VLBI归心测量中的空间拟合

简要介绍VLBI归心测量的实施步骤,并较系统地推导有关的空间曲线、空间直线和空间平面等空间拟合公式。在VLBI归心测量的GPS控制点测量方面,提出联合陆态网基准站和全球IGS站的协方差阵,统一平差解算控制点在ITRF框架下的坐标的方法,并指出这种方法更适用于VLBI归心测量。     

昆明固置流动VLBI站点归心

参考《全球定位系统（GPS）测量规范》之附录G归心元素测定，采用测GPS的方法，对固置在昆明的流动VLBI站进行了归心计算，在得到流动VLBI用GPS技术所测量的地心坐标同时，指出了参考文献[1]中存在的矛盾与错误，并结合实际应用，给出了一组实用的计算公式。     

依托永久性建筑物建立测量标志的探讨

测量标志是国家空间地理信息的重要基础设施,针对当前永久性测量标志损坏严重的实际问题,提出依托永久性建筑物建立测量标志的概念,研究用GPS施测控制网的两种归心计算方法,导出用全站仪测图时偏心安置仪器的坐标计算公式,分析归心改正的计算精度,探讨依托永久性建筑物建立测量标志的可行性。     

GPS偏心观测及其精度分析

由于种种条件的限制，在很多情况下GPS天线都无法实现真正的对中，在某些特殊情况下，例如观测站必须与VLBI站或SLR站重合，而又无法在这些站的标志中心安设接收机天线，这就要求进行GPS偏心观测。本文将着重对GPS偏心观测归心元素的测定方法、归心改正数的计算以及归心元素的测定精度进行讨论和分析。     

昆明固置流动VLBI站的定向与定位

结合昆明固置流动VLBI站的特点，介绍了流动VLBI以动到一个的观测点后的定向与定位工作。其中，定向方法采用天文测量中的“北极星任意时角法”^[1]，定位方法采用单台GPS大偏心观测。在归心计算中我们参考了《全球定位系统（GPS）测量规范》^[2]，纠正了该规范存在一些问题，并结合实际应用，给出了一组实用的计算公式。     

南山并置站本地连接测量GPS控制网数据精度分析

2011年8月在新疆天文台南山观测站首次进行了GPS与VLBI空间大地测量技术并置站的本地连接测量。针对南山并置站,本文在建立、优化南山GPS控制网的基础上,探讨本地连接测量中GPS数据处理的方法、精度。通过对GPS控制网7 d连续观测和基于IGS精密星历的GAMIT基线处理、三维空间平差,结果表明:基线在N、E和长度方向的重复性在0.3~0.4 mm,U方向分量重复性为1.4 mm,基线相对精度为0.8×10-8,达到《全球定位系统(GPS)测量规范》(GB/T 18314—2009)中A级网的精度要求,GPS控制点在ITRF2008系统下的坐标精度均优于0.5 mm。     

基于参考站的GPS单点观测在城市及工程测量中的应用探讨

本文对基于连续运行参考站(跟踪站)的高精度GPS单点观测模式及其特点进行了简要的介绍，并对该方法用于城市及工程测量的可行性进行了分析和探讨。最后通过生产实例，展示了该方法在城市及工程GPS测量应用中所具有的一些优点。     

坐标变换方法用于佘山25-m射电天线归心测量的资料解析

在佘山25-m射电天线归心测量的资料解析中,对空间圆周拟合、空间直线拟合以及空间直线与平面的交点确定时,通过坐标变换方法,压制了观测噪声,确保了参数解的稳定性与准确性,得到了天线参考点的三维坐标及轴线偏差,精度达到了1mm水平,表明了归心测量各环节设计与实施的合理性以及坐标变换方法用于此处资料解析的有效性。     

微型激光测距与甚长基线干涉测量的天线旋转中心的直接解法

精确确定SLR (Satellite Laser Rainging)和VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry) 天线的旋转中心是并址站归心基线测量的关键问题。本文利用两类约束条件建立旋转中心与观测标志之间的直接关系,第1类约束是SLR或VLBI上的观测标志绕其旋转轴旋转形成1个由平面和球面相割得到的平面圆,第2类约束是SLR或VLBI的旋转中心与其垂直轴旋转圆心在同一铅垂线上,与其水平轴旋转圆心在同一水平面上。根据这两类约束条件建立相应的条件方程,利用标志点观测值直接解算旋转中心的坐标及其协方差阵。利用我国2个GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) 与SLR或VLBI并址站的实测数据,求解了基于本文直接解法的空间归心基线。结果表明,与已有分步解的差值优于1mm。     

GPRS在测量GPS RTK中的应用

在测量技术高速发展的今天,GPS已经成为大众测量工具,GPRS网络数据传输方式在GPS测量中的应用,使得GPS在测量中,基准站与流动站的连接速度更快、基准站与流动站的作业距离更远、基准站与流动站之间的数据通讯更加稳定,测量精度更加精确等优势。     

Improving the estimation of fractional-cycle biases for ambiguity resolution in precise point positioning

Ambiguity resolution dedicated to a single global positioning system (GPS) station can improve the accuracy of precise point positioning. In this process, the estimation accuracy of the narrow-lane fractional-cycle biases (FCBs), which destroy the integer nature of undifferenced ambiguities, is crucial to the ambiguity-fixed positioning accuracy. In this study, we hence propose the improved narrow-lane FCBs derived from an ambiguity-fixed GPS network solution, rather than the original (i.e. previously proposed) FCBs derived from an ambiguity-float network solution. The improved FCBs outperform the original FCBs by ensuring that the resulting ambiguity-fixed daily positions coincide in nature with the state-of-the-art positions generated by the International GNSS Service (IGS). To verify this improvement, 1?year of GPS measurements from about 350 globally distributed stations were processed. We find that the original FCBs differ more from the improved FCBs when fewer stations are involved in the FCB estimation, especially when the number of stations is less than 20. Moreover, when comparing the ambiguity-fixed daily positions with the IGS weekly positions for 248 stations through a Helmert transformation, for the East component, we find that on 359 days of the year the daily RMS of the transformed residuals based on the improved FCBs is smaller by up to 0.8?mm than those based on the original FCBs, and the mean RMS over the year falls evidently from 2.6 to 2.2?mm. Meanwhile, when using the improved rather than the original FCBs, the RMS of the transformed residuals for the East component of 239 stations (i.e. 96.4% of all 248 stations) is clearly reduced by up to 1.6?mm, especially for stations located within a sparse GPS network. Therefore, we suggest that narrow-lane FCBs should be determined with ambiguity-fixed, rather than ambiguity-float, GPS network solutions.     

全球IGS站数据与GPS区域网数据的联合处理

为了使区域GPS网建立的参考框架与国际地球参考框架（ITRF）更加接近,利用全球IGS站观测数据无疑是一条最佳途径。本文对处理大尺度GPS网数据时如何利用全球分布均匀的IGS站观测数据以及如何选择全球基准站的问题进行了研究。给出了利用全球IGS站数据的数学模型,分析了国内专家选择基准站时存在的一些问题,提出了选择基准站的新方法,这一方法适合于建立我国新的地心参考框架。实测数据计算结果表明,这种方法计算的未知站地心坐标精度相对于ITRF96参考框架约±2 cm。     

Precise GPS Positioning by Applying Ionospheric Corrections from an Active Control Network

In this article, initial results are presented of a method to improve fast carrier phase ambiguity resolution over longer baselines (with lengths up to about 200 km). The ionospheric delays in the global positioning system (GPS) data of these long baselines mainly hamper successful integer ambiguity resolution, a prerequisite to obtain precise positions within very short observation time spans. A way to correct the data for significant ionospheric effects is to have a GPS user operate within an active or permanently operating network use ionospheric estimates from this network. A simple way to do so is to interpolate these ionospheric estimates based on the expected spatial behaviour of the ionospheric delays. In this article such a technique is demonstrated for the Dutch Active Control Network (AGRS.NL). One hour of data is used from 4 of the 5 reference stations to obtain very precise ionospheric corrections after fixing of the integer ambiguities within this network. This is no problem because of the relatively long observation time span and known positions of the stations of the AGRS.NL. Next these interpolated corrections are used to correct the GPS data from the fifth station for its ionospheric effects. Initial conclusions about the performance of this technique are drawn in terms of improvement of integer ambiguity resolution for this baseline. ? 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

On rotation of frames and physical vectors: an exercise based on plate tectonics theory

The mathematical interaction between the simultaneous rotation of both a coordinate frame and a set of physical vectors in that frame is covered and theoretically and empirically explained. A practical example related to the secular motion of the pole determined using recent GPS results is addressed. A least-squares adjustment is introduced to determine a possible displacement of the geodetic north pole of the frame caused by plausible changes in the coordinates of the observing stations defining the frame due to the rotation of the plates on which these stations are located. Two examples of GPS networks are investigated both referred to the latest definition of the IGS08 geodetic frame. The positioning and velocities of the points were exclusively obtained using GPS data as published by the International GNSS Service (IGS). The first case comprises the complete GPS/IGS network of global stations; the second one assumes the closest GPS/IGS stations to the now discontinued International Latitude Service network. The results of this exercise hints at the possibility that the secular global rotation of the frame caused by plate rotations should be accounted for in order to rigorously determine the true absolute velocities referred to the IGS frame before the actual velocities of the rotation of the plates using GPS observations are published.     

我国GPS基准站地壳垂直位移周年变化的气象激发

利用全球大气、海洋、积雪和土壤水的地表质量负荷资料 ,计算了中国GPS基准网 2 4个台站垂向位移周年变化的气象激发 ,得到振幅 5mm10mm的高程变化。通过与GPS观测资料解算的垂向位移结果比较 ,大部分台站的结果与GPS结果在振幅上符合比较好 ,但相位普遍超前一到二个月     

全球GPS测站垂向周年变化统计改正模型的建立

对GPS测站坐标进行非线性变化的研究和建模,是削弱测站非线性运动的有效途径。由于导致测站坐标非线性变化的机制具有多样性和复杂性,目前还未能建立一个包含多种机制影响的理论改正模型来削弱测站的非线性运动。本文基于全球近500个实测的GPS测站垂向坐标残差时间序列,研究发现了测站垂向坐标周年项的全球分布规律,并分别针对南北半球构建了两个基于实测数据的周年变化统计改正模型。试验表明,本文提出的统计改正模型能削弱全球大部分GPS测站30%~50%的垂向坐标残差。     

GPS精密定位中的海潮位移改正

根据海洋负荷潮理论，利用NAO99b全球海潮模型，计算了中国部分IGS站的海潮位移改正，并将海潮位移改正应用到GPS数据处理当中。在GAMIT软件的解算过程中，分别按加入和不加入海潮位移改正，对GPS基线分量和测站坐标分别进行了计算和比较分析。结果表明，海潮位移改正无论是对GPS基线分量还是对测站坐标，都有一定的影响。     

基于PPP技术的震后台站位移监测与分析

利用动态精密单点定位技术,分析了日本仙台大地震对日本及中国境内若干GPS基准台站的影响。结果表明,采用动态精密单点定位技术能准确地反映GPS台站的受损程度,有效地探测地震发生时刻及其震后位移。     

First Results for the GPS Survey of South Africa Tide Gauges

Tide gauge measurements are used for a variety of scientific purposes, not least of which are the definition of vertical data and the detection of long-term variations in mean sea level. GPS measurements at tide gauge sites provide a means of separating local verticl motions from sea level rise, and a means of unifying vertical data in a single reference system. This paper describes a GPS survey to determine the positions and heights of reference stations at South African tide gauge sites. The data were processed in baseline mode using a commercial software package. The heights of the tide gauge stations relative to the fixed ITRF reference station HRAO were determined at a precision of around 3 cm – better than 0.1 ppm. Analysis of the error sources showes that use of the precise ephemeris contributed to a substantial improvement in accuracy, as did the use of ionosphere-free fixed integer baseline solutions. Variations in the antenna phase centers also contributed significant changes in height. ? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.