The role of wave reworking on the architecture of storm sandstone facies, Bell Island Group (Lower Ordovician), eastern Newfoundland

Stacked shallow marine cycles in the Lower Ordovician, Bell Island Group, of Bell Island, Newfoundland, show upward thickening and upward coarsening sequences which were deposited on a storm-affected shelf. In the Beach Formation each cycle has a facies sequence comprised, from base to top, of dark grey mudstones, light grey mudstones, tabular sandstones and mudstones, lenticular sandstones and mudstones, and thick bedded lenticular sandstones, reflecting a progressive increase of wave orbital velocities at the sediment surface. The mudstones and tabular sandstones reflect an environment in which the sea floor lay in the lower part of the wave orbital velocity field and in which tempestites were deposited as widespread sheets from weak combined flow currents. The lenticular sandstones in the succeeding facies are wave reworked sands, commonly lying in erosional hollows and having erosional tops and internal hummocky cross-stratification. Planar lamination is relatively uncommon and sole marks are mainly absent. In this facies oscillatory currents were dominant and accumulated sand in patches generally 10–30 m in diameter. The facies formed on the inner shelf where the oscillatory currents generated by storm waves had powerful erosional effects and also determined the depositional bedforms. Mud partings and second-order set boundaries within sandstone beds are believed to separate the products of individual storms so that many lenticular sandstone beds represent the amalgamation of several event beds. This interpretation has important implications for attempts to estimate event frequency by counting sandstone beds within a sequence and for estimates of sand budgets during storm events. The thick bedded lenticular facies appears to have been formed by erosion of the mud beds between the lenticular sands, leading to nearly complete amalgamation of several lenticular sand bodies except for residual mud partings. In the overlying Redmans Formation the process of amalgamation progressed even further so that nearly all the mud partings were removed, resulting in the formation of thick bedded tabular sandstones. Sequence stratigraphic analysis of the cyclical sequence suggests that the cycles were eustatically controlled. The rising limb of the sea level curve produced only the dark grey mudstone part of the cycle while the remainder of the cycle was deposited on the falling limb. There is a gradational but rapid facies transition from the tabular to the lenticular sandstone facies which is interpreted as occurring at the inflexion point on the falling limb. The thick bedded facies of the Beach Formation and the thick bedded tabular facies of the Redmans Formation represent periods of maximum sea level fall. The stacked cycles in the Beach Formation are interpreted as an aggradational, high frequency sequence or parasequence set bounded at the top by a sequence boundary and succeeded by the three aggradational parasequences of the Redmans Formation. The recognition of storm facies with sandstone beds of very different bed length has important implications for the reservoir modelling of such facies.     

Lower Pleistocene deltaic and marine sediments in boreholes from the central North Sea

Lower Pleistocene sediments recovered in boreholes from the Aberdeen Ground Formation in the central North Sea indicate that the unit was deposited in a delta front to prodelta/shallow, open shelf marine setting. Possible estuarine and clastic nearshore marine deposits have been identified on the western margin of the basin. The delta front sediments consist of interbedded, structureless to laminated sands and muds with organic debris, ferruginous nodules and common soft sediment deformation structures. Sporadic rippled and graded beds, basal scours to beds and starved ripples suggest periodic wave–current reworking. Prodelta/shelf marine sediments are predominantly argillaceous with only occasional thin sand beds and rare phosphatic bands. One exceptionally thick sand body or submarine channel-fill although this remains uncertain. The estuarine/clastic nearshore marine sediments include coarse channel-lag deposits and rippled and laminated subtidal sands. A rich microfossil assemblage recovered from the prodelta/shelf marine sequence indicates that deposition occurred under fluctuating climatic conditions.     

Turbidite sedimentation during Alpine thrusting: the Taveyannaz sandstones of eastern Switzerland

The Taveyannaz sandstones of eastern Switzerland are a succession of turbidites found within the Tertiary North Helvetic Flysch system; they represent a portion of the early, underfilled stage of the North Alpine Foreland Basin. The Taveyannaz sandstones were deposited in two sub-basins (Inner and Outer basins) separated by a topographic high trending ENE-WSW (parallel to the subsequent structural strike of the region), interpreted as an emergent thrust tip that propagated into the basin. The southerly Inner basin is therefore considered as a ‘piggy-back’basin comprising a 140 m thick succession dominated by approximately 12 very thick bedded sandstones with thick mudstone caps; these very thick bedded sandstone-mudstone couplets are interpreted as having resulted from the ponding of megaturbidite flows in the topographically confined Inner basin. Intercalated with the very thick bedded sandstones are thin to medium bedded sandstones. The Outer (northerly) basin comprises at least 240 m of turbidites characterized by sandstone packets (5–50 m thick) with extensive amalgamation of beds and a dominantly symmetrical vertical bed thickness and grain size profile. Intercalated between the sandstone packets are laminated graded siltstones and mudstones. The Inner basin sediments underwent localized deformation on the sea floor, generating an irregular surface topography which was then capped by a mud sheet emplaced by superficial sliding. During the emplacement of the mud sheet, large sandstone blocks (up to 130 m across) were incorporated from the underlying succession. The resultant geometry of the upper surface of the Inner basin sandstones exhibits vertical walls which truncate, and are perpendicular to, the underlying beds. The depositional style and structural control of the Taveyannaz sandstones, in association with the emplacement of superficial mud sheets, reflect processes that are highly analogous to those occurring in modern accretionary wedge environments. The sandstone packets of the Outer basin reflect a cyclical pattern of sedimentation alternating between deposition of sandstones and mudstones. The autocyclical or allocyclical controls on these high frequency alternations are difficult to interpret; likely mechanisms include lobe switching, climatic variations, eustatic sea level fluctuations and changes of horizontal in-plane deviatoric stress on the lithosphere. In this example, an alternative mechanism is speculated upon. This is based on the analogy with accretionary wedge processes. In this hypothesis, it is proposed that high frequency fluctuations in the accommodation space available on the shelf may result from fluctuations in the topographic slope of an accretionary wedge around its critical taper. Hence, during periods of accelerated frontal accretion, the taper angle of the thrust wedge becomes subcritical resulting in a broad, low angle topographic slope and increased shelfal accommodation. Consequently, sediment becomes trapped in a relatively landward position. The necessary rejuvenation of the surface slope of the thrust wedge to a critical taper is achieved through internal reactivation resulting in tectonic uplift and hence a relative fall in sea level; this leads to the reworking of sediment to the base of slope or outer trench. Repeated alternations of relative sea level between a subcritical highstand and a supercritical lowstand are considered to be sufficient to generate the observed alternations between sandstone and mudstone packages in the turbidite basin.     

Carbon isotope and rare earth element composition of Late Quaternary sediment gravity flow deposits on the mid shelf of East China Sea: Implications for provenance and origin of hybrid event beds

The East China Sea Shelf has an unusually wide and low gradient shelf, supplied from sediment‐charged rivers and large river delta systems, with bottom currents sweeping the sea floor and located in the path of strong typhoons. Sediment gravity flow deposits, including four hybrid event beds and a high density turbidite, are identified in a core from the mid‐shelf of the East China Sea. The hybrid event beds typically comprise three or two internal divisions from the base to the top: (i) H1, H3 and H5; or (ii) H3 and H5. Radiocarbon ages of the hybrid event beds were in the range of 3821 to 8526 yr bp . Based on correlation with surrounding cores, the hybrid events may have happened at any time between 1930 yr bp and 3890 yr bp . The δ¹³C values in hybrid event beds together with bathymetry data suggest local erosion on the shelf. The average δ¹³C value for the H1 division is similar to the H3 division in the hybrid event beds, implying that the organic matter in the H1 and H3 divisions may come from the same source area. Cross‐plots of upper continental crust normalized rare earth elements in the five units reveal that the sediment source of the four hybrid event beds and the turbidite was ultimately primarily from Korean rivers. Partial transformation from a moderate‐strength debris flow with the additional role of erosional bulking can explain occurrences of hybrid event beds on the East China Sea Shelf. The data indicate that hybrid sediment gravity flow deposits were sourced from intra‐shelf failures and subsequently transformed and deposited as hybrid event beds. The study shows that hybrid sediment gravity flows and turbidity currents may not necessarily indicate proximity to a major fluvial or deltaic system and that intra‐shelf sedimentation can be a sediment source. It is unlikely that the debris flows and turbidity currents were triggered by a hyperpycnal flow or tsunami, because both can carry continental and/or coastal signals which have not been recognized in the core. Typhoons are the probable triggering mechanism.     

亚热带中小型山溪性河流—宽陆架系统“源—汇”过程

中小型山溪性河流易受极端事件和人类活动影响,且对环境变化响应敏感,在大陆边缘物质循环过程中发挥着十分重要的作用,但学术界对它们的重视程度不够。以闽江—东海陆架系统为例,通过资料收集、遥感解译、样品采集与分析等方法,系统研究了亚热带中小型山溪性河流—宽陆架系统的“源—汇”过程。研究结果表明,人类活动引起的土地利用变化使得闽江入海径流量和泥沙通量在波动中略有增加,但水库的建设显著减少了入海泥沙通量,并且减弱了水沙通量的季节差异,河流入海泥沙通量变化对流域人类活动敏感且响应迅速;河口水体环境、悬浮体浓度、沉积物粒度组成及陆源有机碳埋藏的空间分布格局均显示,闽江入海泥沙主要分布在闽江河口附近海域,其中粗颗粒泥沙在水动力的作用下主要堆积在河口水下三角洲平原及前缘,细颗粒泥沙主要堆积在水下三角洲前缘斜坡及前三角洲附近海域,仅有少量细颗粒泥沙沿岸向外输运并沿途沉积,与大河流—宽陆架系统及中小型山溪性河流—窄陆架系统显著不同。河口人类活动及极端事件通过改变沉积物组成、环境动力、入海泥沙通量等方式对河流—陆架系统的“源—汇”过程产生显著影响。在当前流域来沙量锐减、河口地区海砂开采等人类活动强度增大的情况下,有必要加强相关研究。     

Cyclic sedimentation produced by fluctuations in meltwater discharge, tides and marine productivity in an Alaskan fjord

Glacimarine sediment deposited in the fjord adjacent to Muir Glacier in south-eastern Alaska consists of rhythmically laminated muds, stratified sandy mud, sand and gravelly mud facies. Cyclicity is recorded by gravelly mud facies deposited during winter by ice-rafting, black mud laminae formed by spring plankton blooms and variations in tidal rhythmite thickness and texture produced by the interaction of meltwater discharges and tidal currents in the macrotidal fjord. Regular cyclicity in laminae thickness is tested statistically by Fourier transform and can be attributed to a lunar tidal cycle control in the five cores collected up to 6 km from the sediment source. Cores close to the source can have additional laminae as a result of discharge fluctuations, and distal cores may lack full cycles because of variability in the plume path and attenuation with distance. Cyclic variations in sediment texture are recorded in magnetic susceptibility (MS) profiles of the cores. High MS values are produced by turbidite sand beds or by stratified sandy mud deposited by overflow plumes during peak summer meltwater discharge. Low values reflect muddy intervals deposited during periods of low meltwater discharge, such as during autumn and winter. Sediment accumulation rates measured by ²¹⁰Pb dating range from 82 cm year^–1, 2 km from the sediment source at the head of the fjord, to 16 cm year^–1, 6 km away. These rates are within the same range as average sediment accumulation rates determined from cyclic seasonal markers within the cores. These data show that, with careful documentation, annual cycles of glacimarine sediment accumulation can be detected within marine cores. Cores collected from the distal portion of the basin were deposited during the transition of Muir Glacier from a tidewater terminus ending in deep water to a terrestrial glacier with an ice-contact delta deposited in front of the terminus. This transition is recorded by a coarsening-upward sedimentary sequence formed by turbidite sands originating from the prograding delta above fine-grained, laminated basin fill deposited by turbid overflow plumes.     

SUBAERIAL CEMENTATION AND SUBSEQUENT DOLOMITIZATION OF LACUSTRINE CARBONATE MUDS AND SANDS FROM PALEOTUZ GÖLÜ ("SALT LAKE"), TURKEY

SUMMARY
Along the eastern coast of the Gez Gölö, a salt lake formerly belonging to the larger "Paleo-Tuz Gölö" in central Anatolia, about 6.5 m of lake sediments of probably Pleistocene age were studied.
The sediment series consists of fine-grained unconsolidated dolomite muds representing the basin sedimentation of the old lake.
Nine lithified beds (oomicrites, intramicrites, intraoomicrites, intrabiomi-crites and dololutites with smaller amounts of allochems) are intercalated. These beds were deposited in very shallow water in the littoral zone of the paleo-lake. There is direct evidence that the beds were occasionally exposed to the air after deposition. This led to desiccation (with mud cracks, breaking up of intraclasts) and subaerial cementation due to the influx of fresh water (rain water, springs).
These now lithified carbonate sedimentary rocks were submerged and subsequently covered with mud. During this sub-aquatic phase the rock beds as well as the unconsolidated muds were dolomitized by an extremely high Mg/Caratio of the lake water which in the present Tuz Gölü amounts to about 150! It cannot be excluded, however, that dolomitization already took place or was initiated during the subaerial phase ("supratidal dolomite").     

Palaeoenvironments, palaeogeography, and physiography of a large, shallow, muddy ramp: Late Cenomanian-Turonian Kaskapau Formation, Western Canada foreland basin

The Kaskapau Formation spans Late Cenomanian to Middle Turonian time and was deposited on a low‐gradient, shallow, storm‐dominated muddy ramp. Dense well log control, coupled with exposure on both proximal and distal margins of the basin allows mapping of sedimentary facies over about 35 000 km². The studied portion of the Kaskapau Formation is a mudstone‐dominated wedge that thins from 700 m in the proximal foredeep to 50 m near the forebulge about 300 km distant. Regional flooding surfaces permit mapping of 28 allomembers, each of which represent an average of ca 125 kyr. More than 200 km from shore, calcareous silty claystone predominates, whereas 100 to 200 km offshore, mudstone and siltstone predominate. From about 30 to 100 km offshore, centimetre‐bedded very fine sandstone and mudstone record along‐shelf (SSE)‐directed storm‐generated geostrophic flows. Five to thirty kilometres from shore, decimetre‐bedded hummocky cross‐stratified fine sandstone and mudstone record strongly oscillatory, wave‐dominated flows whereas some gutter casts indicate shore‐oblique, apparently mostly unidirectional geostrophic flows. Nearshore facies are dominated by swaley cross‐stratified or intensely bioturbated clean fine sandstone, interpreted as recording, respectively, areas strongly and weakly affected by discharge from distributary mouths. Shoreface sandstones grade locally into river‐mouth conglomerates and sandstones, including conglomerate channel‐fills up to 15 m thick. Locally, brackish lagoonal shelly mudstones are present on the extreme western margin of the basin. There is no evidence for clinoform stratification, which indicates that the Kaskapau sea floor had extremely low relief, lacked a shelf‐slope break, and was probably nowhere more than a few tens of metres deep. The absence of clinoforms probably indicates a long‐term balance between rates of accommodation and sediment supply. Mud is interpreted to have been transported >250 km offshore in a sea‐bed nepheloid layer, repeatedly re‐suspended by storms. Fine‐grained sediment accumulated up to a ‘mud accommodation envelope’, perhaps only 20 to 40 m deep. Continuous re‐working of the sea floor by storms ensured that excess sediment was redistributed away from areas that had filled to the ‘accommodation envelope’, being deposited in areas of higher accommodation further down the transport path. The facies distributions and stratal geometry of the Kaskapau shelf strongly suggest that sedimentary facies, especially grain‐size, were related to distance from shore, not to water depth. As a result, the ‘100 to >300 m’ depth interpreted from calcareous claystone facies for the more central parts of the Interior Seaway, might be a significant overestimate.     

Sedimentary facies of the Nova Scotian upper and middle continental slope, offshore eastern Canada

A detailed survey of the upper and middle Nova Scotian continental slope at 42°50′N and 63°30′W indicates a complex morphology dominated by mass movements on various scales and an immature turbidity current channel. The range of sediment facies is diverse including hemipelagic and turbidite muds, turbidite sands and gravelly sandy muds of debris flow origin. Deformed units, interpreted as slump deposits are also observed. Several facies associations, related to discrete morphological environments, are recognized. Thick turbidite sand units with minor intervening mud beds are characteristic of the high-relief uppermost slope and channel margin. Thinner turbidite sands, deformed slump beds and various mud facies are associated with small-scale, hummocky mid-slope topography. Sand beds are more abundant in the depressions than on intervening hummocks indicating the preferred transport paths of small turbidity currents. At the lower end of the main turbidity current channel, frequent turbidite sand beds with relatively minor mud beds are deposited on a depositional lobe. In areas unaffected by mass movements, alternating bioturbated mud and sandy muds make up the core sequences. A local model of sedimentation is proposed for this area and illustrates that simple models of continental slope sedimentation only apply to a limited range of settings.     

四川会理—会东及邻区中元古界昆阳群沉积特征及演化

四川会理 会东及邻区中元古界昆阳群 ,由下而上可分为力马河组、凤山营组和天宝山组 ,与古元古界河口群为不整合接触 ,其代表年龄值为 1 70 0± 1 0 0Ma～ 1 2 0 0± 1 0 0Ma。对这套地层的沉积学研究 ,前人涉及甚少。笔者在野外考察和室内分析的基础上 ,对其沉积相和沉积环境进行了详细的研究。初步认为研究区的中元古界昆阳群可分为 7种沉积相 ,进而探讨了该区的沉积演化历史。     

The Rio Dell Formation: a Plio-Pleistocene basin slope deposit in Northern California

The Rio Dell Formation (Pleistocene and Pliocene), exposed south of Eureka, California, is a prograded sequence of basinal turbidites overlain by basin slope and shelf deposits. The slope deposits studied in the Centerville Beach section accumulated in a steadily shallowing environment delineated by analysis of palaeobathymetrically significant benthonic foraminiferal biofacies in turn suggesting deposition at depths of 1000–100 m. Lower slope deposits interfinger with basinal turbidites derived from the Eel River delta to the north. Slumped blocks of silty mudstone, and associated silt and mud beds, are common. The middle slope deposits are mudstones; coarser sediments bypassed this zone. Mudstones and muddy siltstones alternate on the upper slope. Shallow depressions, probably slump scars, that have been rapidly filled by upper slope sediment are common. The transition to shelf deposits is marked by an increase in sediment grain size, in the degree of oxidation, and in the abundance of megafossils. High percentages of benthonic foraminifera displaced from shelf depths indicate that resedimentation processes are most important on the upper slope.     

陆棚海泥岩的岩相特征及沉积过程

传统的沉积模式认为大部分细粒沉积岩（泥岩或页岩）的沉积发生在相对深水、低能的环境中。作为地表上分布最为广泛的沉积岩类型,泥页岩包含了对重构地质历史时期古地理、古气候的重要信息。泥页岩除了可以作为有效的烃源岩,勘探开发技术的进展更发掘出泥岩作为非常规油气储层的巨大潜力。近十年来,国内外对细粒沉积物的水槽实验、泥岩沉积微相的精细分析、以及泥岩岩相组成特征的研究取得了长足的进展。这些研究对泥岩的沉积过程和沉积模式在不同角度上提供了新的认知。大部分泥岩（甚至包括众多有机质含量高的泥岩）都可能沉积在相对浅水以及水动力条件相对较高的环境中。不同的沉积过程（底部水流）形成不同的泥岩沉积微相,并对有机质在泥岩中的埋藏富集具有重要的控制作用。以晚白垩纪北美西部内陆海道为例,总结在陆棚浅海环境中（最大水深< 200 m）,位于从近岸到远岸（> 500 km）不同沉积环境（包括前三角洲/下邻滨、内陆棚、中陆棚、和外陆棚环境）中的泥岩的主要沉积过程、沉积微相特征、以及富集有机质的潜力。由于沉积过程和沉积环境是决定泥岩成分、沉积相、和岩石物理特征非均质性的首要因素,不同浅海环境中的泥岩相特征和沉积模式可有助于利用泥岩地层进行古地理、古气候的重构,并能够对预测不同陆棚浅海环境中沉积的泥岩作为有效烃源岩或有效储层的潜力提供指导。     

Seismic‐stratigraphic record of a deglaciation sequence: from the marine Laflamme Gulf to Lake Saint‐Jean (late Quaternary,Québec,Canada)

The stratigraphy of the last deglaciation sequence is investigated in Lake Saint‐Jean (Québec Province, Canada) based on 300 km of echo‐sounder two dimensional seismic profiles. The sedimentary archive of this basin is documented from the Late Pleistocene Laurentidian ice‐front recession to the present‐day situation. Ten seismic units have been identified that reflect spatio‐temporal variations in depositional processes characterizing different periods of the Saint‐Jean basin evolution. During the postglacial marine flooding, a high deposition rate of mud settling, from proglacial glacimarine and then prodeltaic plumes in the Laflamme Gulf, produced an extensive, up to 50 m thick mud sheet draping the isostatically depressed marine basin floor. Subsequently, a closing of the water body due to glacio‐isostatic rebound occurred at 8.5 cal. ka BP, drastically modifying the hydrodynamics. Hyperpycnal flows appeared because fresh lake water replaced dense marine water. River sediments were transferred towards the deeper part of the lake into river‐related sediment drifts and confined lobes. The closing of the water body is also marked by the onset of a wind‐driven internal circulation associating coastal hydrodynamics and bottom currents with sedimentary features including shoreface deposits, sediment drifts and a prograding shelf‐type body. The fingerprints of a forced regression are well expressed by mouth‐bar systems and by the shoreface–shelf system, the latter unexpected in such a lacustrine setting. In both cases, a regressive surface of lacustrine erosion (RSLE) has been identified, separating sandy mouth‐bar from glaciomarine to prodeltaic muds, and sandy shoreface wedges from the heterolithic shelf‐type body, respectively. The Lake Saint‐Jean record is an example of a regressive succession driven by a glacio‐isostatic rebound and showing the transition from late‐glacial to post‐glacial depositional systems.     

澳大利亚Bonaparte盆地大陆边缘裂陷期局限海相页岩发育特征与模式

发育于大陆边缘裂陷阶段以局限海相为主要沉积环境的富含浮游藻类泥页岩可能是Bonaparte盆地潜在的重要“油”源岩。从构造地质背景、沉积充填特征以及有机地球化学特征等多方面进行综合分析表明,局限海相页岩形成于大陆边缘裂陷阶段的衰减期,盆地基底的差异裂陷活动为页岩的形成提供了高可容纳空间和欠补偿的沉积环境,同时,“小隆大凹”的沉积格局更加有利于大规模相对稳定的半封闭的局限海沉积环境的形成和海相浮游藻类的繁盛。以扇三角洲和海底扇为主的物源体系带来大量“陆源”营养物质,同时,保持营养物质的供给与欠补偿条件的平衡。局限海相页岩主要形成于弱氧化、陆源物质供给较弱、局限海范围较大的沉积环境;岩性上以海相泥岩为主,陆源孢粉化石与沟鞭藻化石均较发育,或后者含量略高;沉积厚度适中、分布范围局限;有机质丰度相对较高,以混合型有机质为主,成熟度较低,气相色谱以前峰型为主,(nC₂₁+nC₂₂)/(nC₂₈+nC₂₉)和Pr/Ph比值相对较高,甾萜等生物标志化合物参数以低C₁₉三环二萜和C₂₄四环萜烷、高孕甾烷、高αααC₂₇R/αααC₂₉R为特征。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长7段富有机质泥页岩生烃条件及沉积模式分析

针对鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长7段富有机质泥页岩岩石学特征及生烃潜力认识不清的问题,通过对研究区泥页岩的岩石学、矿物组成、有机地球化学、孔隙类型及沉积模式精细研究,结果表明：研究区主要存在3种不同类型的泥页岩,分别是泥质碎屑流成因的块状泥岩、浊流成因的正粒序泥岩及沉积于静水环境中的纹层状泥岩.块状泥岩和正粒序泥岩含有较多的陆源碎屑矿物,纹层状泥岩碳酸盐矿物含量高,同时含有较高的有机碳及可溶烃和热解烃,它们的干酪根类型以Ⅱ型为主,含有少量Ⅰ型.泥页岩储集空间主要为粒间孔、粒内孔及微裂缝,有机质孔少见,纹层状泥岩孔隙类型多样,储集空间大.泥质碎屑流形成的块状泥岩沉积在湖盆坡脚处,浊流成因的正粒序泥岩及纹层状泥岩广泛沉积于湖盆中心,且厚度大.     

云南曲靖中泥盆统曲靖组的沉积环境:一种陆源碎屑与海相碳酸盐的混合沉积

云南曲靖中泥盆统曲靖组中发育了陆源碎屑与海相碳酸盐的混合沉积。混合沉积发生在以泥为背景沉积物的海湾中,系由突发性事件造成,属间断混合。主要表现为:在同一沉积环境背景上,陆源碎屑与灰泥和生物屑混合掺杂而形成混合组分沉积物。本文还对混合组分岩石的分类命名作了讨论,并命名了混合沉积的典型产物“混积岩”     

Synorogenic alluvial-fan – fan-delta deposition in the Papuan foreland basin: Plio-Pleistocene Era Formation,Papua New Guinea

The Pliocene to possibly Pleistocene uppermost Orubadi and Era Formations, southwest margin of the Papuan Peninsula, are interpreted as having been deposited in alluvial-fan, fan-delta and shallow-marine environments. The alluvial-fan facies consists primarily of lenticular, coarse-grained conglomerate (up to 2 m boulders) and cross-bedded and horizontally laminated sandstone. Conglomerate and sandstone were deposited in shallow fluvial channels and by overbank sheetfloods. The facies also contains thick mudflow diamictite and minor tuff and terrestrial mudstone. The shallow-marine and fan-delta facies, in contrast, consists of heterogeneously interbedded marine and terrestrial mudstone, sandstone, diamictite, conglomerate and limestone. Marine mudstone is calcareous, sandy, bioturbated, and contains marine shells. Limestone is mostly packstone that has a varied, open-marine fauna. Rare coral boundstone is also present. Marine sandstone is burrowed to bioturbated and is hummocky cross-stratified in places. Some marine mudstone contains sandstone pillows formed by loading of unconsolidated sand by storm waves. Other sandstone in the fan-delta facies is cross-bedded, lacks shells and was probably deposited by fluvial processes. Several conglomerate beds in the fan-delta facies are well sorted and imbricated and were also deposited by stream floods. The synorogenic Orubadi and Era Formations were deposited in a foreland basin formed from loading of the Papuan–Aure Fold and Thrust Belt on the edge of the Australian craton. Deformation in the fold and thrust belt was probably related to docking and compression of the Finisterre Terrane–Bismarck Arc against the New Guinea Orogen. The Era Formation interfingers with the reefal Wedge Hill Limestone in which reef facies likely grew on a deforming anticline. Era Formation siliciclastics were sourced from volcanic, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks that were uplifted in the orogen to the northeast. Volcanic sediment was derived mostly from a then-active volcanic arc likely related to southward subduction at the Trobriand Trough.     

Mineralogy,chemistry, and grain size composition of recent sediments in the northern Tyrrhenian Sea: Contribution to the study of sediment transport and distribution

As a contribution to an environmental study on Tuscany's marine shelf, textural, mineralogical, and chemical characteristics of recent sediments in the northern Tyrrhenian Sea between Elba Island and Livorno have been analyzed. The data provide clear information on sediment sources and movement patterns. The main sediment source appears to be the Cecina River; very subordinate is the contribution of the Fine River. As to sediment movement patterns, the surveyed basin appears to be divided into two subbasins: (1) a greater, southern subbasin, bounded by Tuscany mainland, Elba Island and Elba Ridge, and Capraia Isle, and Vada Shoals; and (2) a smaller, northern subbasin, enclosed between Vada Shoals and Meloria Shoals (off Livorno port).In the former the coarse-grade Cecina River sediments are transported southward along most of the mainland coast by littoral drift and coastal current; a northward flowing countercurrent seems to be active only in the southernmost part. Silts and clays are distributed in concentric belts around basin's central part, being transported mainly by slow circular water movements. In the marginal western zone, very little terrigenous influx is coupled with a high biologic productivity, and biogenic debris sedimentation prevails there.In the northern subbasin the sediment contribution from Fine River is more appreciable. Here the environmental energies are very low and the coarse sediments are restricted to a few small pocket beaches where they are deposited by local creeks. Most of the subbasin area is occupied by sapropelitic muds, again distributed by slow small-scale gyres.