新一代天气雷达负仰角探测能力分析

由于地球曲率的影响,当CINRAD.SA新一代天气雷达使用目前最低仰角同定为0.5°的模式探测时,探测肓区较大,对低层降水回波的探测能力严重不足.在实地展开试验的基础上,推导了负仰角探测时雷达最低探测高度计算公式,计算出仰角为0.5°、0°、-0.3°、-0.5°时不同探测距离上的雷达最低探测高度,对比分析不同仰角观测模式的主要雷达产品特点,探讨新一代天气雷达使用负仰角观测模式的局限性,提出了新一代天气雷达使用负仰角观测的建议.     

C波段调频连续波天气雷达探测系统及观测试验

对降水云更高时、空分辨率观测资料的需求推动了天气雷达技术的发展,调频连续波雷达(FMCW)系统采用收发分置双天线体制,采用数字直接移相(DDS)技术和快速傅里叶变换(FFT)信号处理技术,获取高度分辨率达到15、30 m,探测周期2—3 s的回波功率谱分布和谱参数,具有脉冲多普勒雷达无法比拟的探测优势。C波段FMCW(C-FMCW)雷达最小可测信号功率达到-170 dBm,微弱信号的定量标校是技术难点。采用标准信号源输出单频信号,经过数字直接移相扩展为与雷达系统相同扫频范围信号,得到最小输入功率可达-169.77 dBm的定标曲线,由定量标校后的谱分布计算得到回波强度谱密度分布。该雷达于2013年6月起在安徽定远开始观测,利用8月24日降水过程探测数据,与距离该地48 km的蚌埠和83 km的合肥SA扫描雷达观测数据,分别进行对流云与层状云的观测比对分析。对于均匀分布的层状降水云,C-FMCW雷达与SA雷达探测结果基本接近, C-FMCW雷达与蚌埠SA雷达的平均均方根误差为1.75 dB,与合肥SA雷达的平均均方根误差为2.02 dB,C-FMCW雷达与两部SA雷达探测的回波强度差异小于1 dB。对观测试验谱参数及回波强度谱密度分布进行了初步分析,C-FMCW雷达在研究降水云体的相态分区、晴空大气边界层回波等方面有较好的应用前景,有助于加深对强降水云中垂直运动的强烈变化的探测和认识。     

两次雹云的雷达观测分析

天气雷达是当前探测雹云的有效工具之一。近年来,各地广泛利用这种工具观测雹云的演变规律和垂直剖面结构,积累了不少有关雹云回波特征的资料。它对于准确识别雹云,深入研究雹云和有效影响雹云都是十分宝贵的资料。 虽然,3厘米雷达主要缺点是在暴雨中被强烈吸收而引起的回波失真和难以确定各参数的误差。但是,我们这些年利用711天气雷达观测雹云的结果表明,距离适中的雹云回波资料可以部分地揭示出云体结构     

临近雷达回波强度的误差分析及调整方法

分析了不同雷达对同一目标物的探测存在误差的原因,并提供了一种临近雷达回波强度误差分析及调整的方法,利用临近雷达共同观测区域中的一块独立回波,统计分析其基本反射率平均强度值,通过多组数据的对比,得出2部雷达对同一目标物探测强度的差异,并据此对适配参数进行调整,使二者对同一回波的探测趋于一致。以广州、韶关2部雷达为例,通过调整前后的数据分析和产品对比,验证了该方法的可行性。     

高山上新一代天气雷达的探测分析与效能发挥

以泰山新一代天气雷达CINRAD/CD为例,结合泰山原713天气雷达多年的使用经验,计算并分析了天气雷达的最佳探测仰角和最低探测高度,根据泰山新一代天气雷达(简称泰山CD雷达)与济南新一代天气雷达(简称济南SA雷达)回波的DBZM、C-VIL对比分析,揭示不同海拔高度雷达在相同仰角下观测的回波的差异,指出泰山CD雷达由于使用了与平原雷达统一的0.5°以上仰角的观测模式,造成了对降水回波的探测能力不足,并指出泰山CD雷达要发挥最大效能应如何改进的建议。     

多普勒天气雷达组网拼图有效数据区域分析

在正常情况下, 由于天线仰角和地球曲率原因, 雷达波束位置在远距离处要比近距离处高。当雷达电磁波能量被部分阻挡时, 回波强度观测值低估; 被完全挡住时, 探测不到地物后的目标。该文利用高分辨率地形高程数据计算波束阻挡率, 确定组网拼图有效数据区域以及波束部分阻挡时的回波强度订正方法。根据业务观测模式VCP11及VCP12的14个仰角值, 在标准大气假定下, 对湖南、江西、浙江、福建、广东、广西和海南已建多普勒天气雷达组网的数据有效区域进行计算, 绘制出海拔1500 m, 3000 m和6000 m高度上有效区域图。分析结果表明:CAPPI数据有效范围比等射束高度图更能反映出多普勒天气雷达业务观测范围; 若采用VCP12模式观测, 与采用VCP11或VCP21模式观测相比, 不仅增加低层探测密度, 而且可扩大雷达实际探测距离, 其回波数据更适合于组网拼图。     

双多普勒雷达风场反演误差和资料的质量控制

提出了用双多普勒雷达观测资料进行回波强度、径向速度和方位定位的质量控制方法，以及利用概率分布法订正配对的双多普勒雷达回波强度的方法。以2001年973“中国暴雨”外场试验期间获取的双多普勒雷达观测资料为例，比较了合肥、马鞍山和宜昌、荆州的两对双多普勒雷达同步观测的回波强度、径向速度和方位的改变对观测数据对比的影响；分析了这两对双多普勒雷达径向速度测量误差引起的风场反演的误差。结果表明:两对双多普勒雷达观测的回波强度和径向速度的空间位置和变化趋势比较一致，合肥与马鞍山雷达的回波强度有一定差异，径向速度也有1～2 m/s的差异。风场反演的误差与风场的方向、大小、空间位置等有关。在两个径向速度夹角在40°～140°范围内，共面上的风场的反演误差在1～2倍的雷达探测径向速度的误差范围内。     

三部多普勒天气雷达联合测量大气风场的误差分布及最佳布局研究

从理论上证明了三部多普勒天气雷达联合测量大气风场的误差分布是一组同心圆,同心圆的圆心位置与三部雷达的相对位置和各部雷达的测速精度有关。各种误差分布半径与各部雷达的测速精度和误差的大小有关。如果三部雷达的测速精度相同,联合探测的最佳布局是等边三角形、其边长ｌ与各部雷达的测速精度、要求的探测误差和雷达的最大探测距离（Ｌ）有关。当三部多普勒天气雷达的测速精度都是１ｍ／ｓ时,如果要求的探测误差小于或等于２ｍ／ｓ,这时边长与雷达的最大探测距离之间的关系为：ｌ＝０．５５Ｌ。     

711测雨雷达探测及摄取回波资料的一些考虑

目前,国产711测雨雷达已普遍使用。如何在探测中积累有价值的探测资料,是普遍关心的问题。由于这个问题涉及的面较广,在《测雨雷达观测手册》中不可能做详尽的具体规定,因此主要还是应根据各测雨雷达站的任务、服务侧重点以及准备研究、总结的问题而自行考虑。本文从测雨雷达观测记录要求,711测雨雷达的探测特性,雷达气象的基本知识,以及摄取各种尺度天气系统回波时应注意的一些问题,提出一些粗浅认识,供大家参考。 《测雨雷达观测手册》中要求探测的内容有:回波性质、回波强度、回波顶高、回波底高、回波移向移速、回波演变情况、强中心位置等。这些项目可以     

乌鲁木齐风廓线雷达的探测能力评估

利用2011年12月~2013年3月CFL－03型风廓线雷达在乌鲁木齐市的风探测数据与同期的常规探空数据开展了比对分析,从而对风廓线雷达探测数据的可靠性和探测能力给予了评估。结果表明,受乌鲁木齐四季不同的气候背景影响,CFL－03型风廓线雷达的数据获取率在夏季最高,在冬季最低,80%的数据获取率等值线夏季、冬季各自达到的高度分别为4500m和1980m;受低空地物回波、探测盲区等因素影响,240m以下风廓线雷达探测的风速误差较大,240m以上风廓线雷达四季探测的风速普遍小于实况,误差在-1~0m/s之间的出现频率最高,介于28.8%~31.8%,且在四季最大频率出现的高度有所差异,总体来看夏季风速误差相对较小;风向误差总体在-22.5°~0°之间的出现频率最高,且随着高度增加频率增加;风廓线雷达风速的探测能力优于风向,二者与实况的相关系数各自为0.9左右和0.6~0.8;通过长时间序列的风速、风向资料的比较,说明CFL－03型风廓线雷达能够较为准确地反映冬季天气过程的演变,且能够较为精细地刻画夏季短时强降水天气过程中高低空气流的变化特点。在综合考虑低空地物回波、探测盲区因素以及高空气球探空飘移等多种因素影响的情况下,可见CFL－03型风廓线雷达对乌鲁木齐大气环境和天气过程拥有较可靠的监测能力。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on