南极威尔克斯地SGR钻孔处雪冰转化过程中的密度变化特征

本文着重描述了SGR钻孔处冰盖上的积雪在密实化过程中的特征变化,并对该过程进行了分段的和全面的回归分析.结果表明,冰盖密度随深度增大,但增长幅度随深度减小.作者提出密度变化减小度的概念.计算得出的所研究冰芯钻取点的密度变化减小度为-0.15kg/m~3·m~2,粒雪成冰前的密实速率平均值为4.08kg/m~3·a.本文得到的冰盖密度变化“临界点”与以往报道的有所不同.分析这一现象时,作者强调当积雪还在活动层时冰盖温度的影响,并以此解释密度剖面的异常变化以及离差的回升.特别指出,积雪的密度变化具有气候学意义,它在一定程度上能够反映出积雪形成及变化过程中气候变化的某些信息.本文由密度变化确定的钻孔点雪冰转化深度为50米.     

南极洲乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽小冰穹顶冰芯数学模式初步断代

冰芯钻取后，样品截取原则和环境记录的初步解释要求对年代－深度剖面有一初步了解，即要求建立冰体随深度变化的时间尺度。根据柯林斯冰帽一年多野外实测资料所揭示的小冰穹运动状况、温度分布、物质平衡和动力学特征，本文采用Ｄａｎｓｇａｒｒｄ－Ｊｏｈｎｓｅｎ模型和等温冰体流动模型（ｎ＝３），分别对一支８０．２ｍ冰芯的时间尺度进行初步估算。结果表明两种模型断代结果非常接近，在距冰床１０ｍ深度处，两模型分别给出１８９７年和１８５４年的冰龄。对比指出两种模型计算出的冰帽各深度冰龄最大误差不大于２％。与冰芯中上部含深褐色火山灰冰层的历史记录年代相比误差小于３％。     

南极洲乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽冰芯火山喷发记录

矿物和结构分析揭示了南极洲乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽一支 80 .2 m冰芯中的 9层深褐色沉积物的火山灰特征。本文从冰川处于稳定状态的假定出发 ,根据 Dansgaard- Johnsen流动模式断代结果 ,建立了南设得兰群岛火山喷发序列。依冰芯记录判断 ,该区 1 650年以来的 340年间 ,共有 7轮火山喷发。1 875～ 1 92 5年间似为火山活跃期 ,喷发地点可能主要在欺骗岛 ;1 650～ 1 80 0年间为一相对平静期 ;此后一个世纪不太稳定 ;而过去的 1 0 0年间基本平静 ,只是世纪初和 50～ 70年代间各有一段动荡期。冰芯中记载的大多数火山喷发可在该区有关文献中找到记录。没有记录在案的几例喷发事件需进一步调查。冰芯中缺失 1 967～ 1 970年欺骗岛火山灰层位表明 ,研究得到的火山序列仍未包含所有的喷发事件。但本文展示的该区过去 340年间火山活动基本趋势并不因此而改变。     

Source and environmental significance of oxalate in Laohugou Glacier No. 12, Qilian Mountains,Western China

Retrieval of oxalate from snow and ice provides information on past environmental changes. In recent years, records of organic acids in middle-and low-latitude glaciers have attracted the attention of researchers globally. In this study, we analyzed oxalates in an ice core from Laohugou Glacier No. 12 on the Qilian Mountains at an elevation of 5,040 m a.s.l. in2006. Average oxalate concentration was 18.5±2.4 ng/g over the prior 46 years. Oxalate values showed a significantly increasing trend since 1985. From 1985 to 1995, oxalate concentrations had large fluctuations, peaking in about 1987 and exhibiting a slightly decreasing trend since 1995. The result shows that the abrupt increase of oxalate concentration in the ice core since the mid-1980 s reflects atmospheric environmental pollution by human and industrial activities.     

南极洲乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽冰芯层位和密度变化的一般特征

柯林斯冰帽两支冰芯层位记录证实了该冰帽主冰穹顶部（海拔约７００ｍ）属暖渗浸带，小冰穹顶部（海拔约２５０ｍ）属渗浸带。雪、冰的层位分布和密度变化包含了一定的测年信息。主冰穹顶冰芯密度－深度曲线在表层呈现韵律性变化，与层位记录中的融化冻结现象相对应，据此粗略划分年层，断定当地年积累雪层厚度为３－３．５ｍ，折合水当量１６５０－１９２５ｋｇ／ｍ２ａ，年平均积累速率约为２．０ｍ／ａ（冰当量）。主冰穹顶成冰深度为３８－３９ｍ，此深度以上密度自上而下缓慢增加，但以下由于含水层的出现，密度迅速升高，在５－６ｍ区间达到９００ｋｇ／ｍ３。小冰穹冰芯除表层外，密度基本在８００－９００ｋｇ／ｍ３之间，冰芯中雪冰互层，存在污化面，４０ｍ以下发现很厚的火山灰沉积物。小冰穹平均年积累率约为０．７ｍ／ａ（冰当量），成冰深度７－８ｍ，成冰年限为１０年左右     

南极中山站近岸海冰生态学研究 Ⅳ.海冰营养盐浓度的季节变化及其与生物量的关系

对１９９２年４月至１２月间中山站近岸海冰营养盐状况以及与生物量的关系进行了分析。为了能与海水中的营养盐进行对比,对海冰融化样的营养盐数据进行了同期冰下海水表层盐度的校正。结果显示,海冰中多数层次的硝酸盐浓度低于冰下表层海水的浓度,而磷酸盐和硅酸盐浓度则正好相反,亚硝酸盐浓度在观测期间均高于冰下表层海水的浓度。海冰营养盐浓度无明显的变化规律,呈现较大的波动,它可以是冰下表层海水的数分之一直至高出一个数量级,除显著的冰底水华期外并不构成冰藻生长的限制因素。海冰营养盐的分布与叶绿素ａ含量无明显的相关性。     

南极中山站近岸海冰生态学研究Ⅰ．1992年冰藻生物量的垂直分布及季节变化

从１９９２年４月至１２月对东南极中山站近岸当年冰生物量及其环境因子进行了观测。冰底有色层出现在４月下旬和１１月下旬，集中于冰底２～３ｃｍ，叶绿素ａ最高含量分别为８８．３ｍｇ／ｍ３和２８１０ｍｇ／ｍ３，相应的冰藻数量分别为３．５×１０６和１．２１×１０８个／升。柱总叶绿素ａ含量的季节性变化极为显著，尤其是以春季的大幅度快速增值为特征，变化范围为１．１７～５９．７ｍｇ／ｍ２，冰藻生物量主要分布在冰底，冬季期间则集中在冰底或冰的中上层。藻类优势种较为单一，秋季优势种为Ｎｉｔｚｓｃｈｉａｌｅｃｏｉｎｔｅｉ、Ｎ．ｂａｒｋｌｅｙｉ和Ｎ．ｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｕｓ；春季优势种为Ａｍｐｈｉｐｒｏｒａｋｊｅｌｍａｎｉ，Ｂｅｒｋｅｌｅｙａｒｕｔｉｌａｎｓ和Ｎ．ｌｅｃｏｉｎｔｅｉ。中山站近岸冰藻生物量的垂直分布和季节变化以及春季优势种的组成与东南极其它固冰区具有较强的相似性，与亚南极固冰区差异较大。     

Laboratory experiments and thermal calculations for the development of a next-generation glacier-ice exploration system: Development of an electro-thermal drilling device

A next-generation drilling system, equipped with a thermal drilling device, is proposed for glacier ice. The system is designed to penetrate glacier ice via melting of the ice and continuously analyze melt-water in a contamination-free sonde. This new type of drilling system is expected to provide analysis data in less time and at less cost than existing systems. Because of the limited number of parameters that can be measured, the proposed system will not take the place of conventional drilling systems that are used to obtain ice cores; however, it will provide a useful method for quickly and simply investigating glacier ice.An electro-thermal drilling device is one of the most important elements needed to develop the proposed system. To estimate the thermal supply required to reach a target depth in a reasonable time, laboratory experiments were conducted using ice blocks and a small sonde equipped solely with heaters. Thermal calculations were then performed under a limited range of conditions. The experiments were undertaken to investigate the effects of the shape and material of the drill head and heater temperature on the rate of penetration into the ice. Additional thermal calculations were then performed based on the experimental results.According to the simple thermal calculations, if the thermal loss that occurs while heat is transferred from the heater to ice (in melting the ice) is assumed to be 50%, the total thermal supply required for heaters in the sonde and cable is as follows: (i) 4.8 kW (sonde) plus 0 W (cable) to penetrate to 300 m depth over 10 days into temperate glacier ice for which the temperature is 0 °C at all depths and to maintain a water layer along 300 m of cable; (ii) 10 kW (sonde) plus 19–32 kW (cable) to penetrate to 1000 m depth over 1 month into cold glacier ice for which the temperature is −25 °C at the surface and 0 °C at 1000 m depth and to maintain a water layer along 1000 m of cable; and (iii) 19 kW (sonde) plus 140–235 kW (cable) to penetrate to 3000 m depth over 2 months into an ice sheet for which the temperature is −55 °C at the surface and 0 °C at 3000 m depth and to maintain a water layer along 3000 m of cable. The thermal supply required for the cable is strongly affected by the thickness of the water layer, cable diameter, and the horizontal distance from the ice wall at which the ice temperature was maintained at its initial temperature. A large thermal supply is required to heat 3000 m of cable in an ice sheet (scenario (iii) above), but penetration into glacier ice (scenarios (i) and (ii) above) could be realistic with the use of a currently employed generator.     

Development of a model for ice core dating based on grain elongation

A simple quasi-empirical model is presented to calculate the deformation rate and age scale corresponding to ice core depth, where grain size and shape are determined only by grain growth and grain deformation processes. Given the size and elongation of grains as a function of ice core depth and the accumulation rate at the ice-sheet surface, it is possible to determine the ice core age scale. The model results are in good agreement with measured values of the rate of grain deformation and the age scale for the GIPS2 ice core at depths above 700 m.     

南极罗斯海2012年夏季海冰特征分析

利用卫星海冰密集度资料和船基海冰走航观测数据分析了2012年12月至2013年3月南极罗斯海海冰密集度、厚度和浮冰尺寸等参数的时空变化特征。12月下旬罗斯海西侧浮冰区南北向宽约1 000 km,沿雪龙船航线平均密集度在5成以上,平均海冰厚度为100 cm,平均冰上积雪厚度为16 cm,高密集度区域主要为尺寸较小的块浮冰(2—20 m)和小浮冰(20—100 m),低密集度区域主要为大尺寸浮冰(500—2 000 m)。1月和2月罗斯海大部分海域无海冰覆盖,3月海冰迅速冻结,下旬即覆盖整个罗斯海。SSMIS和AMSR2两种卫星遥感数据均能较好反映航线上的真实海冰密集度状况,AMSR2产品与观测符合更好。与1978—2012的气候平均值相比,观测区在2012年夏季冰情偏重。本文的分析结果可帮助我们了解罗斯海海冰的时空特征,为中国后续罗斯海科考提供参考。     

34000年以来南极汞沉降通量的估算

本文统计分析了南极DomeC冰芯中汞含量和降水指征参数δ1 8O值、1 0 Be浓度的关系 ,发现冰芯中Hg含量和δ1 8O值、1 0 Be浓度变化一致 ,表明DomeC冰芯汞含量受到冰雪积累率的影响 ,而且三者变化的高度同步性可能说明其原始驱动力也是一致的 ,从而冰芯中Hg含量可以和1 0 Be浓度一样作为冰雪积累率估算的替代性指标。此外 ,利用δ1 8O数据 ,系统估算了 340 0 0年以来南极汞沉降通量的变化。结果表明 ,DomeC冰芯汞沉降通量在末次冰盛期 (LGM)最高 ,为 3.80pgcm- 2 a- 1 ,约是全新世汞沉降通量 ( 1 .0 8pgcm- 2 a- 1 )的 3.5倍 ,该变化可能主要受到汞的自然排放量影响。     

东南极、西南极4000年以来生物活动强度变化与南极冰芯的对比

利用南极中山站地区的冰退速率和奈拉湖湖相沉积物中的硫浓度分布特征推算了奈拉湖的沉积速度。以硫元素浓度作为湖相沉积物中生物活动强度的指标，对比了西南极长城站地区西湖沉积物和东南极中山站奈拉湖沉积物中生物活动强度的变化趋势，并与Ｄ１０冰芯中反映海洋生物活动强度的指标ＣＨ３ＳＯ－３的浓度变化趋势作对比。结果表明，４０００ａＢ．Ｐ．以来三者的历史变化趋势是明显一致的，１８５０～１１５０ａＢ．Ｐ．是生物活动的最宜期，这是全球环境变化在不同地点、不同类型沉积物中的表现。     

南极纳尔逊冰帽的雪层及其成冰作用研究

纳尔逊冰帽雪—粒雪的演化依赖于融水渗浸冻结作用下的暖变质过程。积雪的密实化过程的快慢,取决于温度条件和融水的参与程度,以及自身的物理状况。粒雪的密实化过程表现为均匀且变幅小。纳尔逊冰帽成冰深度在23～25m,成冰历时17～19年。成冰带分为暖渗浸—重结晶带,渗浸—冻结带,消融带。     

南极洲纳尔逊冰帽浅层粒雪／冰的晶体组构特征

对纳尔逊冰帽３个地点浅层粒雪／冰芯的晶体组构测量表明，冰晶ｃ轴在冰帽表面具有优势方位，２０ｍ深度内普遍出现双扇形组构，在２０－３０ｍ深度具有向单极大型变化的趋势。这与所报道的中低纬度山地温冰川上的晶体组构特征有明显不同。估计大量融水渗浸和再冻结作用对冰晶组构有重要影响，但详细机制尚不清楚     

南极普里兹湾临近海域夏季纽鳃樽对浮游植物的摄食研究

于 1 998年 1 2月至 1 999年 1月南极夏季 ,对南大洋普里兹湾临近海域主要被囊类纽鳃樽的数量密度分布进行了现场调查 ,同时于 - 3站对纽鳃樽对浮游植物的摄食率利用肠道色索法和颗粒递减法进行了现场研究。调查结果表明 ,纽鳃樽主要分布于调查海区的浮冰区北部边缘及其以北的开阔水域。在密集区其数量密度高达 2 795ind..1 0 0 0 m- 3,浮冰区几乎没有发现。 - 3站现场摄食实验结果显示 ,纽鳃樽个体肠道色素含量变化范围为 0 .1 4～ 1 .2 7μg.ind.- 1,平均为0 .98μg.ind.- 1。肠道色素法测得的纽鳃樽对浮游植物的摄食率为 7.9μg.ind.- 1d- 1,滤水率为2 81 ind.- 1d- 1。颗粒递减法测得纽鳃樽滤水率为 1 5.3± 4.61 ind.- 1d- 1,比肠道色素法所得结果偏低。虽然由此推算纽鳃樽群体的日摄食量只占浮游植物现存量的 0 .8% ,但是对于初级生产力却有一定的摄食压力 ( 72 .2 % )。     

中国第四次北极科学考察EM31-ICE走航海冰厚度数据分析

利用ＥＭ３１-ＩＣＥ电磁感应仪与激光测距仪、声纳等设备在中国第四次北极科学考察过程对海冰厚度进行走航观测,通过对数据预处理获得了海冰厚度数据,结合长期冰站上采集的多组冰厚样本,获得ＥＭ３１-ＩＣＥ的各项校正参数。同时通过对异常数据的分析以及小波去噪、统计处理等方法,得出最终的解释结果：在去程时海冰厚度主要分布在０．５-２．５ｍ之间,而返程时的海冰厚度有明显变薄的倾向,主要分布在０．５-２．０ｍ之间。在高纬度地区海冰厚度明显大于低纬度地区,并且在高纬度地区海冰厚度统计图中常出现两个波峰,而低纬度地区常是一个波峰。在整个去程与返程过程中,超过４ｍ厚的海冰不到１％。     

Palsas in Härjedalen, Sweden: 1910 and 1998 Compared

In 1998 an area near Helagsfjället in Härjedalen was investigated in an attempt to relocate palsas discovered by the botanist Harry Smith in 1910. Several small palsa-like features with ice cores were detected. The palsas were found on an almost flat peat bog at 950 m, 3 km NW of Helagsfjället. Five clearly elevated mounds and some indistinct ones with palsa-like features were traced. The five mounds were about 0.6 m high and had an area of about 2 × 3 m. One of the mounds was examined in more detail. At a depth of 0.3 m in the peat an ice body with a hard ice core was found. This location is the most southerly area known with occurrence of palsa-like forms in Sweden at the present time. In spite of a warmer climate towards the latter part of this century, palsa-like features have survived in this area. The mean annual temperature barely fits the criterion for palsa formation while the mean annual precipitation is too high as compared with the general assumptions. The palsa formation is probably dependent on strong winds thinning out the snowcover.     

The Icelandic Laki volcanic tephra layer in the Lomonosovfonna ice core, Svalbard

The largest sulphuric acid event revealed in an ice core from the Lomonosovfonna ice cap, Svalbard, is associated with the densest concentration of microparticles in the ice core at 66.99 m depth. Electron microscope analysis of a volcanic ash particle shows it has the same chemical composition as reported for debris from the eruption of Iceland's Laki fissure in 1783 and confirms the identification of the tephra. Most of the particles in the deposit are not ash, but are common sand particles carried aloft during the eruption event and deposited relatively nearby and downwind of the long-lasting eruption. The tephra layer was found 10–20 cm deeper than high sulphate concentrations, so it can be inferred that tephra arrived to Lomonosovfonna about 6–12 months earlier than gaseous sulphuric acid precipitation. The sulphuric acid spike has a significant cooling impact recorded in the oxygen isotope profile from the core, which corresponds to a sudden drop in temperature of about 2°C which took several years to recover to previous levels. These data are the first particle analyses of Laki tephra from Svalbard and confirm the identification of the large acidic signal seen in other ice cores from the region. They also confirm the very large impact that this Icelandic eruption, specifically the sulphuric acid rather than ash, had on regional temperatures.     

A Light Portable Steam-driven Ice Drill Suitable for Drilling Holes in Ice and Firn

The purpose of this contribution is to explain the characteristics of a newly developed ice drill which is particularly geared to the needs of glaciologists. It is primarily designed for drilling holes for ablation stakes and for measuring water levels or temperatures in firn areas. Its distinguishing features are its light weight, making it easy to carry even over long distances, and the variety of tasks to which it can be adjusted. Furthermore, it is easy to operate even by one person.
Water is heated in a boiler by two gas flames to produce steam, which flows through an insulated hose to a nozzle. When the valve is opened the issuing steam condenses, and the heat released in the process melts the ice. The heater is constructed in such a way that it can easily be adapted to any form of gas supply locally available. It can be used for drilling in ice as well as in firn. The maximum drilling depth is 13 m in ice and 30 m in firn; hole diameters range from 25 to 45 mm. Mean drilling time is 16 min for 6 m, 35 min for 12 m in ice. The total weight is somewhat less than 16 kg, including all parts needed for drilling holes of 10 m in depth as well as the gas supply for one day. In recent years, devices of this type have been used successfully by scientists in various glaciated regions.     

天山东部冰芯pH值和电导率的大气环境空间差异

Electrical Conductivity Measurement (ECM) from ice core is a representative index for atmospheric environmental change. The pH value and ECM from three shallow ice cores (each 3.85 m, 231 ice samples total) on Glacier No.1 at the headwater of Urumqi River, Gla-cier No.48 in Kuitun area, and Miaoergou Glacier in Hami area in the eastern Tianshan Mountains, western China, were measured and analyzed for atmospheric environment re-cords research. Ice core record shows that the changing trend of pH and ECM in three sites in recent years is different: ECM in Kuitun increases with the ice depth change, but ECM in Hami and Urumqi Glacier No.1 ice cores show a decreasing trend. Average ECM value in Hami is much larger than other two sites, just as the dust concentration and ions concentra-tion are also very high in this site. ECM records in all three sites are mainly affected by aerosol mineral dust of Central Asia, and correlative coefficients of ECM and mineral ions such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ are all significantly high. The pH value and ECM are also significantly high correlative coefficients in the eastern Tianshan Mountains. Comparison between the eastern Tianshan Mountains and other sites in western China, and Polar Regions, shows that the difference of ECM can very well reflect the spatial difference of worldwide atmospheric environment.