reconstruction of elevation model even at occluded region when compared with simple stereo pair based DEM. Planimetric and height accuracy (RMSE) of nearly 3 m were obtained and qualitative analysis shows reduction of outliers at occluded region.     

Exploring The Generation Of Digital Elevation Models From Same-Side Ers Sar Images: Topographic And Temporal Effects

This paper presents an attempt to explore the generation of digital elevation models (DEMs) by radargrammetry from same-side ERS-1/2 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Two ERS-1 and two ERS-2 C-band (wavelength 5·6 cm) SAR images along parallel descending orbits, acquired in 1996 and 1997, are used to form four stereopairs. The test area is western Hong Kong which is dominated by mountains/hills that are largely covered by evergreen-broadleaf trees. The stereopairs covering the same area but with different time intervals (varying from 16 days to 1·5 years) have an intersection angle of 4·5° and a relatively small overlap of 30% (30 km). In addition to the effect of topography, the effect of temporal correlation on the accuracy of the resulting DEMs is also analysed for the first time. From the experimental results obtained in this study, the following conclusions may be drawn: (a) with same-side ERS-1/2 SAR images, an accuracy of 30 to 35 m is achievable; (b) the accuracy of a resulting DEM degrades almost linearly with an increase in slope when the terrain slope is below 30°, and in the areas with slope over 30°, the accuracy of the DEM is significantly degraded and even becomes unacceptable; (c) the worst accuracy is obtained in the foreslope directions and the best accuracy is obtained in the backslope directions; (d) the time interval between two SAR images has no significant effect on the accuracy of the DEM in general; (e) the time interval between two SAR images has no significant effect on the reliability of image matching.     

Evaluation and Comparison of Multi Resolution DEM Derived Through Cartosat-1 Stereo Pair – A Case Study of Damanganga Basin

The study evaluates and compares Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data of various grid spacing derived using high resolution Cartosat 1 stereo data for hydrologic applications. DEM is essential in modeling different environmental processes which depend on surface elevation. The accuracy of derived DEM varies with grid spacing and source. The CartoDEM is the photogrammetric DEM derived from stereo pairs. Damanganga basin lying in the Western Ghats was analysed using 11 Carto stereo pairs. The process of triangulation resulted in RMSE of 0.42. DEM was extracted at 10 m, 20 m, 30 m, 40 m, 50 m and 90 m grid spacing and compared with ASTER GDEM (30 m) and SRTM DEM (90 m). DEM accuracy was checked with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) statistic for random points generated in different elevation zones. Extracted stream networks were compared based on Correctness Index and Figure of Merit index, calculated for all the Digital Elevation Models at varying cell sizes. In order to further evaluate the DEM’s, a simple flood simulation with no water movement and no consideration of real time precipitation data was carried out and relationship between heights of flood stage and inundation area for each Digital Elevation Model was also established.     

DEM Extraction in Urban Areas Using High-Resolution TerraSAR-X Imagery

Three-dimensional (3D) spatial information is crucial for improving the quality of human life through urban planning and management, and it is widely utilized due to its rapid, periodic and inexpensive acquisition. In this context, extraction of digital surface and elevation models (DSM and DEM) is a significant research topic for space-borne optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing. The DSMs include visible features on the earth’s surface such as vegetation, forest and elevated man-made objects, while DEMs contain only the bare ground. In this paper, using TerraSAR-X (TSX) high resolution Spotlight (HS) images, high-resolution interferometric DEM generation in a part of Istanbul urban area is aimed. This is not an easy task because of SAR imaging problems in complex geometry of urban settlements. The interferometric processing steps for DSM generation were discussed including critical parameters and thresholds to improve the quality of the final product and a 3 m gridded DSM was generated. The DSM-DEM conversion was performed by filtering and the quality of generated DEM was verified against a reference DEM from stereo photogrammetry with 3 m original grid spacing. The achieved root mean square error of height differences (RMSZ) varies from 7.09 to 8.11 m, depending on the terrain slope. The differential DEM, illustrates the height differences between generated DEM and the reference DEM, was generated to show the correlation between height differences and the coherence map. Finally, a perspective view of test area was created draping extracted DEM and a high-resolution IKONOS panchromatic image.     

机载SAR交向立体模式及定位方法研究

为了充分使用构架或受限飞行时获取的交向影像,本文对机载SAR交向立体模式及定位方法进行了研究。首先,简要比较了三种利用SAR影像提取DEM的方法,分析了机载雷达立体测量的意义。其次,研究了SAR交向立体获取方式及所获取立体影像对的特点。最后,应用两种立体定位模型,即距离-多普勒模型和多项式正射校正模型,对陕西某地1m分辨率SAR影像对进行了实验分析,取得了较好的定位精度。     

基于RPC的TerraSAR-X影像立体定向平差模型

针对新型高分辨率雷达卫星TerraSAR-X立体像对,本文提出采用基于RPC的平差模型,通过少量的地面控制点来拟合因传感器不稳定、平台星历数据不精确及测距误差引起的影像几何畸变,从而达到精确定向目的.为验证RPC平差模型的适用性,通过在立体成像区域均匀市设人工角反射器点的方法验证其模型精度,并评估了其三维定向平差后的精...     

嫦娥三号导航相机测图能力分析及地形重建

基于立体相机成像模型并结合相机参数对嫦娥三号导航相机3维测图能力进行分析,利用摄影测量原理和误差传播定律对巡视器30 m范围内的DEM精度进行了理论分析,推导出导航相机立体影像获得的采样点精度公式,并绘制了DEM的平面精度图和高程精度图;同时使用多线程技术开发了基于导航相机立体影像的地形快速重建算法,利用多线程技术完成影像的特征匹配和密集匹配,并通过分块内插生成DEM。该技术应用于嫦娥三号任务中,有力地支持了嫦娥三号遥操作路径规划相关任务。     

Evaluation of digital elevation models for delineation of hydrological response units in a Himalayan watershed

This study reports results from evaluation of the quality of digital elevation model (DEM) from four sources viz. topographic map (1:50,000), Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) (90 m), optical stereo pair from ASTER (15 m) and CARTOSAT (2.5 m) and their use in derivation of hydrological response units (HRUs) in Sitla Rao watershed (North India). The HRUs were derived using water storage capacity and slope to produce surface runoff zones. The DEMs were evaluated on elevation accuracy and representation of morphometric features. The DEM derived from optical stereo pairs (ASTER and CARTOSAT) provided higher vertical accuracies than the SRTM and topographic map-based DEM. The SRTM with a coarse resolution of 90 m provided vertical accuracy but better morphometry compared to topographic map. The HRU maps derived from the fine resolution DEM (ASTER and CARTOSAT) were more detailed but did not provide much advantage for hydrological studies at the scale of Sitla Rao watershed (5800 ha).     

Validation of Indian National DEM from Cartosat-1 Data

CartoDEM is an Indian National DEM generated from Cartosat-1 stereo data. Cartosat-1, launched in May, 2005, is an along track (aft ?5°, Fore +26°) stereo with 2.5 m GSD, give base-height ratio of 0.63 with 27 km swath. The operational procedure of DEM generation comprises stereo strip triangulation of 500?×?27 km segment with 10 m posting along with 2.5 m resolution ortho image and free—access posting of 30 m has been made available (bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in). A multi approach evaluation of CartoDEM comprising (a) absolute accuracy with respect to ground control points for two sites namely Jagatsinghpur -flat and Dharamshala- hilly; second site i.e. Alwar-plain and hilly with high resolution aerial DEM, (b) relative difference between SRTM and ASTERDEM (c) absolute accuracy with ICESat GLAS for two sites namely Jagatsinghpur-plain and Netravathi river, Western Ghats-hilly (d) relative comparison of drainage delineation with respect to ASTERDEM is reported here. The absolute height accuracy in flat terrain was 4.7 m with horizontal accuracy of 7.3 m, while in hilly terrain it was 7 m height with a horizontal accuracy of 14 m. While comparison with ICESat GLAS data absolute height difference of plain and hilly was 5.2 m and 7.9 m respectively. When compared to SRTM over Indian landmass, 90 % of pixels reported were within ±8 m difference. The drainage delineation shows better accuracy and clear demarcation of catchment ridgeline and more reliable flow-path prediction in comparison with ASTER. The results qualify Indian DEM for using it operationally which is equivalent and better than the other publicly available DEMs like SRTM and ASTERDEM.     

Topographic correction of ALOS-PALSAR images using InSAR-derived DEM

Topographic corrections of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images over hilly regions are vital for retrieval of correct backscatter values associated with natural targets. The coarse resolution external digital elevation models (DEM) available for topographic corrections of high resolution SAR images often result into degradation of spatial resolution or improper estimation of backscatter values in SAR images. Also, many a times the external DEMs do not spatially co-register well with the SAR data. The present study showcases the methodology and results of topographic correction of ALOS-PALSAR image using high resolution DEM generated from the same data. High resolution DEMs of Jaipur region, India were generated using multiple pair SAR images acquired from ALOS-PALSAR using interferometric (InSAR) techniques. The DEMs were validated using differential global positioning system measured elevation values as ground control points and were compared with photogrammetric DEM (advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer – ASTER) and SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) DEM. It was observed that ALOS-PALSAR images with optimum baseline parameters produced high resolution DEM with better height accuracy. Finally, the validated DEM was used for topographic correction of ALOS-PALSAR images of the same region and were found to produce better result as compared with ASTER and SRTM-DEM.     

利用TanDEM-X生成DEM的精度评定

目前,许多学者对TanDEM-X生成DEM开展了一些研究,其研究成果也显示了TanDEM-X生成高精度DEM的可行性。为了验证TanDEM-X/TerraSAR-X干涉生成的DEM能否满足测图要求,需要对其进行精度评价和分析。相对于C波段的ERS、ASAR和L波段的ALOS,X波段的高分辨率TerraSAR影像干涉条纹更密集,解缠更加困难。针对这一问题,本文设计了一种低分辨率SRTM辅助高分辨率的X波段的TerraSAR干涉相位解缠方案,提高了解缠的效率和精度。同时,本文提出了一种基于协方差函数的方法对TDX/TSX DEM进行精度分析和评价。该方法通过对各个距离上的协方差值进行拟合,消除了高程误差异常对InSAR DEM精度评价的影响,可以更加客观真实地反映DEM的精度。实例分析结果表明：采用协方差函数方法来评价DEM的精度是可行的,对于试验研究区域,TDX/TSX干涉生成的DEM总体精度为1.42 m,能够满足1：10 000测图要求,为我国空白地区的测图提供了有利条件。     

Reclamative grouping of ravines using Cartosat-1 PAN stereo data

Information on the depth and bed width of ravines (network of gullies) at large scales is critical for their reclamation and management. Hitherto such information has been generated from aerial photographs and space borne stereo images with medium to coarse ‘z’ – axis resolution. The present study, aims at demonstrating the potential of Cartosat ?1 (an Indian Earth observations satellite) stereo images with 2.5 m spatial resolution in deriving morphometric information on ravines for their reclamative grouping. The study area is a part of Jhansi and Hamirpur districts of Uttar Pradesh, northern India. The approach involves acquiring precise ground control points using Differential GPS (DGPS), triangulation, DEM extraction and generation of ortho image as well as anaglyphs for stereo viewing. The depth and bed width of ravines were measured in the field for validation. A comparison with field observations reveal that the bed width of ravines and depth can be measured successfully with Carto-1 stereo data. The anaglyph data was used to delineate various categories of ravines based on their depth and bed width. Results indicate that the Cartosat-1 stereo images are quite suitable for delineation of three categories of ravines, namely shallow (<3 m deep and <18 m bed width), medium deep (3–9 m deep and >18 m bed width) and deep (>9 m deep) which are important for their reclamation.     

ENVISAT/ASAR多角度干涉雷达数据山区DEM生成及精度分析

在地形起伏较大的山区用干涉SAR生成DEM时,合适的入射角是获取高精度DEM的重要参数之一.本文基于ENVISAT/ASAR多角度干涉雷达数据,SRTM 90米分辨率的DEM以及1:5万的数字化DEM数据,从定性和定量的角度比较和分析了干涉SAR在获取山区DEM时,入射角对DEM精度的具体影响.结果表明:对于ASAR的多入射角干涉雷达数据,在不同入射角条件下由于雷达叠掩和透视收缩的影响,获取的DEM精度差别很大,入射角带来的影响相当显著,比如IS2和IS4角度得到的DEM的精度差超过了6米.因此,在山区干涉SAR地形成图时,必须对入射角的大小进行严格的选择.     

Application of digital elevation model and orthoimages derived from IRS-1C pan stereo data in monitoring variations in glacial dimensions

An attempt has been made to study variations in the glacier extent over a period of time using digital elevation model (DEM) and orthoimages derived from IRS-1C PAN stereo pairs of 1997–98 and topographical map surveyed during 1962–63. DEM and orthoimages have been generated using integrated software developed for processing of IRSIC/ID panchromatic stereo data using the softcopy photogrammetric workstation. Case studies of two glaciers, i.e. the Janapa garang and Shaune garang glaciers of the Basapa basin, a sub-basin of Satluj River in India, have been presented here. Generation of DEM has been followed by the estimation of its accuracy. PAN images were interpreted for identification of the snout of the glaciers. The geographical locations of the snouts on the images were compared with the location as mapped on the topographical map of the study area. To verify satellite observations, field investigations were carried out at Shaune garang glacier area. The Janapa garang and the Shaune garang are observed to have retreat of 596m and 923 m respectively. Reduction in the thickness of ice in the deglaciated part of the Shaune garang glacier was estimated on the basis of change in the elevations of the glacial surface from 1963 to 1998.     

DEM约束的卫星影像定位法

作为"云控制"摄影测量理论和方法的发展,研究了DEM约束的立体卫星影像区域网平差方法。与DEM仅作为高程控制信息使用,或者是通过DEM表面匹配实现绝对定向的间接定位方法不同,DEM作为平高控制信息被直接引入至基于RFM模型的卫星影像区域网平差之中。本文方法将连接点地面高程与DEM格网内插高程之差作为虚拟观测值构建约束方程,不仅利用了DEM高程信息,并且利用了其地形曲面包含的平面信息,以"云控制"方式在区域网平差过程中有效消除卫星影像RPC参数中包含的整体偏移及区域网内部的扭曲变形,实现了无地面控制点条件下卫星影像平面及高程绝对定位精度的大幅提升。使用覆盖山东全境的330景天绘一号立体卫星影像进行试验,分别以AW3D30、ASTER GDEM和SRTM GL3共3种开源DEM作为控制信息,并使用100个外业实测控制点进行精度评测。试验表明,以DEM作为控制可显著提高区域网平差的平面与高程精度,卫星影像绝对定位精度与DEM自身精度有关。当使用AW3D30作为控制时,可以取得与使用100个外业控制点平差同等精度,平面中误差为5.0 m(约1像素),高程中误差为2.9 m。试验结果证明了DEM替代外业控制点作为平差控制信息的有效性与可行性。     

使用ERS-1/2干涉测量SAR数据生成DEM

干涉合成孔径雷达（ＩＮＳＡＲ）数据已被证明能生产精确的数据高程模型（ＤＥＭ），我们已开发了从单视ＳＡＲ复影像数据自动生成数字高程模型的新软件，基于ＳＡＲ多视强度影像的最小二乘曩像匹配被用于复影像对的配准，达到很高的配准精度（０．０１～０．０５像元精度）。一种新的计算目标点３维坐标（Ｘ，Ｙ，Ｚ）的方程还被提出，卫星轨道，姿态和基线参数以及相位常数被纳入在方程中并被表示了时间的线性函数，利用至少６个地面控制点能够同时估算这些参数，本文还给出了意大利埃特地区ＥＲＳ－１／２ＳＡＲ数据处理结果。     

About the International GIS Workshop on Antarctic King George Island

Digital Elevation Models (DEM) of a hilly–valley region are prepared using stereo images of Cartosat-1 and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) images. The procedure of ortho-image generation from Cartosat-1 stereo images and the estimation of ground features from ortho-image are elaborated in the paper. Comparison of DEMs prepared from both images is discussed in terms of the quality of ground features detection, hydrological applications and geometrical calculations. It is found that DEM prepared from Cartosat-1 images are more accurate in the valley region and hence it is better suited for hydrological applications. On the contrary, for hilly region, SRTM images produce better DEM. However, if ground control points and Rational Polynomial Coefficients can be obtained in the hilly region, more accurate DEM can be prepared using Cartosat-1 stereo images.