多普勒天气雷达及其应用

简单介绍了多普勒天气雷达探测原理及测速能力,并介绍了多普勒天气雷达速度资料的应用。     

SWAN系统中QPE产品的应用评估

“灾害天气短时临近预报系统”(SWAN)在我国气象预报业务中已得到广泛应用。文章介绍其中雷达定量降水估算QPE算法 (RASIM方法)的技术与特点,选取湖北省6部S波段多普勒天气雷达在2012年探测的暴雨天气过程资料,系统性评估了SWAN系统中QPE产品实用性,初步分析了产生估算误差的原因。评估表明：整体而言该方法在湖北省使用效果较好,平均绝对误差率小于30%;探测距离的增加对S波段雷达QPE精度影响不大;各雷达对30 mm以上降水的估算平均绝对误差率较小,但估算结果较实况偏弱,随着雨量（雨强）增大,低估的比例也增大。就单部雷达而言,宜昌雷达估算降水误差最大,武汉雷达受附近建筑遮挡影响次之,恩施雷达估算降水误差最小。     

CAMS多普勒天气雷达探测能力的估算

本文根据CAMS多普勒天气雷达实测参数对雷达的探测能力进行了估算。CAMS 多普勒天气雷达对降水强度的探测能力将比国内目前应用的713、714天气雷达更强,在200公里处能探测到的最小降水强度为0.08毫米/小时。它还具有较强的晴空探测能力,在低仰角探测时,有可能探测到50公里范围内的晴空回波,从而进行风暴前的流场研究。采用 VAD 方式可获取3公里以下晴空大气的风剖面廓线,与美国强风暴实验室(NSSL)的 NRO 多普勒天气雷达的晴空探测能力相近。由系统的相位噪声估算出测速精度为0.1米/秒左右。潜在的地物对消能力达—41db。     

多普勒天气雷达接收数字化模型新设计

本文在分析ＤＷＳＲ－８８Ｓ型多普勒天气雷达接收体制原理的基础上,进行了以提高多普勒频移精度为目的的多普勒天气雷达接收数字化模型设计,还详细介绍了软硬件模块特点和目前仍存在的问题。１　背　景　　多普勒天气雷达技术是建立在无线电技术、信息处理技术,以及气象探测理论基础上的一门新兴技术。与常规天气雷达技术相比,它提供了大范围内降水位置的空间分布及其强度的变化,已成为降水定量预报、强对流天气警戒和云雾物理研究的一种重要探测工具。随着多普勒天气雷达技术的应用,将进一步丰富对云雾降水的形成,以及对强对流天气…     

相控阵天气雷达与多普勒雷达的探测精度与探测能力对比研究

相控阵技术应用到大气探测领域是一项崭新的课题,国外已开展了此项研究.为了研究相控阵天气雷达在大气探测领域的探测能力和探测精度,使用美国相控阵天气雷达与多普勒天气雷达同步探测的两次强天气资料,分析比较了两部不同扫描体制雷达的径向探测精度、切向探测精度、扫描时间、灵敏度以及在探测强风暴反射率因子特征、径向速度和超级单体的演变过程.结果表明:电扫描雷达的探测精度会随着波束指向角的变化而变化,而多普勒雷达在整个扫描范围内不随扫描方向角的改变而改变.相控阵天气雷达的切向分辨率比多普勒雷达低,提出了在方位上采用窄波束、俯仰方向上采用宽波束扫描,同时在接收时采用多个窄波束覆盖发射波束的接收方法.将存在模糊的速度场恢复为连续的速度场然后再对速度数值进行调整的退模糊方法也能剔除波束多路转换扫描方式下的速度模糊现象.     

双多普勒天气雷达联合探测大气风场技术进展

本文详细总结了目前国内外关于双多普勒天气雷达联合探测大气风场的技术和发展动态，阐述了双多普勒天气雷达联合探测大气风场技术方法的发展进程和几种探测方法的优缺点。从中可以了解到目前双多普勒天气雷达联合探测大气风场的最新技术——综合和连续调整技术。     

雷达回波大地坐标的参考定位计算方法

随着现代空间技术发展和国家大地坐标系CGCS2000的全面启用,精确的点位坐标得到了广泛地应用。库长小于百米的高分辨率天气雷达的业务化应用,提高了回波点位表达的准确性要求。在本研究中,定义了雷达“参考定位球”,利用CGCS2000的三维地心坐标,在参考定位球和地球椭球体之间建立数学联系,通过大地坐标、参考坐标和雷达观测坐标之间的相互转换,实现了雷达回波大地坐标的精确计算。在此基础上对目前普遍采用的地球圆球体近似方法进行了误差分析:其误差以水平偏离为主,偏离程度与雷达观测坐标和雷达纬度位置有关,高纬度雷达和低纬度雷达的偏离程度要大于中纬度雷达;最大偏离随距离增加而增加,探测距离50~400 km的最大偏离与探测距离之比在2‰~5‰之间,一般情况下可忽略,在坐标精度要求较高时需要考虑误差带来的影响。     

平面相控阵脉冲压缩的雷达气象方程

在低发射功率条件下,相控阵多普勒天气雷达为了增加探测距离和提高分辨率,需要采用脉冲压缩技术.由于采用相控阵技术,波束扫描过程中,在平面阵非法线方向上会产生波束展宽,引起波束内功率下降,需要在计算雷达气象方程时弥补功率下降的误差.平面相控阵天气雷达在探测远距离目标时,使用宽脉冲发射,经脉冲压缩处理以提高分辨率,因此需要建立适用的雷达气象方程.首先讨论了脉冲压缩低峰值功率的平面相控阵多普勒天气雷达的结构、线性调频脉冲压缩的距离(多普勒测量)、调频波形的耦合问题以及目标距离的测量;然后给出了适用于脉冲压缩的平面相控阵雷达气象方程,此方程同时也适用于一维线性阵的脉冲压缩的天气雷达.     

多普勒天气雷达资料应用培训班圆满结束

西南空管局成都气象中心从美国引进的多普勒天气雷达 ,经过一年多的建设 ,已完成了多普勒天气雷达的安装及调试工作 ,此部雷达的安装调试成功 ,结束了西南地区没有多普勒雷达的历史 ,标志着我们对天气系统 ,特别是对强对流天气系统的探测朝着精细化方向大大地迈进了一步。多普勒雷达是目前世界上最先进的数字化天气雷达 ,它除了具有常规天气雷达的作用外 ,还可以利用多普勒效应测定降水粒子的径向速度 ,并据此推断天气系统的风场结构特征 ,垂直气流速度 ,大气湍流 ,降水粒子谱分布等 ,具有强大的探测功能。为使多普勒雷达顺利开放使用 ,2 0 …     

单部多普勒天气雷达对降水中垂直流场结构的探测研究

该文提出用单部多普勒天气雷达距离高度扫描（RHI）的探测资料，从大气运动连续方程出发，在实际流场的二维假设下，反演雷达探测区域内的垂直剖面流场结构。通过个例试验表明，反演结果比较合理。该方法可供多普勒天气雷达探测研究应用。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on