永定河上游山间盆地地下水质量评价与水化学特征分析

为准确掌握永定河上游山间盆地地下水质量状况,并从水化学角度探讨其分布特征。基于研究区的地质和水文地质条件,将2008年6月采集的65个地下水样分为浅、中、深层。按照F值评分法进行了分层综合质量评价。并采用数理统计方法,分别计算了上游、中游和下游每一个含水层特征指标算数平均值和方差。开展了TDS、Ca2+、NO3-和硬度与取样深度的相关性分析。结果表明,延庆盆地内水样基本均属于偏碱性水,垂向上,延庆盆地地下水由浅到深,地下水水质逐渐变好,且随着深度增大,水样的pH值有增大趋势。横向上,上游地下水水质好于中游,中游好于下游;深层地下水已经出现较差和极差点。在上游地区基本以HCO3-Ca·Mg为主,水质趋同性好,分层特征较弱;在中游地区,大部分中层地下水中的Na+浓度升高,开始出现HCO3-Ca·Na·Mg型,水质分层特征明显。到了下游地区, Na+和Mg2+浓度快速升高,许多水样表现为HCO3-Na·Mg·Ca型和HCO3·SO4-Na·Ca·Mg型。越往下游,地下水的化学组分更趋于复杂,一方面表征了其多源输入的特征,另一方面反映了人类活动影响强度的增强。     

北京潮白河冲洪积扇地下水水化学的分层分带特征

为探讨北京潮白河冲洪积扇第四系地下水系统水化学分布特征,依据地层结构及水文地质条件,于2008年枯水期采集浅、中、深层水样293组,用于水化学分析。利用数理统计法计算了总硬度、溶解性总固体、氨氮、铁、氟、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氯化物、重碳酸根、硫酸根等10种组分上、中、下游不同含水层的算术均值和均方差。结果表明,浅层地下水除了NO3–外,其余9种组分的算术均值均呈现由上游到中下游增大的趋势,均方差则中游较上游和下游大;整个冲洪积扇地下水均属偏碱性水,水化学类型多样,由上游的HCO3-Ca·Mg型逐渐过渡到中下游的HCO3-Ca·Na·Mg型和HCO3·SO4-Na·Ca·Mg型;随着往下游径流,地下水的化学类型趋于复杂多样,Cl–、矿化度和硬度等组分浓度升高。TDS、硬度、Cl–、NO3–和电导率均与取样深度呈反相关关系,pH值则与深度成正相关。水化学结果显示冲洪积扇地下水具有良好的分层分带特征,上游地区水质均一性高,是单一含水层结构,上下贯通,水动力条件好的反映,而中下游水动力条件较差,含水层分层明显。从测试组分的浓度分布范围和数值来看,均表现出浅层水样中层水样深层水样。地下水质量表现为上游好于中游,中游好于下游,分带特征明显。组分含量较高的样点和超标点绝大多数为浅层水样,这一点反映了中下游地区较强的人为输入和多源补给的特征。     

北京市平原区地下水分层质量评价

本文提出了一套基于ArcGIS平台的区域地下水水质评价方法,实现了单因子指标质量评价和多因子综合质量评价。方法不仅能够批量处理地下水水样和地下水质量评价结果的网格化成图,并且保留了以往容易被忽略的水质"极差点"。最后应用该方法对来自于北京市平原区1 035眼水井中的丰、枯水期近3 000余个水质数据进行了评价,结果表明平原区单因子超标的主要有总硬度、溶解性总固体、锰、氨氮、铁、氟、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐。北京平原区地下水由浅层到中层再到深层,水质越来越好,其超III类水的面积分别为3 649 km2、2 258 km2和737 km2。区域评价结果表明,平原区地下水丰水期的水质普遍略差于其枯水期水质。     

CMT技术在地下水多层监测中的应用研究

随着地下水监测技术的不断完善和发展,单孔多层监测井技术广泛应用于地下水监测工作。CMT监测井就是其中的一种,该技术采用了新型成井结构方式,能够实现单井监测多层地下水,分层采集水样进行水质分析,有一井替代多井监测的特点,能够降低建井及监测成本,提高监测效率。利用CMT多层监测技术,在黑河中游进行地下水多层监测,根据实际监测数据进行水文地质分析,验证了CMT技术在地下水多层监测中的实用性和有效性。     

蚌埠市地下水资源开发利用方略探析

安徽蚌埠市位于淮河中游下段。对蚌埠市浅层地下水资源量及地下水可开采量进行分析可知,蚌埠市淮河以北地区浅层地下水含水层发育,补给条件较好,开发潜力较大,适宜分散开采,但总体水质较差。而淮河以北地区中深层孔隙水单井涌水量较大,水质良好。结合当地社会经济发展实际,应对蚌埠市浅层地下水资源开发利用科学规划,严格控制中深层地下水开采量,逐步恢复地下水位,加强地下水管理保护工作,为区域水资源均衡发展提供支撑。     

黄河流域地下水资源及其开发利用对策

黄河是中国第二大河并以其含沙量特大和下游的“地上悬河”而闻名于世。黄河上游的盐碱、沙害,中游的水土流失和下游悬河段的洪涝、干旱和断流等灾害使黄河的生态环境极其脆弱。针对流域内缺水和水质问题,对流域水资源、城市工农业的供需水量平衡、地下水的开发潜力等进行了预测。通过基流分割计算和同位素技术的应用,研究了区内地下水和地表水之间的水循环规律及地下水对黄河的贡献。最后,对黄河流域地下水可更新能力及地下水可持续开发利用的对策进行了深入的研究。     

近三十年黑河中下游盆地地下水资源变化特征与演变趋势分析

根据1980～2005年地下水观测资料,对黑河流域中游张临高盆地与下游额济纳绿洲地下水资源变化特征及未来演变趋势进行了分析和预测。结果显示,近几十年来黑河流域中下游盆地地下水资源的变化过程主要分两个阶段。2000年黑河实施调水之前,中游盆地地下水资源主要受地表径流和阶段性土地开发利用的影响,出山径流与地下水资源的关系相对稳定,下游盆地地下水资源受中游用水的影响十分明显;从2000年实施调水后,中游盆地地下水资源与出山径流的关系发生了变化,中游盆地地下水平均水位持续下降,地下水资源量呈减少趋势,而下游额济纳旗盆地由于流入地表水数量增加,相应对地下水的补给量也增大,地下水水位则有不同程度的上升。为此,建议在水资源的利用中,应当充分利用地表水、地下水多次转化过程,最大限度地提高水资源的总体利用率。     

不同水质评价方法在营口地区地下水水质评价中的适用性分析

选取四种典型水质综合评价方法,以辽宁营口地区为实例,对区域地下水水质评价方法进行对比分析。结果表明:各方法在地下水质空间评价中具有一定的相似性,营口地区地下水Ⅰ~Ⅳ类的比重分别为11%、28%、33%、28%。营口西南部区域地下水质总体好于东北部区域。通过对比各方法的适用性,改进的AHP方法为营口地区地下水水质综合评价的总优方法。     

长江流域地下水资源特征与开发利用现状

为提升对长江流域水文地质和地下水资源的认知程度,突破以往单独从地表水或地下水角度进行评价的局限性,长江流域水文地质调查工程以地球系统科学理论和水循环理论为指导,充分考虑地表水与地下水的转化关系,将水文地质单元和地表水流域有机结合,划分长江流域地下水评价单元,建立典型地下水资源评价模型,开展了新一轮长江流域地下水资源评价。评价结果表明:(1)长江流域水循环要素时空分布不均,降水以中游最多,并由东南向西北递减;地表径流主要集中在夏季,且长江北岸比南岸集中程度更高;蒸散发量总体上呈现东部高于西部的特征,最大值集中在长江中游一带;长江流域地下水位总体保持稳定,丰枯季水位变化总体不大,一般小于2 m;长三角超采区的地下水漏斗面积已明显减小,相关环境地质问题得到了有效控制。(2)2020年长江流域的地下水资源总量2421.70亿m~3/a,其中山丘区地下水资源量2092.79亿m~3/a,平原区地下水资源量331.35亿m~3/a;地下水储存量较2019年整体略有增加趋势,其中四川盆地最为明显,共增加23.72亿m~3。(3)长江流域的水质上游优于下游,优质地下水主要分布在赣南地区和大别山南麓一带,部分地区水质较差的主要原因是原生劣质水的广泛分布。长江流域地下水开发利用水平整体很低,局部地区由于过往不合理的开发所引发的环境地质问题已得到缓解,岩溶塌陷、地面沉降等问题得到了较好控制。建议适当开发利用赣南地区和大别山南麓一带优质的基岩裂隙水。     

地下水水质监测与评价

地下水由于分布广、水质好且开发费用低而成为全世界重要的供水水源。中国北方生活供水的一半来自地下水,地下水也是干旱期重要的农业灌溉水源。然而,地下水水质日益面临来自农业、工业和城市污染源的威胁。地下水水质监测是评价水质状况最可靠的方法,并可作为供水水源保护的早期预警系统。它为水管理部门和水用户提供可靠的科学数据以便更好地管理和保护地下水资源。世界上正在执行两个巨大的地下水质监测和评价项目:一个是欧盟的水框架计划;另一个是美国的国家水质评价计划。文章评述了地下水水质监测的现状,介绍了地下水易污性评价、地下水污染源分级和地下水污染风险评价的方法。地下水易污性分区图是土地利用规划和供水水源保护的基础。地下水污染源分级结果为污染源治理提供了优先顺序。地下水污染风险分区图圈划出地下水污染的高风险区,为地下水资源保护和地下水污染监测提供重要的依据。     

鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地地下水水化学类型的分布规律

在对鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地1 125件地下水化学样品进行分析的基础上,总结出研究区不同循环深度地下水化学类型的分布规律。总体上,盆地北区大致以安边—四十里梁—东胜梁地表分水岭为界,东侧地区的浅层、中层和深层地下水化学类型均以HCO₃型水为主,地下水水平分带不典型;而分水岭以西的摩林河－盐海子地下水系统和都思兔河—盐池地下水系统中,包括浅层、中层和深层在内的各层地下水表现为沿地下水流向,向盆地北、西侧边界,水化学类型具有明显的水平分带规律。而盆地南区地下水分层径流明显,水化学类型复杂,总体上存在一个以定边—环县—合水—华池—吴旗—定边为中心的北部由北向南、东部由东向西、南部由西南向东北的水平分带。     

Evaluation of groundwater quality in the Cihanbeyli basin, Konya, Central Anatolia, Turkey

The Cihanbeyli basin is located in the northern part of Konya in the Central Anatolian region, Turkey and is characterized by semi-arid climatic conditions and scarcity in water resources. The suitability of groundwater quality for drinking and agricultural purposes in the Cihanbeyli basin was assessed by measuring physicochemical parameters, including major cation and anion compositions, pH, total dissolved solid, electrical conductivity, and total hardness. For this purpose, 54 samples were collected from different sources viz. deep wells, shallow wells, and springs. Results from hydrochemical analyses reveal that groundwater is mostly affected by salty and gypsiferous lithologies. Evaporite minerals such as gypsum, anhydrite, and chloride salts make high contributions from the recharge areas (west, northwest, and southwest parts) toward the discharge area (central and eastern parts). High values of total dissolved solids in groundwater are associated with high concentrations of all major ions. A comparison of groundwater quality in relation to drinking water standards showed that most of the water samples are not suitable for drinking. Based on sodium absorption ratio values and percent sodium, salinity appears to be responsible for the poor groundwater quality, rendering most of the samples unsuitable for irrigation usage. It is concluded that evaporation and mineral dissolution are the main processes that determine major ion compositions.     

Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analyses of arsenic groundwater geochemistry in the Hetao basin,Inner Mongolia

Although high As groundwater has been observed in shallow groundwater of the Hetao basin, little is known about As distribution in deep groundwater. Quantitative investigations into relationships among chemical properties and among samples in different areas were carried out. Ninety groundwater samples were collected from deep aquifers of the northwest of the basin. Twenty-two physicochemical parameters were obtained for each sample. Statistical methods, including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), were used to analyze those data. Results show that As species were highly correlated with Fe species, NH₄-N and pH. Furthermore, result of PCA indicates that high As groundwater was controlled by geological, reducing and oxic factors. The samples are classified into three clusters in HCA, which corresponded to the alluvial fans, the distal zone and the flat plain. Moreover, the combination of PCA with HCA shows the different dominant factors in different areas. In the alluvial fans, groundwater is influenced by oxic factors, and low As concentrations are observed. In the distal zone, groundwater is under suboxic conditions, which is dominated by reducing and geological factors. In the flat plain, groundwater is characterized by reducing conditions and high As concentrations, which is dominated by the reducing factor. This investigations indicate that deep groundwater in the alluvial fans mostly contains low As concentrations but high NO₃ and U concentrations, and needs to be carefully checked prior to being used for drinking water sources.     

太原盆地地下水系统水化学特征及形成演化机制

在对太原盆地水文地质进行详细调查基础上,集成应用水化学统计、水化学模拟技术,系统研究了盆地地下水水化学类型、空间分布特征,并对其形成演化机制进行了系统分析,取得了一系列新的认识。按水质类型和分布特征,盆地浅层地下水-含水层埋深小于50 m大致分为盆地边缘地带浅层淡水、盆地中心浅层咸水和浅层高矿化硫酸盐水3种类型。高矿化硫酸盐水主要是由于接受了富含硫酸根离子的周边基岩水补给所致。盆地中深层孔隙水可分为盆地边缘中深层水、盆地中心中深层水和中深层混合水3种类型。浅层地下水存在2种形成机制,一种是高矿化Ca·Mg-SO_4^2-型岩溶水的混合补给形成,另一种高矿化水是在径流演化过程中受蒸发浓缩作用影响,使地下水矿化度不断增高而形成。自盆地边缘至中心地带,中深层地下水水化学特征具有明显的水平变化规律,在盆地中心形成2个高值区,水化学类型依次为Ca·MgHCO₃→Na·CaHCO₃·SO₄→Na·MgHCO₃·Cl→NaHCO₃。      

The interaction between surface water and groundwater and its effect on water quality in the Second Songhua River basin,northeast China

The relationship between surface water and groundwater not only influences the water quantity, but also affects the water quality. The stable isotopes (δD, δ ¹⁸O) and hydrochemical compositions in water samples were analysed in the Second Songhua River basin. The deep groundwater is mainly recharged from shallow groundwater in the middle and upper reaches. The shallow groundwater is discharged to rivers in the downstream. The runoff from upper reaches mainly contributed the river flow in the downstream. The CCME WQI indicated that the quality of surface water and groundwater was ‘Fair’. The mixing process between surface water and groundwater was simulated by the PHREEQC code with the results from the stable isotopes. The interaction between surface water and groundwater influences the composition of ions in the mixing water, and further affects the water quality with other factors.     

宁夏海原盆地地下水水化学特征及其演化规律

结合宁夏海原盆地已有的地质、水文地质资料,基于水化学、同位素数据分析了研究区的水文地球化学特征。总体上当地的地下水化学场从补给区到径流区到排泄区具有明显的分带性,符合干旱区盆地的水质演化规律;地球化学模拟表明当地水岩相互作用从补给区的以溶滤-混合作用为主逐渐演变成排泄区的以溶滤-蒸发为主。水中的溶解性总固体含量升高主要由岩盐和石膏的溶解引起,第三系岩性及径流条件对地下水水质有很大的影响。同位素特征表明西华山-南华山断裂控制着当地地下水的补给,地下水开采对深层地下水水质的影响尚不明显;在有些地区,由于地下水开采加速了地下水径流,水质有变好的趋势。      

Geographic Information System and groundwater quality mapping in Panvel Basin,Maharashtra, India

Panvel Basin of Raigarh district, Maharashtra, India is the study area for groundwater quality mapping using the Geographic Information System (GIS). The study area is typically covered by Deccan basaltic rock types of Cretaceous to Eocene age. Though the basin receives heavy rainfall, it frequently faces water scarcity problems as well as water quality problems in some specific areas. Hence, a GIS based groundwater quality mapping has been carried out in the region with the help of data generated from chemical analysis of water samples collected from the basin. Groundwater samples show quality exceedence in terms of chloride, hardness, TDS and salinity. These parameters indicate the level of quality of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes. Idrisi 32 GIS software was used for generation of various thematic maps and for spatial analysis and integration to produce the final groundwater quality map. The groundwater quality map shows fragments pictorially representing groundwater zones that are desirable and undesirable for drinking and irrigation purposes.     

Use of geographical information system and water quality index to assess groundwater quality in El Khairat deep aquifer (Enfidha, Central East Tunisia)

Groundwater is the most important natural resource used for drinking by many people around the world, especially in rural areas. In Tunisia, since the quantity and the quality of water available for different uses is variable from one place to another, groundwater quality in El Khairat deep aquifer was evaluated for its suitability for drinking purposes. To this end, an attempt has been made for the first time in order to determine spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters and to identify places with the best quality for drinking within the study area based on: (1) an integrated analysis of physical?Cchemical parameters, (2) use of Geographical Information System, and (3) Water Quality Index (WQI) calculation. The physical?Cchemical results were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking and public health, in order to have an overview of the present groundwater quality. According to the overall assessment of the basin, almost all the parameters analyzed are above the desirable limits of WHO. Using GIS contouring methods with Arcview 3.2a, spatial distribution maps of pH, TDS, EC, TH, Cl, HCO₃, SO₄, NO₃, Ca, Mg, Na, and K have been created. The spatial analysis of groundwater quality patterns of the study area shows that the TDS value increases from north-west to south-east following the general trend of the Khairat aquifer flow direction. The spatial distribution map of TH shows that a majority of the groundwater samples falls in the very hard category. WQI was used to assess the suitability of groundwater from the study area for human consumption. From the WQI assessment, over 82% of the water samples fall within the ??Poor?? and ??Very poor?? categories, suggesting that groundwater from the south-eastern of the El Khairat deep aquifer is unsuitable for drinking purposes.     

Correction: Impact of excessive groundwater pumping on rejuvenation processes in the Bandung basin (Indonesia) as determined by hydrogeochemistry and modeling

In the Bandung basin, Indonesia, excessive groundwater pumping caused by rapid increases in industrialization and population growth has caused subsurface environmental problems, such as excessive groundwater drawdown and land subsidence. In this study, multiple hydrogeochemical techniques and numerical modeling have been applied to evaluate the recharge processes and groundwater age (rejuvenation). Although all the groundwater in the Bandung basin is recharged at the same elevation at the periphery of the basin, the water type and residence time of the shallow and deep groundwater could be clearly differentiated. However, there was significant groundwater drawdown in all the depression areas and there is evidence of groundwater mixing between the shallow and deep groundwater. The groundwater mixing was traced from the high dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) concentrations in some deep groundwater samples and by estimating the rejuvenation ratio (R) in some representative observation wells. The magnitude of CFC-12 concentration, as an indicator of young groundwater, showed a good correlation with R, determined using ¹⁴C activity in samples taken between 2008 and 2012. These correlations were confirmed with the estimation of vertical downward flux from shallower to deeper aquifers using numerical modeling. Furthermore, the change in vertical flux is affected by the change in groundwater pumping. Since the 1970s, the vertical flux increased significantly and reached approximately 15% of the total pumping amount during the 2000s, as it compensated the groundwater pumping. This study clearly revealed the processes of groundwater impact caused by excessive groundwater pumping using a combination of hydrogeochemical methods and modeling.

     

Diagnosis of groundwater quality and assessment of contamination sources in the Megara basin (Attica,Greece)

In this study, hydrochemical analysis, statistical analysis and GIS database have been successfully used to explain the main factors and mechanisms controlling the distribution of major and trace elements in groundwater. The groundwater of Megara basin is subject to intense exploitation to accommodate all the water demands of this agricultural area. Water quality data obtained from 58 sampling sites of the Megara basin, aims to describe groundwater quality in relation to geology and anthropogenic activities. Factor analysis revealed that four factors accounted for 79.96% of the total data variability. The contribution of each factor at sampling sites was calculated. Evaluation of water samples by comparing quality standards and levels recorded in the literature for both drinking and irrigation uses is discussed.