随机弹性介质中地震波散射衰减分析(英文)

地震波衰减一直是许多学科研究的热点,因为可以反映介质的特性。导致地震波衰减的因素很多,如:传播过程中由于能量扩散导致的几何衰减,固体岩石内部晶粒间相对滑移导致的摩擦衰减,岩石结构不均匀引起的地震波散射衰减。本文主要从统计的观点出发,通过多次数值模拟的方法研究纵波散射在随机弹性介质中所引发的衰减。首先用随机理论建立了二维空间随机弹性介质模型,然后用错格伪谱法的数值方法模拟了波在随机介质中的传播,再通过波场中虚拟检波器的记录,用谱比法估计了弹性波在随机介质中的散射衰减。不同非均匀程度随机弹性介质中的数值结果表明:介质不均匀程度越高,散射衰减越大;在散射体尺寸小于波长的前提下,不同散射体尺寸的计算结果说明:散射体尺寸越大,弹性波衰减越明显。最后提出了一种不均匀孔隙介质中流体流动衰减的方法。通过对随机孔隙介质中地震波的总衰减和散射衰减分别进行了计算,并定量得出了随机孔隙介质中流体流动衰减,结果表明:在实际地震频段下,当介质不均匀尺度101米量级时,散射衰减比流体流动衰减要大,散射衰减是地震波在实际不均匀岩石孔隙介质中衰减的主要原因。     

地震波散射:理论与应用

传统的球面对称(或层状构造)地球模型正经历着一场革命。地球被揭示从地壳、地幔到地核到处都呈现多尺度的横向非均匀性。这些具有不同尺度的非均匀体对地震波具有不同的效应。速度和密度的非均匀体能改变波形,引起走时和振幅的起伏以及产生直达波的视衰减。地球岩石层的非均匀体还能产生P尾波、S尾波和Lg尾波等。核-幔边界附近的非均匀体能产生对PKP波的散射而成为PKIKP的前驱波,PKKP波的散射波可成为主震相自己的前驱波。近源和近台站的复杂构造可通过共振、散射来改变地震波形。粗糙地形或粗糙界面能造成体波和面波的耦合。地壳内规则排列的裂隙可产生有效各向异性而使S波分裂。由三维非均匀体所引起的地震波的变化,在广义上被称为地震波散射。近十多年来,由于高质量的高频数字地震资料的逐渐增多,对地震波散射的研究在急速发展并引起了越来越多的地震学家、工程学家和勘探地球物理学家的兴趣。本文综述了地震波散射的基本理论和在这一领域各方面的最新进展。其内容大致为:一、地球横向非均匀性的谱及各种散射态式二、地震波散射的研究方法1.理论研究(1)不连续非均匀介质的边界匹配方法(2)弱散射的微扰法(3)高频近似法(4)随机方法和非均匀体的统计特性2.数值模拟和物理模型试验3.野外观测三、弹性波散射的基本特征和标量波近似1.弹性波瑞雷散射2.弹性波瑞雷-甘斯散射3.随机介质的弹性波散射四.地震波散射的表现和应用1.透射起伏2.尾波产生及包络消减3.散射衰减4.核-幔边界附近的散射5.地表地形、近地表结构和深部构造引起的散射6.裂缝散射和有效各向异性7.散射和非线性。     

超声岩石物理实验尾波观测中边界反射的影响分析（英文）

超声尾波是研究高频散射问题的最佳数据,近年来得到广泛应用,然而岩石物理实验证实超声尾波受到岩芯边界反射的严重干涉,有必要厘清在实验观测中,直达波后各续至波组成分及岩芯边界反射的影响。本文利用1MHz的超声纵波换能器,分别对无吸收衰减标准铝样和较强衰减的页岩岩芯进行实验,同时利用旋转交错网格有限差分法模拟实验观测波场,以便充分了解超声岩石物理实验中各续至波组的性质和来源。通过对比铝样观测波场及其模拟波场,定量分析了侧面和对穿不同位置接收的波场特征,侧边界反射对超声尾波时段的干涉特征,以及样品几何尺寸对尾波观测的影响。结合页岩岩芯超声实验数据的分析表明:提高岩样径长比,可延迟侧边界反射的干涉作用,有效降低对超声尾波的影响。干涉超声尾波的主要边界反射波为PP波,其次为PS波、PPP波和PPS波,这些震相在超声尾波时段合成为具有陷频和频散特征的波组,其幅值达到直达波幅值的30%。页岩岩芯超声实验表明,岩样介质对高频能量的吸收和散射衰减作用极大地减弱了岩样侧边界反射对超声尾波时段的干涉影响。     

井孔声场中的弹性波散射效应及其应用

地下岩石普遍存在着非均匀性,当井孔周围岩石的非均匀体的尺度(如压裂产生的裂缝系统)与声波波长相当时,会产生很强的散射波,因此可以通过声波测井的散射效应评价地层的非均匀性.文章基于弹性介质散射体在统计意义上的分布规律,建立了三维井孔非均匀介质模型,数值模拟了非均匀地层偶极声波测井的散射效应,并分析了散射波的衰减特性.模拟结果表明:与均匀介质相比,井孔周围非均匀体产生了明显的散射,一个显著的特征是在直达波之后出现了较强的尾波,且尾波的频率随着时间逐渐降低.在此基础之上,根据尾波的衰减特性提出了一种利用散射效应评价地层非均匀性的方法,并将该方法应用于致密储层的压裂效果评价.应用结果表明压裂后偶极声波测井散射效应产生的尾波预示着井孔周围岩石的体积改造,可以用来评价致密储层压裂效果,这为今后利用声波测井资料评价非常规储层(如页岩储层)的压裂效果提供了一条新的思路.     

岩石非均匀性对超声衰减的影响及其修正

在充分考虑了岩石的非均匀性引起的Rayleigh散射对衰减测量值的影响后，通过有关理论和计算，将岩石的本征衰减和散射加以区分，对原先以均匀介质为基本假定的频谱比法进行了修正，改进后的频谱比法可在较宽的频率范围内进行Q值计算，避免了传统频谱比法在不同频段上得出不同的Q值的不确定性问题，同时，我们还引进并改进了频率移动法，我们将传统和改进的频谱比法，以及频率移动法应用于同一套实验数据，计算结果符合较好。     

基于常规测井数据的纵波本征衰减估计

地震波本征衰减反映了地层及其所含流体的一些特性,对油气勘探开发有重要意义.已有的理论研究与实验发现,地震频带内的衰减主要与中观尺度(波长与颗粒尺度之间)的斑状部分饱和、完全饱和岩石弹性非均匀性情况下波诱导的局部流体流有关.这种衰减与岩石骨架、孔隙度及充填流体的性质密切相关.本文着重讨论均匀流体分布、斑状或非均匀流体分布两种情况下部分饱和岩石的纵波模量差异.以经典岩石物理理论和衰减机制认识为基础,通过分析低频松弛状态、高频非松弛状态岩石的弹性模量,讨论储层参数(如孔隙度、泥质含量以及含水饱和度等)与纵波衰减之间的确定性关系.上述方法与模型在陆相砂泥岩地层与海相碳酸盐岩地层中的适用性通过常规测井资料得到了初步验证.     

砂岩和页岩弹性波性质的实验研究进展

砂岩和页岩的弹性波性质是通过地震资料推断储层物性和流体分布的基础.岩石波速测量常用超声波(10⁵～10⁶ Hz)脉冲法,低频岩石物理实验技术的发展为研究弹性波在岩石中的衰减和频散奠定了基础.本文系统总结了前人在高频和低频下测量砂岩和页岩弹性波性质的方法和实验结果,并结合矿物弹性性质和岩石物理模型,分析了压力、温度、矿物组成、孔隙结构、流体、频率等因素对岩石波速和衰减的影响.由于孔隙和微裂隙随压力增加而逐渐关闭,干燥砂岩和页岩的P波和S波速度在低压下随压力非线性增加,高于临界压力呈线性增加.干燥岩石样品的波速随温度增加而缓慢线性降低,频散效应可以忽略.而含流体砂岩和页岩的衰减和频散受温度、压力、流体饱和度、流体黏度、孔隙结构和频率等多种因素的影响,含流体砂岩和页岩的泊松比和逆品质因子Q^-1显著高于干燥样品.低压下砂岩的波速与孔隙度负相关,而影响页岩波速的因素更为复杂,页岩的波速、衰减和频散的各向异性都高于砂岩.将跨频段岩石物理实验与数字岩石物理技术相结合,可为勘探地球物理的方法创新和资料解释提供可靠依据.     

龙马溪组页岩数字岩芯超声响应数值模拟及散射特征分析

超高频（几百兆赫兹）超声数值模拟微米至纳米尺度的龙马溪组页岩数字岩芯及其强非均质性严重挑战数值模拟算法的精度和数值稳定性.本文利用图像阈值分割算法将龙马溪组页岩数字岩芯主要成分分解为石英类、黏土类、黄铁矿及孔隙四种类型,假定液相（油）均匀分布在整个介质模型中,根据岩芯的孔隙度、渗透率和各类矿物的岩石物理参数,建立了精细的非均质双相介质模型.采用基于Biot双相介质方程的不分裂卷积完全匹配层与高精度旋转交错网格有限差分方法精确模拟超声波在页岩岩芯中传播的散射衰减.通过精确控制匹配层吸收边界数来模拟边界反射量及其对尾波的干涉强度,并与超声实验尾波散射Q值进行比较,估算超声实验中的边界反射量及其对尾波的干涉强度.对不同超声子波主频的数值模拟试验,结合L/a-ka散射态式图分析表明：本文采用的龙马溪组页岩数字岩芯的非均质强度与600 MHz波长尺度相当,产生的散射衰减达到最大.开展页岩岩芯超声波散射数值模拟研究,据此评估页岩岩芯的非均质性,为页岩储层声学非均质预测提供依据.     

基于谱元法数值模拟研究地震判定准则

本文以宁夏区域地震台网为例,分析了波形互相关法在判定重复地震中可能存在的问题并讨论了相应的处理方法,通过构建三维非均匀体模型并利用谱元法数值模拟地震波的传播,统计了不同台站观测到的地震对波形互相关系数的分布,进一步研究了互相关系数与非均匀体性质及震源机制解之间的关系。结果表明:针对宁夏区域地震台网,利用波形互相关法判定重复地震比地震定位方法更有效;互相关系数在不同台站的取值与震源附近三维非均匀体强度和直达波与尾波的振幅比有关,对于相同的震源间距,较弱震源、较弱非均匀体或者较强振幅的直达波均会导致波形互相关系数变高,因此应选取更高的互相关系数阀值来判定重复地震。宁夏区域地震台网平均台间距为30—50 km,通过选取直达波较弱的台站或只截取尾波窗口计算互相关系数并设定较高的阀值,利用波形互相关法可有效地判定M_L1.0—3.0重复地震,进而为重复地震的监测与研究提供依据。      

背景为各向异性的含裂缝岩石频散和衰减计算方法研究

裂缝广泛分布于各类储层岩石中,并且会显著提高储层的渗流能力.因此,裂缝的评价和表征对于提高油气产能具有重要意义.由于裂缝与背景介质之间的波致流会显著影响地震波的频散和衰减特性,所以地震勘探是评价裂缝性储层的有效手段.裂缝地震定量表征的前提是要基于含裂缝岩石中波致流对频散和衰减的影响建立含裂缝岩石物理特性与地震性质的关系.然而,目前相关的理论研究大部分基于各向同性背景这一假设,难以有效应用于常见的各向异性储层.本文针对背景为各向异性的含裂缝岩石提出了频散和衰减的计算方法.该方法首先将含裂缝岩石中的各向异性背景介质等效为层状背景介质;然后,通过分析不同频率下层状含裂缝岩石中的流体压力分布,理论计算了两个特定的中间频率并求解得到两个中间频率下的弹性参数;进一步,以计算得到的两个特定中间频率以及高低频极限下的弹性参数为基础,应用数值方法求解得到弛豫函数中的未知参数,最终实现了背景为各向异性含裂缝岩石中频散和衰减的理论模拟.通过将理论预测结果与实验测量和数值模拟结果进行对比,验证了该方法在背景为各向异性含不同分布裂缝岩石中的有效性.本文提出的方法考虑了常见的各向异性背景对含裂缝岩石频散和衰减的影...     

On the generation and decay of the long-period coda energy of large earthquakes

Seismic coda wave is the tail portion of the earthquake record after main arrivals. Studies on the coda usually focus on high-frequency data within several hours after regional events and attribute them to the scattering effect of the heterogeneities inside the earth. Here, we use records of seven large earthquakes at globally distributed seismic stations to examine the decay of long-period (100 s to 300 s) coda in the time window of 10,000 s to 140,000 s after the origin time and fit it with a statistical model. The geometric spreading effect in the estimated initial energy and a location-independent equivalent attenuation coefficient indicate that the long-period coda energy is less affected by the heterogeneity-induced scattering effect than that of shorter-period coda. The coda energy can reach the earth's inner core and can be explained by a 1D earth model, making it more effective for constraining the global attenuation model. It also has the potential to determine the magnitudes of large earthquakes and to explore the interior of planetary bodies.     

Q值研究动态

随着人们观测能力的提高和观测手段的改善,反映地球介质特性的仅利用天然地震波对Q值进行测量,还在实验室内对地震波的衰减理论和然地震波测量Q值的主要方法有：利用地球自由振荡资料、利用体波、利验室中对地震波衰减的研究为衰减机理提供了研究基础。这些研究都不断性及动力学过程的认识。值的研究不断深化和发展。人们不量Q值的方法进行了研究。利用天面波和利用尾波来研究Q值。而实加深了我们对于地球内部介质的特Q测用地。     

CodaQ as a combination of scattering and intrinsic attenuation: Numerical simulations with the boundary integral method

Numerical modelling ofSH wave seismograms in media whose material properties are prescribed by a random distribution of many perfectly elastic cavities and by intrinsic absorption of seismic energy (anelasticity) demonstrates that the main characteristics of the coda waves, namely amplitude decay and duration, are well described by singly scattered waves in anelastic media rather than by multiply scattered waves in either elastic or anelastic media. We use the Boundary Integral scheme developed byBenites et al. (1992) to compute the complete wave field and measure the values of the direct waveQ and coda wavesQ in a wide range of frequencies, determining the spatial decay of the direct wave log-amplitude relation and the temporal decay of the coda envelope, respectively. The effects of both intrinsic absorption and pure scattering on the overall attenuation can be quantified separately by computing theQ values for corresponding models with (anelastic) and without (elastic) absorption. For the models considered in this study, the values of codaQ ^–1 in anelastic media are in good agreement with the sum of the corresponding scatteringQ ^–1 and intrinsicQ ^–1 values, as established by the single-scattering model ofAki andChouet (1975). Also, for the same random model with intrinsic absorption it appears that the singly scattered waves propagate without significant loss of energy as compared with the multiply scattered waves, which are strongly affected by absorption, suggesting its dominant role in the attenuation of coda waves.     

不同散射模式下S波包络合成

为揭示地震波在地壳小尺度非均匀介质中的散射过程,更准确地描述地震波的包络展宽现象,本文基于多次各向异性散射理论,采用离散波数法求解能量密度积分方程,选取高斯型自相关函数表征的散射模式,得到S波能量密度包络。基于此,本文首先分析了单次散射和多次散射在形成S波能量密度包络中的贡献规律;然后探讨了吸收系数和总散射系数对合成S波能量密度包络的影响;最后对比了在不同散射模式下合成的S波能量密度包络的差异。结果显示:① 不同的散射模式下单次散射和多次散射对地震波散射过程的贡献规律是一致的,对于近震（震源距小于100 km）,单次散射模型可以近似合成S波能量密度包络;随着震源距增大,多次前散射模型可以更快地接近总能量密度包络;② 吸收系数增大会降低直达S波和尾波幅值,总散射系数增大会降低直达S波幅值,但使得S波尾波幅值升高;③ 前散射模式下S波能量密度包络随震源距的增大会导致峰值延迟,包络展宽,尾波衰减一致性更快等现象产生。      

The physical implication of coda amplitude ratio and its possible application

The physical implication of coda amplitude ratio is discussed in term of energy ratio. The digitized data recorded at the station of Beijing Telemetered Seismograph Network between 1989 and 1990 are used to calculate amplitude ratios of coda to direct S wave, and energy ratios. The spectral energy ratios are used to estimate the coda Q and mean free path l in the Beijing area, as well as the two quality factors Q _i and Q _S separately due to intrinsic absorption and scattering attenuation. The decay of seismic waves in their propagation seems mainly resulted from the intrinsic absorption in Beijing region. The temporal variations of amplitude ratio and energy ratio at Changli station during the above two years are inspected; some of them largely depart from their mean value. It may reflect the seismogenic process, but using the data lasting longer time with more case histories needs further study. This study is sponsored by the Key Project of State Science and Technology of China, No. 96-918.     

Coda wave analysis for distinguishing attenuation due to isotropic scattering from attenuation due to absorption

When the quality factorQ is taken into account in attenuation studies, it is necessary to know the relative losses of wave energy due to scattering and to anelastic absorption. The coda is the most important phenomenon now known which is related to elastic scattering of seismic waves. Utilizing coda, this study presents relationships which give theQ factors of the medium around the recording station and discriminate between attenuations arising from elastic scattering (under the assumption of isotropic scattering) and those arising from anelastic absorption. This work proposes a technique for separately determining the attenuation due to isotropic scattering and that due to absorption from the observed envelope of coda waves.     

Coda waves: A review

The analysis and interpretation of coda waves have received increasing attention since the early seventies. In the past few years interest in this subject has spread worldwide, and the study of high-frequency seismic coda waves has become a very important seismological topic. As a conclusion of the studies accomplished in this time, coda waves are considered the result of scattering processes caused by heterogeneities acting on seismic waves.P andS waves play a particularly important role in this interaction. The process introduces an attenuation which, added to the intrinsic absorption, gives the observed apparent attenuation. Therefore, coda waves constitute a thumbprint left by the heterogeneities on the seismograms. Coda waves offer decisive information about the mechanism of how scattering and attenuation take place. This review describes coda waves in detail, and summarizes the work done in this subject to 1986. The relation between coda waves and attenuation in the context of research on seismic scattering problems is stressed. Particular attention has been given to the application of coda waves to estimate source and medium parameters. The state-of-the-art of the temporal variations of coda wave shape, and the possible use of these variations as an earthquake precursor also are presented. Care has been taken to introduce the statistical models used to deal with the heterogeneities responsible for scattering.     

Estimation of frequency dependent coda wave attenuation structure at the vicinity of Cairo Metropolitan Area

Estimation of seismic wave attenuation in the shallow crust in terms of coda wave Q structure previously investigated in the vicinity of Cairo Metropolitan Area was improved using seismograms of local earthquakes recorded by the Egyptian National Seismic Network. The seismic wave attenuation was measured from the time decay of coda wave amplitudes on narrow bandpass filtered seismograms based on the single scattering theory. The frequency bands of interest are from 1.5 to 18 Hz. In general, the values obtained for various events recorded at El-Fayoum and Wadi Hagul stations are very similar for all frequency bands. A regional attenuation law Q _c = 85.66 f ^0.79 was obtained.