基于Biot-Squirt方程的波场模拟

Biot流动和喷射流动是含流体多孔隙介质中流体流动的两种重要力学机制,对地震波和声波的传播均产生重要影响. Dvorkin和Nur提出了同时包含Biot流动和喷射流动力学机制的统一的BISQ(Biot-Squirt)模型,基于这一模型,尽管有关弹性波在多孔隙介质中的衰减和频散问题已被广泛研究,然而,基于BISQ波传播方程的波场数值模拟至今仍未见报道. 本文从同时包含两种力学机制的孔隙弹性波方程出发,利用FCT有限差分法对含流体孔隙各向同性介质中的地震波和声波进行了数值模拟,并与基于Biot流动的Biot理论之模拟结果进行比较. 数值模拟结果表明:同时包含Biot流动和喷射流动影响的地震波和声波速度比仅包含Biot流动作用的地震波和声波速度慢,慢P波的衰减比根据Biot理论模拟的慢P波衰减更强.     

二维随机介质中地震波的散射衰减分析

本文主要目的是研究二维随机介质中的散射衰减规律,并确定最小散射角的取值范围.首先基于随机介质理论构建相应的随机介质模型,然后利用间断有限元方法求解二维弹性波动方程,模拟地震波在随机介质中的传播过程,最后使用振幅衰减法,来估计随机介质的逆品质因子.本文模拟了不同频率地震波在不同参数的随机介质中的传播过程,统计结果表明,随机介质的逆品质因子与扰动标准差的平方成正比;当散射体尺寸与波长相当或小于波长时,随着散射体尺寸的增加,地震波振幅的散射衰减增强,高频地震波散射衰减作用更强;二维高斯型随机介质中,P波的最小散射角在60°~90°范围内.     

基于数字岩心动态应力应变模拟的非均匀孔隙介质波致流固相对运动刻画

地震波传播激发的不同尺度的流固相对运动(宏观、中观和微观)是许多沉积岩地层中地震波频散和衰减的主要原因,然而野外观测和试验测量都难以对非均匀多孔介质孔隙压力弛豫物理过程进行精细刻画.通过数字岩石物理技术,本文建立了三个典型的数字岩心分别用于表征孔隙结构、岩石骨架和斑状饱和流体引起的非均质性,利用动态应力应变模拟技术计算数字岩心的位移和孔隙流体增量图像.通过分析和比较三个数字岩心的位移和孔隙压力增量图像,细致刻画了发生于非均匀含流体多孔介质内的宏观、中观和微观尺度的流固相对运动:1)宏观尺度的波致孔隙流体流动导致波长尺度上数字岩心不同区域的孔隙压力和位移差异;2)中观尺度的流体流动发生在软层与硬层之间、气层与液层之间;3)微观尺度的流体流动发生在孔隙内部或相邻孔隙之间.数值模拟试验也证明基于数字岩心的动态应力应变模拟技术可以从微观尺度上更好的理解波致孔隙流体流动发生的物理机理,从而为建立岩石骨架、孔隙流体、孔隙结构非均质性和弹性波频散-衰减特征的映射关系奠定基础.     

含泥质低孔渗各向异性黏弹性介质中的波频散和衰减研究

本文定义了各向异性黏弹性参数修正因子,并将其引入到黏弹性模型中以体现泥质含量对黏弹性机制的影响,同时将波传播过程中孔隙介质骨架黏弹性力学机制与两种孔隙流体流动力学机制（Biot流动和喷射流动机制）有机地统一起来处理,从而给出了描述含泥质低孔渗孔隙各向异性介质中波传播规律的黏弹性Biot/squirt (BISQ)模型.数值计算结果表明,入射波的方位角、各向异性渗透率以及泥质含量等对含流体复杂孔隙介质中波频散和衰减的影响具有显著的方位各向异性特征,在低频范围内（地震波勘探频率）黏弹性力学机制对波传播能量的衰减起主导作用.     

基于横向各向同性BISQ方程的弹性波传播数值模拟

Biot流动和喷射流动是含流体多孔隙介质中流体流动的两种重要力学机制. 近年来，利用同时处理这两种力学机制的BISQ(Biot-Squirt)模型，弹性波衰减和频散的问题已被广泛研究；然而基于BISQ方程的波场数值模拟尚未见到公开的报道．本文从BISQ方程出发，利用交错网格方法对横向各向同性孔隙介质中不同频率和相界情况，以及双层介质中的弹性波传播进行数值模拟，研究了在同时考虑两种流动机制作用情况下地震波和声波的传播特性及传播过程中出现的各种波动现象．      

流体饱和周期性层状孔隙介质模型平行层面传播的纵波频散和衰减研究

孔隙介质中的地震波传播一直是油气地震勘探领域的研究热点和难点问题.该科学难题源自不同尺度的裂隙、孔隙、溶洞与岩石骨架之间的耦合作用,导致地震波场特征复杂.目前相关的研究主要集中于探索孔隙介质中地震波的传播机制及地震响应的特征与变化规律,包括对地震波在复杂孔隙介质中传播,进行比较精确的数学物理描述以及数值实现.地球物理学家们集中于研究垂直于地层层面方向入射的地震波频散和衰减,而忽略了实际地球介质中的地震波是以任意角度(方向)入射并进行传播的普遍性情况.在前人的研究基础上,本文的创新之处在于将纵波的入射方向扩展到平行于流体饱和的周期性层状孔隙介质模型层面方向.针对流体饱和的周期性层状孔隙介质模型,提出了介观波致流(Wave-induced Fluid Flow, WIFF)对流体饱和孔隙层状介质中平行于层面方向入射的纵波频散、衰减及频变各向异性的新模型.利用准静态Biot孔弹性方程推导出了模型的孔隙压力、流体流动速度、平均应力和平均应变等物理量的解析表达式,进而得到流体饱和的周期性层状孔隙介质复纵波模量的精确解析解．然后,利用复纵波模量讨论了纵波速度频散、衰减和频变各向异性特征,讨论了背景...     

基于BISQ模型双相各向同性介质弹性波传播的频率-空间域有限差分模拟

BISQ模型同时包含了合流体孔隙介质中Biot流动和喷射流动两种重要的力学机制.基于BISQ模型的双相各向同性介质弹性波波动方程是一个复变系数偏微分方程组.本文率先建立了该方程的25点频率-空间域有限差分数值解法,在理想相界和黏滞相界情况下,对Biot流动和喷射流动共同作用下的双相各向同性介质中的波传播进行了数值模拟,通过与仅受Biot流动作用下的波场模拟结果的对比,分析了两种机制耦合作用对弹性波传播的影响.同时,本文也研究了波在双层双相各向同性介质分界面处的反射和透射特征.数值模拟结果表明:在Biot流动和喷射流动耦合作用下,双相介质中传播的快P波的速度和振幅都小于仅考虑Biot流动的双相介质中的快P波,且慢P波的衰减也更为强烈,而S波的波速和振幅则无明显差异.这表明局部喷射流动对P波的衰减和频散具有重要影响,而对S波的影响较小;慢P波的强烈衰减使得其在波场快照中无法被观测到,双层双相介质中的波传播现象类似于单相介质的情况.同时本文的研究结果也表明,频率-空间域有限差分法在基于BISQ模型的双相介质中波传播数值模拟中的正确性和有效性,为开展孔隙弹性介质全波形反演问题的研究提供了研究基础.     

饱和多孔介质多相流体系中孔隙压传播数值分析

孔隙压波传播与衰减对解释深部流体在地震孕育、触发和断裂活动过程中的作用机制,以及石油与天然成藏机理等方面具有重要的学术和应用价值.目前孔隙压波的理论与计算以孔隙弹性介质理论、BISQ 理论为基础.Biot孔隙弹性理论仅考虑流体沿着波的传播方向发生流动,严重低估了Biot损失.Squirt机理考虑了微裂隙中粘性流体的局部流动,能够合理地解释超声波的衰减特征.     

砾岩储层地震波传播方程:三重孔隙结构模型

针对砾岩储层的砂、砾、泥三重孔隙结构特征,本文分析砾岩孔隙区域、砂岩孔隙区域以及泥岩孔隙区域相互之间的孔隙流体流动机制,将静态的砾岩骨架本构方程与动态的孔隙流体运动方程联立,提出了复杂砾岩储层的弹性波传播理论方程.采用实测砾岩储层参数,在算例中与双重孔隙介质理论进行对比分析,验证了本文理论方程的合理性;基于三重孔隙介质模型,分析不同储层环境下纵波的传播特征,结果显示:随流体黏滞系数增大,在衰减-频率轴坐标系中,砾与砂、砂与泥孔隙区域间局域流导致的两个衰减峰向低频端移动,而Biot全局流导致的衰减峰向高频端移动;嵌入体尺寸及背景相介质渗透率的变化,主要影响纵波速度频散曲线沿频率轴左、右平移,不影响波速低频、高频极限幅值;嵌入体含量及孔隙度的变化改变了岩石干骨架的弹性、密度参数,不仅影响速度频散曲线沿频率轴平移,而且影响其上、下限幅值;砾包砂包泥三重孔隙介质模型所预测的衰减曲线中,低频段"第一个衰减峰"主要由砾岩孔隙区域与砂岩孔隙区域之间的局域流导致,中间频段"第二个衰减峰"主要由砂岩孔隙区域与泥岩孔隙区域之间的局域流导致,超声频段"第三个衰减峰"由Biot全局流导致.对慢纵波传播特征的分析显示,砂岩骨架(局部孔隙度较大)内部的宏观孔隙流体流动造成的耗散明显强于砾岩与泥岩骨架.     

基于临界孔隙度模型的地震波传播

基于岩石物里学中临界孔隙度模型,建立一种简洁的均匀弹性流体饱和孔隙介质模型,进行地震波传播研究.首先定义了构建目标模型的基本力学模型:介绍了全孔隙度区间内基本力学模型和目标孔隙介质的含义,其中基本力学模型除了完全弹性固体模型S和完全弹性流体模型F还包括临界孔隙模型C.然后通过等效力学模型推出了目标力学模型介质本构关系的组分表达形式.文中分别通过直接求取弹性参数的表达形式和运用应力应变关系两种方法得到介质模型的本构关系,进而得到该模型波动方程的组分表达形式.最后对这种介质模型进行了地震波传播的数值模拟,结合模拟结果分析孔隙对地震波传播的影响.     

Finite-difference modeling with variable grid-size and adaptive time-step in porous media

Forward modeling of elastic wave propagation in porous media has great importance for understanding and interpreting the influences of rock properties on characteristics of seismic wavefield. However,the finite-difference forward-modeling method is usually implemented with global spatial grid-size and time-step; it consumes large amounts of computational cost when small-scaled oil/gas-bearing structures or large velocity-contrast exist underground. To overcome this handicap,combined with variable grid-size and time-step,this paper developed a staggered-grid finite-difference scheme for elastic wave modeling in porous media. Variable finite-difference coefficients and wavefield interpolation were used to realize the transition of wave propagation between regions of different grid-size. The accuracy and efficiency of the algorithm were shown by numerical examples. The proposed method is advanced with low computational cost in elastic wave simulation for heterogeneous oil/gas reservoirs.     

Interaction of multiple courses of wave‐induced fluid flow in layered porous media

Different theoretical and laboratory studies on the propagation of elastic waves in layered hydrocarbon reservoir have shown characteristic velocity dispersion and attenuation of seismic waves. The wave‐induced fluid flow between mesoscopic‐scale heterogeneities (larger than the pore size but smaller than the predominant wavelengths) is the most important cause of attenuation for frequencies below 1 kHz. Most studies on mesoscopic wave‐induced fluid flow in the seismic frequency band are based on the representative elementary volume, which does not consider interaction of fluid flow due to the symmetrical structure of representative elementary volume. However, in strongly heterogeneous media with unsymmetrical structures, different courses of wave‐induced fluid flow may lead to the interaction of the fluid flux in the seismic band; this has not yet been explored. This paper analyses the interaction of different courses of wave‐induced fluid flow in layered porous media. We apply a one‐dimensional finite‐element numerical creep test based on Biot's theory of consolidation to obtain the fluid flux in the frequency domain. The characteristic frequency of the fluid flux and the strain rate tensor are introduced to characterise the interaction of different courses of fluid flux. We also compare the behaviours of characteristic frequencies and the strain rate tensor on two scales: the local scale and the global scale. It is shown that, at the local scale, the interaction between different courses of fluid flux is a dynamic process, and the weak fluid flux and corresponding characteristic frequencies contain detailed information about the interaction of the fluid flux. At the global scale, the averaged strain rate tensor can facilitate the identification of the interaction degree of the fluid flux for the porous medium with a random distribution of mesoscopic heterogeneities, and the characteristic frequency of the fluid flux is potentially related to that of the peak attenuation. The results are helpful for the prediction of the distribution of oil–gas patches based on the statistical properties of phase velocities and attenuation in layered porous media with random disorder.     

A review of numerical experiments on seismic wave scattering

This paper reviews applications of the finite-difference and finite-element methods to the study of seismic wave scattering in both simple and complex velocity models. These numerical simulations have improved our understanding of seismic scattering in portions of the earth where there is significant lateral heterogeneity, such as the crust. The methods propagate complete seismic wavefields through highly complex media and include multiply scattered waves and converted phases (e.g.,P toSV, SV toP, body wave to surface wave). The numerical methods have been especially useful in cases of moderate and strong scattering in complex media where multiple scattering becomes important. Progress has been made with numerical methods in understanding how near-surface, low-velocity basin structures scatter surface waves and vertically-incident body waves. The numerical methods have proven useful in evaluating scattering of surface waves and body waves from topography of both the free surface and interfaces buried at depth. Numerical studies have demonstrated the importance of conversions from body waves to surface waves (andvice versa) when lateral heterogeneities and topographic relief are present in the uppermost crust. Recently, several investigations have applied numerical methods to study seismic wave propagation in velocity models which vary randomly in space. This stochastic approach seeks to understand the effects of small-scale complexity in the earth which cannot be resolved deterministically. These experiments have quantified the relationships between the statistical properties of the random heterogeneity and the measurable properties of high-frequency (1 Hz) seismograms. These simulations have been applied to the study of many features observed in actual high-frequency seismic waves, including: the amplitude and time decay of seismic coda, the apparent attenuation from scattering, the dispersion of waveforms, and the travel time and waveform variations across arrays of receivers.     

Analysis of reservoir heterogeneity-induced amplification effect on time-lapse seismic responses of fluid substitution: A physical modelling study

Seismic wave propagation through a fluid-saturated poroelastic layer might be strongly affected by media heterogeneities. Via incorporating controlled laboratory simulation experiments, we extend previous studies of time-lapse seismic effects to evaluate the wave scattering influence of the heterogeneous nature of porous permeable media and the associated amplification effects on 4D seismic response characteristics of reservoir fluid substitution. A physical model consisted of stratified thin layers of shale and porous sandstone reservoir with rock heterogeneities was built based on the geological data of a real hydrocarbon-saturated reservoir in Northeast China. Multi-surveys data of good quality were acquired by filling poroelastic reservoir layers with gas, water and oil in sequence. Experimental observations show that reservoir heterogeneity effect causes significantly magnified abnormal responses to the fluid-saturated media. Specifically, reflection signatures of the gas-filled reservoir are dramatically deviated from those of the liquid fluid-filled reservoir, compared with ones of the homogeneous media. By removing the influences unrelated to reservoir property alterations, 4D seismic estimates of travel-time and frequency-dependent characteristic are reasonably consistent with fluid variations. Nevertheless, strong 4D amplitude difference anomalies might not correspond to the regions where fluid variations occur. We also find that 4D seismic difference attributes are evident between oil- and water-filled models, whereas significant between oil- and gas-filled models. Meanwhile, rock physics modelling results reveal the predicted 4D seismic differences are obviously smaller than those calculated from seismic observations. The results in this paper, therefore, implicate that the effect of a reservoir's heterogeneous nature might be beneficial for hydrocarbons detection as well as monitoring small variations in pore fluids.     

Attenuation mechanisms in fractured fluid-saturated porous rocks: a numerical modelling study

Seismic attenuation mechanisms receive increasing attention for the characterization of fractured formations because of their inherent sensitivity to the hydraulic and elastic properties of the probed media. Attenuation has been successfully inferred from seismic data in the past, but linking these estimates to intrinsic rock physical properties remains challenging. A reason for these difficulties in fluid-saturated fractured porous media is that several mechanisms can cause attenuation and may interfere with each other. These mechanisms notably comprise pressure diffusion phenomena and dynamic effects, such as scattering, as well as Biot's so-called intrinsic attenuation mechanism. Understanding the interplay between these mechanisms is therefore an essential step for estimating fracture properties from seismic measurements. In order to do this, we perform a comparative study involving wave propagation modelling in a transmission set-up based on Biot's low-frequency dynamic equations and numerical upscaling based on Biot's consolidation equations. The former captures all aforementioned attenuation mechanisms and their interference, whereas the latter only accounts for pressure diffusion phenomena. A comparison of the results from both methods therefore allows to distinguish between dynamic and pressure diffusion phenomena and to shed light on their interference. To this end, we consider a range of canonical models with randomly distributed vertical and/or horizontal fractures. We observe that scattering attenuation strongly interferes with pressure diffusion phenomena, since the latter affect the elastic contrasts between fractures and their embedding background. Our results also demonstrate that it is essential to account for amplitude reductions due to transmission losses to allow for an adequate estimation of the intrinsic attenuation of fractured media. The effects of Biot's intrinsic mechanism are rather small for the models considered in this study.     

非均匀介质全局广义R/T递推传播矩阵法二维SH地震波模拟研究

地球深部圈层及沉积盆地是一种分区非均匀介质系统,其中不规则地层边界(含起伏地表)对地震波的主要特征有显著影响,而地层的随机非均匀性则主要影响地震波的散射和衰减特征.为了精确刻画不规则地层边界对地震波的反射、透射效应以及非均质体散射引起的地震波衰减效应,全局广义R/T递推传播矩阵法(GGRTM)被提出并逐步发展成为继有限元和有限差分方法之后的另一种复杂介质高精度地震波传播半解析求解方法.在已有的此类方法中,不规则边界均匀地层GGRTM法的优势在于对不规则地层边界的反射和透射效应的准确模拟,而非均质地层薄板化GGRTM法则能准确描述非均质体散射对地震波衰减的影响.本文吸收这两种已有方法的优势,提出了一种考虑非均匀介质、不规则边界的全局广义R/T递推传播矩阵混合方法,并将其用于对边界不规则、层内非均质的复杂模型的二维SH波场模拟.随后在本文方法与边界元法对比研究的基础上讨论了方法的模拟精度.研究结果表明本文提出的混合法是一种解决复杂模型高精度地震模拟的有效方法.     

Seismic attenuation in porous rocks with random patchy saturation

Saturation of porous rocks with a mixture of two fluids has a substantial effect on seismic‐wave propagation. In particular, partial saturation causes significant attenuation and dispersion of the propagating waves due to the mechanism of wave‐induced fluid‐flow. Such flow arises when a passing wave induces different fluid pressures in regions of rock saturated by different fluids. Most models of attenuation and dispersion due to mesoscopic heterogeneities imply that fluid heterogeneities are distributed in a regular way. However, recent experimental studies show that mesoscopic heterogeneities have less idealized distributions and that the distribution itself affects attenuation and dispersion. Based on an approximation for the coherent wavefield in random porous media, we develop a model which assumes a continuous distribution of fluid heterogeneities. As this continuous random media approach assumes that there will be a distribution of different patch sizes, it is expected to be better suited to modelling experimental data. We also show how to relate the random functions to experimentally measurable parameters.     

非均匀弹性介质地震波动模拟的Fourier变换方法

一、前言 地震模型技术是应用地震法研究地下储油地层分布的基础工作,它可以用来研究地,震波的传播以及各种波的特性,可以通过修改地质模型,反复进行正演,实现对实际地震剖面的最优逼近,以实现地震反问题。本文在文献[1]的基础上,应用Fourier变换方法研究了用非均匀弹性介质波动方程正演问题的解来模拟地震波的传播,探索了该方法对非均匀弹性介质地震模型的有效性及实用性。     

Scaling behavior and the effects of heterogeneity on shallow seismic imaging of mineral deposits: A case study from Brunswick No. 6 mining area,Canada

We have studied the scaling behavior of compressional-wave velocity and density logs from an exploration borehole that extends down to about 700 m depth in the Brunswick No. 6 mining area, Bathurst Mining Camp, Canada. Using statistical methods, vertical and horizontal scale lengths of heterogeneity were estimated. Vertical scale length estimates from the velocity, density and calculated acoustic impedance are 14 m, 33 m, and about 20 m, respectively. Although the estimated scale length for the acoustic impedance implies a weak scattering environment, elastic finite difference modeling of seismic wave propagation in 2D heterogeneous media demonstrates that even this weak scattering medium can mask seismic signals from small, but yet economically feasible, massive sulfide deposits. Further analysis of the synthetic seismic data suggests that in the presence of heterogeneity, lenticular-shaped targets may only exhibit incomplete diffraction signals whereby the down-dip tails of these diffractions are mainly visible on the stacked sections. Therefore, identification of orebody generated diffractions is much easier on the unmigrated stacked sections than on migrated stacked sections. The numerical seismic modeling in 2D heterogeneous media indicates that in the presence of large horizontal, but small vertical scale lengths (structural anisotropy), identification of massive sulfide deposits is possible, but their delineation at depth requires detailed velocity modeling and processing algorithms which can handle the anisotropy.