Operational Evaluation of the Quantitative Precipitation Estimation by a CINRAD-SA Dual Polarization Radar System

In this paper, the quantitative precipitation estimation based on hydrometeor classification (HCA-QPE) algorithm was proposed for the first operational S band dual-polarization radar promoted by the CINRAD/SA radar of China. The HCA-QPE algorithm, the localized Colorado State University-Hydrometeor Identification of Rainfall (CSU-HIDRO) and Joint Polarization Experiment (JPOLE) algorithms, and the dynamic Z-R relationships based on variational correction QPE (DRVC-QPE) algorithm were evaluated with the rainfall events from March 1 to October 30, 2017 in the Guangdong Province. The results indicated that even though the HCA-QPE algorithm did not use the observed rainfall data for correction, its estimation accuracy was better than that of the DRVC-QPE algorithm when the rainfall rate was greater than 5mm h^(-1); and the stronger the rainfall intensity, the greater the QPE improvement. And the HCA-QPE algorithm worked better than the localized CSU-HIDRO and JPOLE algorithms. This study preliminarily verified the improved accuracy of QPE by a dual-polarization radar system modified from CINRAD-SA radar.     

双线偏振多普勒雷达及其探测技术的应用

介绍了双线偏振多普勒天气雷达的基本原理和双偏振参量。阐述了几种较常使用的估测降水强度的算法,并分析了不同算法之间的差异。讨论了利用双线偏振雷达观测资料识别冰雹区的方法,其中,基于模糊逻辑技术的冰雹识别模式,不仅可以反映出实际的冰雹区位置,而且还可以对其分类。     

2021年郑州“7·20”极端暴雨雨滴谱特征及其对雷达定量降水估测的影响

利用雨滴谱仪观测的雨滴谱数据,分析了2021年7月20日郑州极端暴雨的雨滴谱特征,并结合双偏振雷达观测,分析了不同定量降水估测（QPE）方法在此次极端暴雨过程中的性能。结果表明,在此次极端暴雨过程的最强降水时段,雨滴谱表现为很高的粒子数浓度和很大的粒子平均直径;而整个降水过程雨滴谱的截距参数与我国其它地区雨滴谱特征差异不明显,但质量加权平均直径大于其他地区的雨滴谱;在降水最强的2021年7月20日08:00～09:00（协调世界时,下同）前后,雨滴谱的特征发生了显著变化,首先是质量加权平均直径迅速增长,随后粒子数浓度也陡增,从而导致降水率的迅速增强。使用郑州双偏振雷达数据,基于各种QPE方法和参数计算得到了08:00～09:00的雷达反演降水量,并与雨量计观测结果比较。结果表明对于基于反射率的QPE关系（R(Z_H)）,如果不提高或者去除反射率上限进行QPE,会导致降水严重低估,且该方法对参数的准确性较为依赖;基于差传播相移率的QPE关系（R(K_dp)）对雨滴谱差异性敏感度相对较低,其性能主要依赖于差传播相移率的准确性;最优的R(K_dp)关系反演效果比R(Z_H)更好,能达到实际降水量的70%以上。     

Application of X-band Polarimetric Phased-array Radars in Quantitative Precipitation Estimation

The performance of different quantitative precipitation estimation(QPE) relationships is examined using the polarimetric variables from the X-band polarimetric phased-array radars in Guangzhou,China.Three QPE approaches,namely,R(Z_H),R(Z_H,Z_DR) and R(K_DP),are developed for horizontal reflectivity,differential reflectivity and specific phase shift rate,respectively.The estimation parameters are determined by fitting the relationships to the observed radar...     

深圳S波段与X波段双偏振雷达在定量降水估计中的应用

双偏振多普勒天气雷达的一个重要应用是进行定量降水估计（QPE）,它可以获得反射率（Z_H）、差分反射率（Z_DR）和差传播相移率（K_dp）这些与降水粒子有关的信息,常用的双偏振雷达降水估计方法有基于Z_H的R（Z_H）、基于Z_H和Z_DR的R（Z_H,Z_DR）、基于K_dp的R（K_dp）和基于K_dp与Z_DR的R（K_dp,Z_DR）这4种。文中利用深圳市S波段和X波段双偏振多普勒雷达探测资料,结合高精度地形数据和雨滴谱仪观测数据,设计了基于双偏振量的定量降水估计方法:首先利用地形数据和雷达地理信息,分析了雷达的遮挡状况,形成了这两部雷达的复合平面扫描仰角信息;随后利用雨滴谱仪观测资料,使用T矩阵方法统计得到了深圳地区的上述4种降水反演方法的参数;最后设计了混合降水反演方法,基于双偏振信号（即K_dp和Z_DR）的强弱,使用不同的降水反演方法进行定量降水估计。基于12个降水个例,利用各反演方法产生的定量降水估计结果与雨量计观测资料比较。结果表明,混合降水反演方法在降水反演的准确度和稳定性上均优于任何一种单一定量降水估计反演方法。基于文中介绍的定量降水估计方法,使用深圳S波段和X波段雷达产生了定量降水估计产品,并与深圳目前业务定量降水估计产品进行对比评估。结果表明,使用本方法产生的定量降水估计产品在准确度和稳定性上要优于目前的业务产品。此外,X波段雷达的定量降水估计产品性能要略高于S波段雷达的定量降水估计产品,这说明高时、空分辨率的X波段雷达可以提高定量降水估计精度。但由于雷达扫描平面内双偏振雷达对融化层和冰区的偏振量观测与降水的关系尚未明确,因此,本方法仅适用于雷达扫描平面内液态降水区。      

Rapid-Scan and Polarimetric Phased-Array Radar Observations of a Tornado in the Pearl River Estuary

The strong destructive winds during tornadoes can greatly threaten human life and destroy property. The increasing availability of visual and remote observations, especially by Doppler weather radars, is of great value in understanding tornado formation and issuing warnings to the public. In this study, we present the first documented tornado over water detected by a state-of-the-art dual-polarization phased-array radar (dual-PAR) in China. In contrast to new-generation weather radars, the dual-PAR shows great advantages in tornado detection for its high spatial resolution, reliable polarimetric variables, and rapid-scan strategy. The polarimetric signature of copolar cross-correlation coefficient with anomalously low magnitude appears to be effective for verifying a tornado and thus is helpful for issuing tornado warnings. The Guangdong Meteorological Service has been developing an experimental X-band dual-PAR network in the Pearl River Delta with the goal of deploying at least 40 advanced dual-PARs and other dual-polarization weather radars before 2035. This network is the first quasi-operational X-band dual-PAR network with unprecedented high coverage in the globe. With such high-performance close-range PARs, efficient operational nowcasting and warning services for small-scale, rapidly evolving, and damaging weather (e.g., tornadoes, localized heavy rainfall, microbursts, and hail) can be expected.     

Kinematics and Microphysical Characteristics of the First Intense Rainfall Convective Storm Observed by Jiangsu Polarimetric Radar Network

The polarimetric radar network in Jiangsu Province has just been operationalized since 2020. The first intense precipitation event observed by this polarimetric radar network and disdrometer occurred during August 28-29, 2020 and caused severe flooding and serious damage in eastern Jiangsu Province. The microphysics and kinetics for this heavy precipitation convective storm is diagnosed in this study, in order to promote the application of this polarimetric radar network. Drop size distribution (DSD) of this event is estimated from measurements of a ground disdrometer, and the corresponding three-dimensional atmospheric microphysical features are obtained from the multiple polarimetric radars. According to features of updraft and lighting, the evolution of the convective storm is divided into four stages: developing, mature with lightning, mature without lightning and dissipating. The DSD of this event is featured by a large number of raindrops and a considerable number of large raindrops. The microphysical characteristics are similar to those of warm-rain process, and ice-phase microphysical processes are active in the mature stages. The composite vertical structure of the convective storm indicates that deep ZDR and KDP columns coincide with strong updrafts during both mature stages. The hierarchical microphysical structure retrieved by the Hydrometeor Identification Algorithm (HID) shows that depositional growth has occurred above the melting level, and aggregation is the most widespread ice-phase process at the -10℃ level or higher. During negative lightning activity, the presence of strongest updrafts and a large amount of ice-phase graupel by riming between the 0℃ and -35℃ layers generate strong negative electric fields within the cloud. These convective storms are typical warm clouds with very high precipitation efficiency, which cause high concentration of raindrops, especially the presence of large raindrops within a short period of time. The ice-phase microphysical processes above the melting layer also play an important role in the triggering and enhancing of precipitation.     

南京地区雨滴谱参数的详细统计分析及其在天气雷达探测中的应用

雨滴谱包含了降雨的丰富信息,不仅能反映雨滴群的微物理特性,也能反映降雨类型、降雨强度等宏观特性,并且在雷达气象领域也有重要的价值。论文对2015和2016年度南京地区32次降雨过程的雨滴谱资料进行了处理、并对多种雨滴参数进行了详细的统计和分析,拟合了层状云降雨、对流云降雨以及积层混合云降雨的雨滴谱Gamma分布参数。另外,还基于雨滴谱数据拟合了雷达反射率因子Z与降雨强度R的Z-R关系,计算了差分反射率Z_DR、相位常数K_DP以及衰减参数,并利用衰减参数进行了C波段雷达回波的衰减订正试验。结果表明:（1）层状云降雨的各微物理参数比较稳定,积雨云的变化剧烈;层云降雨和积层混合云降雨的中雨滴、积雨云降雨的大雨滴对雷达反射率因子的贡献最大。（2）积雨云降雨的滴谱最宽,层状云降雨的最窄。（3）利用依据雨滴谱数据拟合的三类降雨Z-R关系,可以一定程度地提高雷达估测降雨的精度。（4）利用基于雨滴谱数据拟合的衰减系数,有效地进行了C波段双偏振雷达回波强度的衰减订正,体现了统计参数和拟合参数准确性。     

基于S波段双极化雷达的变分法的定量降水估计算法

基于比差分传播相移(K_DP)的降水估计算法R(K_DP)相较于传统基于水平反射率因子(Z_H)的算法R(Z_H)的表现更优。在雷达实际运行中,由于随机误差和后向散射相位(backscattering phase)的影响,可能出现负的K_DP。运用一种基于变分的雷达定量降水估计混合算法(V-RQPE)。该算法用变分拟合方法重构差分相位(Φ_DP),用一种新的稳健的边界条件求解方法,在消除随机误差的同时获得非负的K_DP,进而进行降水估计。随后我们使用2017年5月7日广州S波段雷达的回波数据和地面雨量站观测数据进行验证,同时使用了六种不同的算法进行对比,结果显示,在1小时累计降水估计中,V-RQPE表现最好,在24小时累计降水估计中,V-RQPE和基于变分拟合的K_DP的降水估计算法(R-VKDP)表现最好,实验结果表明变分拟合方法对雷达降水估计能力有显著提升。      

Precipitation Microphysical Processes in the Inner Rainband of Tropical Cyclone Kajiki (2019) over the South China Sea Revealed by Polarimetric Radar

Polarimetric radar and 2D video disdrometer observations provide new insights into the precipitation microphysical processes and characteristics in the inner rainband of tropical cyclone(TC)Kajiki(2019)in the South China Sea for the first time.The precipitation of Kajiki is dominated by high concentrations and small(<3 mm)raindrops,which contribute more than 98%to the total precipitation.The average mass-weighted mean diameter and logarithmic normalized intercept are 1.49 mm and 4.47,respectively,indicating a larger mean diameter and a lower concentration compared to the TCs making landfall in eastern China.The ice processes of the inner rainband are dramatically different among different stages.The riming process is dominant during the mature stage,while during the decay stage the aggregation process is dominant.The vertical profiles of the polarimetric radar variables together with ice and liquid water contents in the convective region indicate that the formation of precipitation is dominated by warm-rain processes.Large raindrops collect cloud droplets and other raindrops,causing reflectivity,differential reflectivity,and specific differential phase to increase with decreasing height.That is,accretion and coalescence play a critical role in the formation of heavy rainfall.The melting of different particles generated by the ice process has a great influence on the initial raindrop size distribution(DSD)to further affect the warm-rain processes.The DSD above heavy rain with the effect of graupel has a wider spectral width than the region without the effect of graupel.     

Experimental results on rainfall estimation in complex terrain with a mobile X-band polarimetric weather radar

In this work the capability of reliable rainfall measurements with small weather radars in complex terrain for flood forecasting purposes is examined. Rain measurements were carried out during winter–spring 2007 with a mobile X-band dual-polarization radar in the northwestern mountainous part of the island of Crete in Greece. In this area a 2D-video disdrometer and a network of raingauges was installed for radar calibration and evaluation of rainfall measurements, respectively. The complex terrain of the experimental site may significantly reduce the performance of rain measurements due to ground clutter and partial or total beam blockage. A beam blockage algorithm using high resolution terrain data was applied in order to find areas with significant terrain effects and estimate correction of the radar measurements. Rain attenuation correction was based on modern sophisticated algorithms using differential phase measurements. The accuracy of rainfall estimation from standard or polarimetric algorithms at plan position indicator (PPI) scans was examined for high-temporal resolution (1 min) rainfall rates and accumulated rainfall values for winter and spring time rain events. For high elevation measurements, which were required in order to avoid terrain effects in large areas of interest, a correction for the vertical-profile-of-reflectivity (VPR) was also applied to the radar data. An average VPR model used in the corresponding correction of reflectivity was constructed based on range–height indicator (RHI) scans. It was concluded that quantitative high resolution X-band radar observations of rainfall in complex terrain is possible after careful application of all the above processing steps.     

A Comprehensive Observational Analysis for the Effects of Gas Cannons on Clouds and Precipitation

To analyze the effects of gas cannons on clouds and precipitation, multisource observational data, including those from National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis, Hangzhou and Huzhou new-generation weather radars, laser disdrometer, ground-based automatic weather station, wind profiler radar, and Lin''an C-band dual polarization radar, were adopted in this study. Based on the variational dual-Doppler wind retrieval method and the polarimetric variables obtained by the dual-polarization radar, we analyzed the microphysical processes and the variations in the macro - and microphysical quantities in clouds from the perspective of the synoptic background before precipitation enhancement, the polarization echo characteristics before, during and after enhancement, and the evolution of the fine three-dimensional kinematic structure and the microphysical structure. The results show that the precipitation enhancement operation promoted the development of radar echoes and prolonged their duration, and both the horizontal and vertical wind speeds increased. The dual-polarization radar echo showed that the diameter of the precipitation particles increased, and the concentration of raindrops increased after precipitation enhancement. The raindrops were lifted to a height corresponding to 0 to -20 ℃ due to vertical updrafts. Based on the disdrometer data during precipitation enhancement, the concentration of small raindrops (lgNw) showed a significant increase, and the mass-weighted diameter Dm value decreased, indicating that the precipitation enhancement operation played a certain“lubricating”effect. After the precipitation enhancement, the concentration of raindrops did not change much compared with that during the enhancement process, while the Dm increased, corresponding to an increase in rain intensity. The results suggest the positive effect of gas cannons on precipitation enhancement.     

广州S波段双偏振雷达数据质量初步分析

广东省已经通过新布设或对CINRAD\SA雷达的升级改造完成5部S波段双偏振雷达的业务运行。受目前双偏振雷达技术水平限制,双偏振雷达偏振量很不稳定,因此偏振雷达资料使用前需要对数据可用性、偏振量的系统偏差等进行初步分析,以保证偏振雷达后续产品的可靠性。使用广州S波段双偏振雷达稳定运行后的2016年7—8月连续观测资料,分析了噪声对零滞后相关系数ρ_HV(0)及差分反射率因子Z_DR的影响和订正效果。结果表明:当SNR小于20.0 dB时,偏振参量ρ_HV(0)和Z_DR的稳定性变差,数据不可用;噪声订正后,数据可用的SNR阈值减小为17.0 dB。进一步分析了经过噪声订正后的Z_DR和Z_H之间的关系,并与雨滴谱反演结果及理论值进行对比。结果表明:广州雷达Z_DR较雨滴谱反演值和理论值均偏小,Z_DR观测值存在系统偏差。结合广州的气候特征,对偏振量系统误差估计的微雨滴法的指数进行了调整,基于此方法分析了Z_DR、初始相位Φ_DP (0)的系统误差随方位角的变化。结果表明:Z_DR系统误差随方位角在-0.29~0.22 dB之间波动,剔除遮挡后的平均偏差为-0.09 dB,与实测Z_DR值和雨滴谱反演值及理论值对比偏小的结论一致,但偏差大小有区别;同时,Φ_DP (0)随方位角有4 °左右的波动。分析还发现Z_DR、Φ_DP (0)系统误差有随时间波动的特征。最后挑选个例对Z_DR进行噪声和系统误差订正后发现,订正后的Z_DR得到改善。这些初步分析和结果对S波段双偏振雷达数据的使用有一定的参考意义。      

Comparison of Microphysical Characteristics of Warm-sector, Frontal and Shearline Heavy Rainfall During the Pre-summer Rainy Season in South China

Warm-sector heavy rainfall (WR), shear-line heavy rainfall (SR), and frontal heavy rainfall (FR) are three types of rainfall that frequently occur during the pre-summer rainy season in south China. In this research, we investigated the differences in microphysical characteristics of heavy rainfall events during the period of 10-15 May 2022 based on the combined observations from 11 S-band polarimetric radars in south China. The conclusions are as follows: (1) WR has the highest radar echo top height, the strongest radar echo at all altitudes, the highest lightning density, and the most active ice-phase process, which suggests that the convection is the most vigorous in the WR, moderate in the FR, and the weakest in the SR. (2) Three types of rainfall are all marine-type precipitation, the massweighted mean diameter (Dm, mm) and the intercept parameter (Nw, mm-1 m-3 ) of the raindrops in the WR are the largest. (3) The WR possesses the highest proportion of graupel compared with the FR and SR, and stronger updrafts and more abundant water vapor supply may lead to larger raindrops during the melting and collision-coalescence processes. (4) Over all the heights, liquid and ice water content in the WR are higher than those in the SR and FR, the ratio of ice to liquid water content in the WR is as high as 27% when ZH exceeds 50 dBZ, definitely higher than that in the SR and FR, indicating that the active ice-phase process existing in the WR is conducive to the formation of heavy rainfall.     

雨滴谱垂直演变特征的微雨雷达观测研究

雨滴谱的垂直变化特征对于认识降水过程、改进模式和雷达定量估计降水等具有重要意义。利用2016年6月1日-9月30日雨量筒、微雨雷达（micro rain radar,简称MRR）和PARSIVEL雨滴谱仪连续4个月的观测数据,在对比3种仪器观测结果的基础上,研究了层状云降水不同降水强度下微物理特征量和雨滴谱垂直演变特征。结果表明:MRR与PARSIVEL雨滴谱仪观测降水强度相关性较好,且两种仪器观测的雨滴谱在中等粒子段（0.5~2.5 mm）表现出较好的一致性,而对于小粒子段（雨滴直径小于0.5 mm）PARSIVEL雨滴谱仪观测的数浓度明显低于MRR。对于弱降水（降水强度R ≤ 0.2 mm·h-1）,液水含量和降水强度随高度降低减小,雨滴在下落过程中蒸发明显。对于较强降水（R>2 mm·h-1）,随高度降低,雷达反射率因子增大,小滴数浓度减小的同时大滴数浓度增加明显,雨滴下落过程碰并作用明显。所有高度直径不超过0.5 mm的小滴对数浓度贡献均为最大。高层雨滴直径不小于1 mm的小粒子对降水强度的贡献可达50%,小粒子对降水强度贡献随高度降低减小。     

2015—2017年夏季南京雨滴谱特征

利用2015—2017年夏季南京地区的雨滴谱数据,对南京在梅雨开始前、梅雨期及梅雨结束后3个不同时段降水的宏微观特征进行分析发现:梅雨开始前对流活动强度偏弱,但对流降水的雨滴平均质量加权直径、分钟级强降水频率和逐小时累积短时强降水的频率为3个时段中最高;天气尺度强迫提供的有利于降水的持续性条件、弱对流强度下充分的凝结过程及微物理相关过程对云粒子的损耗偏弱,是有利于该时段大雨滴形成和降水效率提高的重要因素。梅雨结束后,高温高湿环境易产生剧烈对流活动,导致对流降水的大尺度雨滴样本比例及分钟级极端降水发生频率位于3个时段的首位。层云降水时,梅雨期降水频率、降水率及雨滴尺度平均值均位于首位,小尺度雨滴样本比例最低;有利天气尺度强迫条件下的充分碰并作用是主要原因之一。不同时段雨滴谱谱形参数（μ）与斜率（Λ）之间的二项式关系式的差异与μ的取值有关。     

X波段双偏振雷达反演雨滴谱方法研究

X波段双偏振雷达观测参数能够完成雨滴谱反演,但是由于X波段雷达波长较短,降水观测时存在较大的衰减,本文采用自适应约束算法进行反射率和差分反射的衰减订正。通过对雨滴模型的散射模拟以及对雨滴谱进行Gamma谱拟合,建立了雨滴谱参数与双偏振雷达目标参数之间的函数关系和雨滴谱参数相互之间的关系,用于进行雨滴谱反演。将雨衰减订正前后的雷达目标参数进行雨滴谱反演并与实测雨滴谱进行对比,结果表明,所建立的X波段双偏振雷达反演雨滴谱方法能够较好地反演雨滴谱,并且经过订正后反演得到的雨滴谱在浓度、尺度和谱形上都优于订正前的反演结果,通过对距离高度扫描和平面位置扫描数据进行雨滴谱反演,可以得到雨滴谱参数的垂直结构和水平分布,可用以进行降水分析。     

CINRAD-SA偏振雷达定量降水估测算法改进及应用评估

为了提高雷达定量降水估测的精度,建立一套高精度的双偏振雷达定量降水估测方法,并对其在业务应用中的表现进行评估。本文利用雨滴谱仪数据使用非球形粒子的散射模型（T-Matrix模型）进行不同偏振量的模拟计算,根据计算结果对实测雨滴谱数据（DSD）进行分类拟合,实现对CSU-HIDRO（Colorado State University-Hydrometeor Identification Rainfall Optimization）优化降水估测算法的改进。为了评估改进后CSU-HIDRO优化算法（简称CSU-HIDRO_I）的应用效果,本文选取2016～2017年两年汛期发生于中国华南地区的6次大范围强降水过程为评估对象,分别采用单偏振雷达定量降水估测的R(Z_H)关系法（WSR-88D Precipitation Processing System,简称PPS法）和CSU-HIDRO_I法进行小时降水量估测。按照不同降水率大小以及距离雷达20～60 km和60~100 km范围分别对两种降水估测方法进行评估,并将雷达估测的小时降水量同地面雨量计小时降水量资料进行对比,结果表明:（1）CSU-HIDRO_I法在应用评估过程中取得了较好的评估效果,其估测精度及稳定性均较好。（2）PPS法对小雨（降水率R<2.5 mm/h）存在一定的高估,对大雨及暴雨（R>8 mm/h）存在明显低估,而CSU-HIDRO_I法能够有效的降低强降水的低估情况,同时提高了小雨的估测精度。与PPS法相比,CSU-HIDRO_I法对小雨、中雨、大雨及暴雨的估测偏差分别降低了38%、24%、17%、15%。（3）PPS法在降水估测中对离雷达的距离更为敏感,相同降水率下不同距离处的相对误差波动较大,CSU-HIDRO_I法对距离敏感性较弱,相同降水率强度下,相对误差随距离的变化波动较小。     

一次极端特大暴雨天气过程C波段双偏振雷达资料分析

为探究C波段双偏振雷达资料在暴雨监测预警中的应用,本文利用遵义市C波段双偏振雷达资料及常规观测资料对2020年6月12日凌晨遵义市碧峰镇发生的一次极端特大暴雨天气过程进行分析,结果表明：（1）本次碧峰极端暴雨天气过程产生于高温高湿的背景下,属于低涡切变型暖区性质降水,500hPa高原槽后干冷空气的叠加促进了强降水天气过程的爆发。（2）过程由深厚的低质心强降水对流单体引发,存在中尺度辐合区且与强降雨持续时间对应。（3）1.5°仰角Zdr、Kdp值变化趋势与地面分钟雨量一致,有跃增现象,且超前15到20分钟。（4）低层Zdr大值区与反射率因子大值区重合,反映了强降水过程的主要落区。中尺度辐合造成强的上升气流使得低层的Zdr和CC值显著减小,同时其附近部分大雨滴被抬升至4km高度形成Zdr大值中心。     

江淮梅雨期极端对流微物理特征的双偏振雷达观测研究

为研究梅雨期极端对流系统的微物理特征,利用2013—2014年江淮梅雨期间南京溧水S波段双偏振雷达探测资料和地面自动站小时降水资料,统计分析了两类极端对流降水系统的微物理特征及差异。这两类极端对流系统的定义基于地面降水强度和雷达回波顶高,分别为所有对流中降水强度最强的1%（R类:小时降水强度>46.2 mm/h）和对流发展高度最高的1%（H类:20 dBz回波顶高>14.5 km）。结果显示这两类极端对流系统仅有30%的样本重合,显示了二者之间的弱相关性。对于相同的反射率因子Z_H,R类极端对流系统的近地面差分反射率因子Z_DR通常较H类极端对流小约0.2 dB,表明R类极端对流具有较小的平均粒径。结合双偏振雷达反演的粒子大小和相态分布显示,虽然两类极端对流都表现出海洋性对流降水特征,但R类极端对流较H类极端对流的总体雨滴粒径更小而数浓度更高,导致R类极端对流系统的地面降水更强。与R类极端对流系统相比,H类极端对流系统的上升运动更强,将更多的水汽和过冷水输送到0℃层以上,有利于形成更大的冰相粒子（如霰粒子等）,并通过融化形成大雨滴。以上研究表明,梅雨期降水强度和对流发展深度并没有必然的联系,极端降水主要是中等高度的对流引起。