农业气候区划细化在农业产业结构调整中的作用

农业产业结构调整，是国家发展农业经济，提高农民收入，实现农村稳定的重大战略决策。而农业产业结构调整的是科学技术，气象科技则是这场农业革命的排头兵。它为农业产业结构调整中相关项目的气候适应性论证提供第一手资料。气象部门进行气候区划细化，就是将农业气候区划成果转变为生产力，为农业产业结构调整作出贡献的具体工作。     

基于Citystar地理信息系统的气候资源信息服务系统

基于Citystar地理信息系统的气候资源信息服务系统,是气候资源统计推算和数值模拟结果的显示、查询及服务的平台.利用该系统可查询任一网格点的气候要素值,检索作物气象指标、地理信息及农业统计信息等,快速制作作物种植区划.该系统已用于北京郊区结构调整和农业新功能的开发工作中,为各级领导、农业生产主管部门制定农业结构调整及旅游资源、气候资源开发利用等规划决策提供科学的参考依据.     

黑龙江省农作物结构调整的社会经济依据

为了给全省农业结构调整提供依据，分析了相关社会条件，分析了农产品市场形势，提出了结构调整的方向和对策，可供决策部门参考。     

榕江县农业气候资源分析

统计分析榕江县光能、热量和水分资源,为指导该县农业生产和农业产业结构调整提供气象决策依据。     

三江平原主要粮食作物气候适应性分区

为把三江平原建成高产稳产粮豆生产基地,分析了三江平原的农业自然条件及主要粮食作物产量的波动及变率。根据相对气象产量的最大值及最小值,计算了作物的气候适应性指数。并按该指数的大小,对4种主要作物的适宜种植情况进行分区。从而为三江平原各县内部农业结构调整及三江平原总体农业结构调整提供依据。     

青海省农业气象业务及其向生态环境领域拓展的战略思考

近年来，随着农业结构调整和农村经济的发展，农民和农业生产都对农业气象服务提出了新的需求，青海省气象部门的农业气象服务能力和水平随之有了明显的提高，特别是在服务领域、服务对象以及服务内容上都有了进一步的发展：目前，环     

如何做好农业气象服务

农业气象服务是我局的重要工作之一，在当前我县的农业产业结构调整中，如何发挥气象部门的职能作用，更好地为农业生产服务，帮助农民群众致富奔小康，是我们一项重要而光荣的任务。本文就如何做好农业气象服务的有关问题与注意事项作简单的探讨。     

哲盟棉花丰产试验的农业气象分析

哲盟棉花丰产试验的农业气象分析王玉衡（哲盟气象处）前言为适应当前农业种植结构调整的需要，合理利用当地农业气候资源，发展经济作物，提高经济效益，内蒙古气象科研所与哲盟气象处于１９９２—１９９４年进行了棉花课题研究。选用优良棉种和有代表性地块进行小区种植...     

新书架

正《综合农业气象灾害风险评估与区划研究》王春乙张继权张京红等著该书概述了农业气象灾害风险评估的研究进展、主要内容和方法,及其未来发展趋势;系统地介绍了我国东北地区春玉米、东北地区冬小麦、长江中下游地区早稻和一季稻以及海南橡胶的农业气象灾害风险识别技术和时空分布特点,农业气象灾害风险评估指标体系和模型以及农业气象灾害风险区划技术方法。可为农业结构调整、防灾减灾提供理论依据,对于提高农业气象灾害风险管理水平、保障粮食安全有十分重要的意义。该书可供从事农业、气象、经济林等科研、业务和生产的工作人员阅读,也可以供相关专业师生参考。     

呼兰县气候资源及开发利用的建议

对呼兰县的气候资源进行了分析，发现当地具有充足的辐射资源。资源潜力尚未得到充分开发，据此提出了进行农业结构调整，综合发展农业、畜牧业、林业的建议。这些建议可为建设农业强县提供科学依据。     

Strategies to adapt to an uncertain climate change

Many decisions concerning long-lived investments already need to take into account climate change. But doing so is not easy for at least two reasons. First, due to the rate of climate change, new infrastructure will have to be able to cope with a large range of changing climate conditions, which will make design more difficult and construction more expensive. Second, uncertainty in future climate makes it impossible to directly use the output of a single climate model as an input for infrastructure design, and there are good reasons to think that the needed climate information will not be available soon. Instead of optimizing based on the climate conditions projected by models, therefore, future infrastructure should be made more robust to possible changes in climate conditions. This aim implies that users of climate information must also change their practices and decision-making frameworks, for instance by adapting the uncertainty-management methods they currently apply to exchange rates or R&D outcomes. Five methods are examined: (i) selecting “no-regret” strategies that yield benefits even in absence of climate change; (ii) favouring reversible and flexible options; (iii) buying “safety margins” in new investments; (iv) promoting soft adaptation strategies, including long-term prospective; and (v) reducing decision time horizons. Moreover, it is essential to consider both negative and positive side-effects and externalities of adaptation measures. Adaptation–mitigation interactions also call for integrated design and assessment of adaptation and mitigation policies, which are often developed by distinct communities.     

How to attribute market leakage to CDM projects

Abstract

Economic studies suggest that market leakage rates of greenhouse gas abatement can reach the two-digit percentage range. Although the Marrakesh Accords require Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects to account for leakage, most projects neglect market leakage. Insufficient leakage accounting is facilitated by a lack of applicable methods regarding the quantification and attribution of project-related leakage effects. This article proposes a method for attributing CDM-related market leakage effects to individual projects. To this purpose, alternative attribution methods are analysed. We find that project-specific approaches fail to take account of market leakage effects. Consequently, we propose to estimate aggregate market leakage effects and attribute them proportionally to individual projects. We suggest that predetermined commodity-specific leakage factors are applied by project developers to any emission reductions that are associated with a project's leakage-relevant demand or supply changes. This approach is conservative, equitable, incentive-compatible and applicable at manageable costs.     

荔波菊苣引种试验

菊苣为多年生草本植物,主要用作畜牧饲料,有较高的经济价值,对发展畜牧业有重要意义,通过菊苣引种试验成功分析,提出菊苣适合在荔波县推广种植。     

An approach to adaptation to climate changes in Poland

Adopted by COP 10 (Dec 1/CP.10) and approved by the MOP1, the Buenos Aires programme of adaptation and response measures opens doors to intensify preparations for expected climate change. By this decision the COP, requested the SBSTA to develop a structured 5-year programme of work of the SBSTA on the scientific, technical and socio-economic aspects of impacts of, and vulnerability and adaptation to, climate change. Consequently, the COP, by its decision 2/CP.11, adopted the “Five-year programme of work of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change” Finally during COP12 this programme was approved as “Nairobi Work Programme on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change”. This programme has fundamental significance not only for developing countries, but also for industrialized nations in which some sectors of the or social life are particularly vulnerable to climate change, specifically, inter alia EIT countries and new EU Member States. Further development of this adaptation programme economy should contain steps that provide optimum economic and social effectiveness, risk management, identification of vulnerable sectors and gaps in knowledge, preparation of a list of policy options, including an analysis of cost effectiveness, selection of the most effective policies, and a preparedness implementation plan. In Poland the preliminary adaptation programme covered agriculture, water management, and coastal zone management. For the time being, gaps in knowledge and preparedness measures have been identified. An estimation of possible impact on these areas was based on chosen GCMs, and sea level rise IPCC scenarios. In conclusion, it was stated that the results achieved should be seen as a first step forward and a more comprehensive study is necessary to update the results and cover other sectors of the economy, such as health protection, spatial planning, ecosystems and forestry, and to develop specific guidelines and recommendations for policy-makers.     

利用防火墙软件实现市、县局用户共享上网

介绍采用WinRoute Firewall软件实现市、县局用户共享上网的方法,使市县局用户既能共享网络资源,又能有效地保障网络安全.     

如何将DOMINO邮件数据库移动到另外一个分区

随着用户的增多,MOMINO邮件服务器上的硬盘空间越来越少,如果不增加硬盘空间,将会严重影响到系统的运行,甚至死机.一个解决方案是:为服务器新增一个大硬盘,将数据库文件移到新硬盘上.如何以最小的代价、最快的速度、尽量不影响用户的正常使用来完成此项工作呢?通过查询相关资料,并做了实验,发现有两种方法相对简单.     

利用防火墙软件实现市、县局用户共享上网

介绍采用W inRoute F irewall软件实现市、县局用户共享上网的方法,使市县局用户既能共享网络资源,又能有效地保障网络安全。     

Linear response functions to project contributions to future sea level

We propose linear response functions to separately estimate the sea-level contributions of thermal expansion and solid ice discharge from Greenland and Antarctica. The response function formalism introduces a time-dependence which allows for future rates of sea-level rise to be influenced by past climate variations. We find that this time-dependence is of the same functional type, R(t) ～ t ^α, for each of the three subsystems considered here. The validity of the approach is assessed by comparing the sea-level estimates obtained via the response functions to projections from comprehensive models. The pure vertical diffusion case in one dimension, corresponding to α =  ?0.5, is a valid approximation for thermal expansion within the ocean up to the middle of the twenty first century for all Representative Concentration Pathways. The approximation is significantly improved for α =  ? 0.7. For the solid ice discharge from Greenland we find an optimal value of α =  ?0.7. Different from earlier studies we conclude that solid ice discharge from Greenland due to dynamic thinning is bounded by 0.42 m sea-level equivalent. Ice discharge induced by surface warming on Antarctica is best captured by a positive value of α = 0.1 which reflects the fact that ice loss increases with the cumulative amount of heat available for softening the ice in our model.     

Options to overcome the barriers to pricing European agricultural emissions

Although agriculture could contribute substantially to European emission reductions, its mitigation potential lies untapped and dormant. Market-based instruments could be pivotal in incentivizing cost-effective abatement. However, sector specificities in transaction costs, leakage risks and distributional impacts impede its implementation. The significance of such barriers critically hinges on the dimensions of policy design. This article synthesizes the work on emissions pricing in agriculture together with the literature on the design of market-based instruments. To structure the discussion, an options space is suggested to map policy options, focusing on three key dimensions of policy design. More specifically, it examines the role of policy coverage, instruments and transfers to farmers in overcoming the barriers. First, the results show that a significant proportion of agricultural emissions and mitigation potential could be covered by a policy targeting large farms and few emission sources, thereby reducing transaction costs. Second, whether an instrument is voluntary or mandatory influences distributional outcomes and leakage. Voluntary instruments can mitigate distributional concerns and leakage risks but can lead to subsidy lock-in and carbon price distortion. Third, the impact on transfers resulting from the interaction of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) with emissions pricing will play a key role in shaping political feasibility and has so far been underappreciated.

POLICY RELEVANCE

Following the 2015 Paris Agreement, European climate policy is at a crossroads. Achieving cost-effectively the 2030 and 2050 European targets requires all sectors to reduce their emissions. Yet, the cornerstone of European climate policy, the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), covers only about half of European emissions. Major sectors have been so far largely exempted from carbon pricing, in particular transport and agriculture. While transport has been increasingly under the spotlight as a possible candidate for an EU ETS sectoral expansion, policy discussions on pricing agricultural emissions have been virtually absent. This article attempts to fill this gap by investigating options for market-based instruments to reduce agricultural emissions while taking barriers to implementation into account.     

Learning to Adapt: Organisational Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts

Analysis of human adaptation to climate change should be based on realistic models of adaptive behaviour at the level of organisations and individuals. The paper sets out a framework for analysing adaptation to the direct and indirect impacts of climate change in business organisations with new evidence presented from empirical research into adaptation in nine case-study companies. It argues that adaptation to climate change has many similarities with processes of organisational learning. The paper suggests that business organisations face a number of obstacles in learning how to adapt to climate change impacts, especially in relation to the weakness and ambiguity of signals about climate change and the uncertainty about benefits flowing from adaptation measures. Organisations rarely adapt ‘autonomously’, since their adaptive behaviour is influenced by policy and market conditions, and draws on resources external to the organisation. The paper identifies four adaptation strategies that pattern organisational adaptive behaviour.