胶州湾女姑口潮间带大型底栖动物群落生态学研究

根据2003年8月至2004年5月间夏、秋、冬、春4个季度月,对位于胶州湾内女姑口潮间带的高潮带、中潮带和低潮带所设的3个站进行的大型底栖动物生态调查并分析所获得的资料,采用Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)、物种丰富度指数(D)和物种均匀度指数(J)以及Jaccard的群落种类相似性指数Ja分析该潮间带不同潮区大型底栖动物的物种多样性和群落种类组成的相似程度。结果表明,本次调查共采到大型底栖动物57种,其中软体动物24种,占42.11%;甲壳动物和多毛类各15种,占26.32%;鱼类2种,占3.51%;螠虫1种;女姑口潮间带高、中和低潮区生物种类和生物组成均差别较大,两两群落相似性系数也比较低;3个多样性指数H′,D,J的值大小顺序为低潮区>中潮区>高潮区;女姑口潮间带物种多样性指数季节性变化明显,H′和J为春季最高、冬季最低;D为秋季最高、春季最低。     

山东半岛宁津沿岸潮间带大型底栖动物生态学研究

根据2009年11月至2010年8月4个季度(秋、冬、春、夏)对宁津沿岸潮间带2个断面的高潮带(SC1H与SC2H)、中潮带(SC1M与SC2M)和低潮带(SC1L与SC2L)所设6个站位的大型底栖动物生态调查资料,采用种属组成、优势度指数、物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度度指数等方法,分析了调查区域内大型底栖动物的生态特征和季节变化。结果表明:宁津沿岸潮间带共采集到大型底栖动物45种,其中甲壳动物为优势类群,共计20种;软体动物14种,环节动物多毛类9种,其他类动物2种。优势种组成方面,甲壳动物钩虾类是4个季度的绝对优势种。调查区域大型底栖动物的年平均生物量为45.09 g/m2;最高生物量出现在秋季,最低出现在春季;空间分布上,除春季外其他三个季度的生物量变化趋势均为中潮带低潮带高潮带。年平均丰度为182.67个/m2;最高丰度出现在夏季,最低出现在冬季。宁津沿岸潮间带大型底栖动物的年平均物种多样性指数H′为1.09,季节变化趋势为冬季秋季夏季春季,空间分布趋势为低潮带中潮带高潮带。与邻近潮间带文献资料相比,调查区域的大型底栖动物在物种数量、生物量和丰度、物种多样性方面均处于低值水平。     

北黄海獐子岛附近海域大型底栖动物数量分布和季节变化

根据2009年8月至2010年6月4个季度月(夏、秋、冬、春季),对位于北黄海獐子岛附近海域所设的13个站进行的大型底栖动物生态调查所获得的资料,对该海域大型底栖动物的种数、密度和生物量的组成及季节变化进行分析研究,采用Shannon-Wiener指数(H’)、物种丰富度指数(D)和物种均匀度指数(J)分析该该海域大型底栖动物的物种多样性;并研究了该海域的次级生产力和P/B值的空间分布和季节变化。结果表明,北黄海獐子岛附近海域大型底栖动物全年总种数、年平均栖息密度和年平均生物量分别为211种、699.415个/m2和98.927 g/m2。各季度的种数(S)、平均密度D (个/m2)和平均生物量B (g/m2)的季节变化分别为: S春季(121)＞S秋季(118)＞S冬季(89)＞S夏季(87),D春季(794.58)＞D秋季(766.92)＞D夏季(674.62)＞D冬季(561.54),B春季(180.271)＞B夏季(107.121)＞B秋季(70.824)＞B冬季(37.493)。全年物种多样性指数H’值、物种丰富度指数D值和物种均匀度指数J值分别为2.976、4.135和0.707,该海域大型底栖动物的夏季、秋季和春节平均密度季节变化不明显,但冬季明显较少。而平均生物量和种数的季节变化比较明显,春季较高,冬季较低。该海域的平均次级生产力为15.335g(AFDW)/(m2.a),相对较高。P/B值的平均值为1.239。     

山东半岛镆铘岛潮间带大型底栖动物群落特征

于2007年1月至2007年10月间冬、春、夏、秋4个季度月,对位于山东荣成的镆铘岛潮间带的高潮带、中潮带和低潮带进行大型底栖动物生态调查,根据所获得的样品,对该潮间带不同潮区大型底栖动物的种类组成、平均密度、平均生物量及物种多样性进行了分析.本次调查共采到大型底栖动物92种,其中多毛类环节动物11科22种,软体动物17科28种,甲壳动物18科33种,棘皮动物2科2种,扁形动物1种,腔肠动物2种,鱼类3种;平均栖息密度为329.67个/m2,软体动物贡献最大,其次为甲壳动物;平均生物量为81.74 g/m2,软体动物贡献最大,其次为多毛类环节动物.镆铘岛潮间带多样性指数H'垂直变化规律为高潮带>中潮带>低潮带,季节变化规律为秋季>春季>冬季>夏季.     

胶州湾红石崖潮间带大型底栖动物群落生态学研究

根据2003年8月至2004年5月(夏、秋、冬、春季)4个季度月,对位于胶州湾内红石崖潮间带的高潮带(H1站)、中潮带(H2站)、和低潮带(H3站)所设的3个站进行了综合生态调查并分析所获的资料。结果表明,红石崖潮间带大型底栖动物的总平均栖息密度、总平均生物量和总种数分别为718.67个/m2、123.21g/m2和62种。平均密度、平均生物量和种数在高潮带分别是1765.5个/m2、342.53g/m2和12种;中潮带分别是248个/m2、11.31g/m2和35种;低潮带分别是142.5个/m2、15.74g/m2和44种。3个潮带的平均密度(D):大小顺序为DH1>DH2>DH3,平均生物量(B):BH1>BH3>BH2;种数(S):SH3>SH2>SH1。定性采集在3个潮区共采到大型底栖动物44种,其中有27种在定量采集中没采到,3个潮带共采到大型底栖动物89种。     

烟台月亮湾岩岸潮间带底栖海藻群落结构的季节变化

月亮湾岩岸潮间带底栖海藻群落的种类组成存在显著的季节差异 ,春季群落的种类最丰富 (2 7种 ) ,其次为秋季群落 (2 6种 ) ,夏季和冬季较少 (2 2和 2 1种 ) ,4个季节群落的共有种仅为 7种。各季节群落中均以红藻的种类最丰富 ,褐藻次之 ,绿藻最少。在 4个季节群落中生物量的变化如下 :夏季 >秋季 >冬季 >春季。绿藻和褐藻类群主要为暖温性种类 ,而红藻类群比较复杂 ,即有暖温带性的、温带和暖水性种类 ,也有寒温带的冷水性种类。4个季节群落的物种优势度序列存在明显的差异 ,海黍子在春季和冬季为群落的第 1优势种 ,而孔石莼在夏季和秋季为第 1优势种。不同季节群落多样性指数变化如下 :物种丰富度指数 ,春季 >秋季 >冬季 >夏季 ;物种多样性指数 ,秋季 >夏季 >春季>冬季 ;均匀度指数 ,春季 >夏季 >冬季 >秋季     

浙南潮间带大型底栖藻类时空分布及多样性研究

在浙南地区布设10条断面开展春秋航次潮间带大型底栖藻类调查, 重点对大型底栖藻类的时空分布及多样性进行研究.共鉴定出大型底栖藻类61种, 其中包括绿藻门8种, 褐藻门16种, 红藻门36种, 蓝藻门1种, 区系特征明显, 大型底栖藻类的季节演替也非常明显, 春季的物种数(53种)明显高于秋季(25种), 而两个季节都出现的物种只有17种.浙南大型底栖藻类平均生物量为540.16g·m-2, 春季(722.18g·m-2)明显高于秋季(358.14g·m-2);从垂直分布来看, 秋季与春季各断面生物量也并不相同, 秋季低潮区739.45g·m-2>中潮区334.95g·m-2>高潮区0g·m-2;春季中潮区1 943.30g·m-2>低潮区965.03 g·m-2>高潮区290.41g·m-2.从物种优势度可以看出, 两个季节的主要优势种有相同之处, 但它们在群落的功能地位上随着季节有着较大的变化, 如春季鼠尾藻Sargassum thunbergii (Mert.) O. Kuntze是第1优势种, 而秋季却成第2优势种.Shannon-Winner指数(H')、Margalef 物种丰富度指数(d)和Pielou均匀度指数(J') 的平均值秋季分别为1.38±0.66、0.70±0.38、0.93±0.41,春季分别为1.65±1.09、1.07±0.63、0.80±0.38.各断面多样性相差较大, 这与浙南各断面的大型底栖藻类的稳定和复杂性有很大关系, 这一点从群落结构聚类分析也得到验证.     

北黄海獐子岛附近海域大型底栖动物数量分布和季节变化

根据2009年8月~2010年6月4个季度月对位于北黄海獐子岛附近海域所设的13个站进行大型底栖动物生态调查所获得的资料,对该海域大型底栖动物的种数、密度和生物量的组成及季节变化进行分析研究,采用Shannon-Wiener指数(H￠)、物种丰富度指数(D)和物种均匀度指数(J)分析该海域大型底栖动物的物种多样性,并研究该海域的次级生产力、P/B值的空间分布和季节变化。结果表明,北黄海獐子岛附近海域大型底栖动物全年总种数有211种、年平均栖息密度为699.415个/m~2,年平均生物量为98.927g/m~2。各季度的种数(S)、平均密度D(个/m~2)和平均生物量B(g/m~2)的季节变化分别为S_(春季(121))S_(秋季(118))S_(冬季(89))S_(夏季(87)),D_(春季(794.58))D_(秋季(766.92))D_(夏季(674.62))D_(冬季(561.54)),B_(春季(180.271))B_(夏季(107.121))B_(秋季(70.824))B_(冬季(37.493))。全年物种多样性指数H′值、物种丰富度指数D值和物种均匀度指数J值分别为2.976、4.135和0.707。该海域大型底栖动物夏季、秋季和春季的平均密度变化不明显,但冬季明显较少,而平均生物量和种数的季节变化比较明显,春季较高,冬季较低。该海域的平均次级生产力为15.335g(AFDW)/(m~2·a),相对较高。P/B值的平均值为1.239。     

舟山东极岛潮间带贝类生态学初步研究

为了解东极岛潮间带贝类生态状况,为浙江海洋生态系统基本群落结构提供基础资料,于2010年4月至2011年4月的大潮期间,在舟山东极岛潮间带采集贝类,调查了解贝类的种类组成、数量分布、生态特点、多样性情况。研究分析发现,东极岛潮间带贝类33种,隶属3纲7目20科。根据温度适应性质分,东极岛潮间带贝类属于3个类群：广温广布种15种,占45.5%;温带种4种,占12.1%;亚热带种14种,占42.4%。东极岛潮间带贝类四季平均生物量为1541.8 g/m2,由高潮带向低潮带呈递增趋势;四季平均栖息密度为925.2个/m2,以中潮带最高,向高潮带和低潮带递减。季节变化中生物量由大到小依次为夏季、春季、冬季、秋季,栖息密度由大到小依次为夏季、秋季、冬季、春季。多样性指数(H′)为0.9~3.0,均匀度指数(J)为0.2~0.8。结果表明东极岛种类丰富,生物量和栖息密度较高,说明东极岛地理环境较好,适宜贝类生存;物种分布均匀,生态环境稳定。     

北麂列岛岩相潮间带无脊椎动物的群落结构

利用 1 997年 7月～ 1 998年 4月在北麂列岛壳菜岙北侧岩礁、海利南岙岙口岩礁、关帝山岩礁及大筲箕屿岩礁 4个断面所采集的样品 ,对北麂列岛岩相潮间带无脊椎动物的群落类型及结构进行了研究。采用 Shannon- Wiener多样性指数 (H′)、Pielous均匀度 (J)、Margalef丰度 (d)、 Mc Naunghton优势度 (D) 4个测定群落种类多样性的指标及 Whittaker群落相似性指数公式进行数值分析 ,结果表明 :该群落属于典型的外海高盐性生物群落。水平变化 ,H′、J及 d值以大筲箕屿岩礁处为最大 ,D值以关帝山岩礁处为最大 ;垂直变化 ,H′、J及 d值为低潮区 >中潮区 >高潮区 ,D值为高潮区 >中潮区 >低潮区 ;季节变化 ,H′和 J值以春季最高、秋季最低 ,d值以夏季最高、冬季最低 ,D值以秋季最高、春季最低。 4个断面群落种类的相似程度较为接近 ,根据相似性指数 I的值 ,可将其划分为开敞性群落组和极开敞性群落组 ,其中壳菜岙北侧岩礁、海利南岙岙口岩礁和大筲箕屿岩礁为开敞性群落组 ,关帝山岩礁为极开敞性群落组     

中国鱼类名录Ⅻ--鳚亚目、(鱼衔)亚目、喉盘鱼亚目、鰕虎鱼亚目、微体鱼亚目、刺尾鱼亚目、带鱼亚目、鲭亚目、鲳亚目、金枪鱼亚目、攀鲈亚目、刺鳅亚目

鳚亚目 4 科 33 属 95 种，鰕虎鱼亚目 5 科 98 属 259 种，刺尾鱼亚目 5 科 11 属 65 种，鲈形目 19亚目 104 科 535 属 1799 种。     

Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day^?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l^?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.     

The distribution of Mn,Fe, Cu,Ni, Co,Ga, Cr,V, Ba,Sr, Sn,Zn, and Pb,in some soil-sized particulates from the lower troposphere over the world ocean

Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction.     

Submerged vegetation of Lakes Sumner,Marion, Katrine,Taylor, and Sheppard in Canterbury,New Zealand

The submerged vegetation of Lakes Sumner, Marion, Katrine, Taylor, and Sheppard was surveyed in May 1987. These high‐altitude lakes lie at c. 600 m a.s.l., within the largely unmodified upper Hurunui catchment. Submerged vegetation was diverse and included numerous short shallow‐water species, dense swards of Isoetes alpinus, low covers of taller native vascular plants, and charophyte meadows beyond the depth limit of vascular plants to a maximum of 15 m. A sparse deepwater bryophyte community was observed from 11 to 32 m depth in Lake Sumner. Displacement of native vegetation by dense growths of the adventive oxygen weed Elodea canadensis over mid‐depths of 3–6 m was noted in all lakes, except Lake Marion.     

The behavior of Zn,Cd, Cu,Ni, Co,Fe, and Mn in anoxic baltic waters

In June 1981, dissolved Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn were determined from two detailed profiles in anoxic Baltic waters (with extra data for Fe and Mn from August 1979). Dramatic changes across the O₂H₂S interface occur in the abundances of Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn (by factors of ?100). The concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Ni at the redox front decrease by factors between 3 to 5.Equilibrium calculations are presented for varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and compared with the field data. The study strongly supports the assumption that the solubility of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni is greatly enhanced and controlled by the formation of bisulfide and(or) polysulfide complexes. Differences between predicted and measured concentrations of these elements are mainly evident at lower ΣH₂S concentrations.Cobalt proved to be very mobile in anoxic regions, and the results indicate that the concentrations are limited by CoS precipitation. The iron (Fe²⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) distribution in sulfide-containing waters is controlled by total flux from sediment-water interfaces rather than by equilibrium concentrations of their solid phases (FeS and MnCO₃). The concentrations of these metals are therefore expected to increase with prolonged stagnation periods in the basin.     

Identification,characterization, and statistical analysis of mudstone aggregate clasts,Cretaceous Carlile Formation,Central Alberta,Canada

While clastic mudstones and shale were traditionally interpreted to have been deposited in quiet water settings, recent flume experiments and studies have shown that mud can be transported in and deposited by traction currents as migrating ripples of mud aggregates. Despite these recent advances, mud aggregates have rarely been adequately described in the rock record.These mud aggregates and the sedimentary structures they form in mudstone successions are difficult to observe in the rock record due to compaction, which often obliterates the aggregates and flattens bedforms. This paper documents unambiguously identifiable sand sized mudstone aggregates in thin sections and SEM, transported in traction, and deposited in a series of prograding clinothems. These aggregates were sufficiently indurated to locally preserve shelter porosity, significantly improving the hydrocarbon reservoir properties.Grain size analysis of the aggregates was performed on thin sections, as well as disaggregated samples measured by a laser diffraction grain size analyzer for comparison. These analyses showed that sand sized aggregates often comprise more than half of the sediment volume. While the clay-rich composition of the Carlile Formation would suggest that it is a mudstone, statistical analysis of these grain size measurements show that it could alternatively be described as a silty sandstone. These findings potentially change how we think about mudstone classification, fine-grained sedimentation, and mudstone dominated petroleum reservoirs.     

Cross-Calibration and Long-Term Monitoring of the Microwave Radiometers of ERS, TOPEX, GFO, Jason, and Envisat

The radiometers on board the satellites ERS-1, TOPEX/Poseidon, ERS-2, GFO, Jason-1, and Envisat measure brightness temperatures at two or three different frequencies to determine the total columnal water vapor content and wet tropospheric path delay, a major correction to the altimeter range measurements. In order to asses the long-term stability of the path delay, the radiometers are calibrated against vicarious cold and hot references, against each other, and against several atmospheric models. Four of these radiometers exhibit significant drifts in at least one of the channels, resulting in yet unmodeled errors in path delay of up to 1 mm/year, thus limiting the accuracy at which global sea level rise can be inferred from the altimeter range measurements.     

Destruction of Atmospheric Ozone in Ox,HOx, NOx,ClOx, BrOx,and IOx Catalytic Cycles

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Data on the relative contribution of the Ox, HOx, NOx, ClOx, BrOx, and IOx catalytic cycles to atmospheric ozone destruction are given for June and...     

Cross-Calibration and Long-Term Monitoring of the Microwave Radiometers of ERS,TOPEX, GFO,Jason, and Envisat

The radiometers on board the satellites ERS-1, TOPEX/Poseidon, ERS-2, GFO, Jason-1, and Envisat measure brightness temperatures at two or three different frequencies to determine the total columnal water vapor content and wet tropospheric path delay, a major correction to the altimeter range measurements. In order to asses the long-term stability of the path delay, the radiometers are calibrated against vicarious cold and hot references, against each other, and against several atmospheric models. Four of these radiometers exhibit significant drifts in at least one of the channels, resulting in yet unmodeled errors in path delay of up to 1 mm/year, thus limiting the accuracy at which global sea level rise can be inferred from the altimeter range measurements.