颗粒形状对粗粒土孔隙特征和渗透性的影响

粗粒土的颗粒级配、形状和密实度都是影响其孔隙结构,进而影响其渗透特性的重要因素。但长期以来,对颗粒形状影响的关注度较少,其主要原因在于不容易定量描述颗粒形状及其影响的孔隙结构特征。选取已获取长宽比和圆形度的不规则形状碎石、规则形状的球和八面体颗粒分别装填试样,针对颗粒级配和颗粒形状的差异,开展孔隙结构特征和渗透性的对比研究。通过CT扫描试样内部结构图像,重构试样的三维孔隙结构并计算孔隙比表面积。通过渗透试验测得试样的渗透系数。结果表明：试样孔隙比表面积是表达孔隙结构特征的有效参数,在相同级配和孔隙率的条件下,试样孔隙比表面积随颗粒圆形度和趋近球形程度的增加而减小;相同级配和孔隙率的条件下,渗透系数随孔隙比表面积的减小而增大,随颗粒圆形度增大而增大;球形颗粒试样的渗透性最强,试样颗粒越偏离球形,孔隙系统中水流阻力越大,试样渗透性越弱。     

任意三角形毛细管中水力传导率与形状因子关系研究

孔隙级网络模型可以用简单几何体来代表真实的孔隙孔喉,以分析流体在这些简单几何体中的流动,具有重要的意义。利用有限元法对任意三角形截面管中的单相和油水两相流动的速度场进行了求解,后由速度场进一步计算出了水力传导率。研究了水力传导率与形状因子之间的关系,结果表明,单相流水力传导率与形状因子近似呈直线关系,而油水两相流时,水力传导率除与形状因子有关外,还随着角落半角和油水接触角的变化而变化。     

Size and shape evolution of pores in a viscoplastic matrix under compression

The frequent use of soils and earth materials for hydraulic capping and for geo‐environmental waste containment motivated our interest in detailed modelling of changes in size and shape of macro‐pores to establish links between soil mechanical behaviour and concurrent changes in hydraulic and transport properties. The objective of this study was to use finite element analysis (FEA) to test and extend previous analytical solutions proposed by the authors describing deformation of a single macro‐pore embedded in linear viscoplastic soil material subjected to anisotropic remote stress. The FEA enables to consider more complex pore geometries and provides a detailed picture of matrix yield behaviour to explain shortcomings of approximate analytical solutions. Finite element and analytical calculations agreed very well for linear viscous as well as for viscoplastic materials, only limited for the case of isotropic remote stress due to the simplifications of the analytical model related to patterns and onset of matrix‐yielding behaviour. FEA calculations were compared with experimental data obtained from a compaction experiment in which pore deformation within a uniform modelling clay sample was monitored using CAT scanning. FEA predictions based on independently measured material properties and initial pore geometry provided an excellent match with experimentally determined evolution of pore size and shape hence lending credence to the potential use of FEA for more complex pore geometries and eventually connect macro‐pore deformation with hydraulic properties. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

致密混积岩储层物性及孔径分布影响因素——以辽河西部凹陷雷家地区杜家台油层杜三段为例

研究储层物性控制因素对储层评价至关重要.致密混积岩储层所含矿物成分多样, 孔隙结构复杂, 造成储层物性变化大.辽河坳陷西部凹陷雷家地区沙河街组四段位于浅湖-半深湖相带, 其中的杜家台油层杜三段发育方沸石、白云石、长石、石英等多种组分混积储层, 具有较大的致密油资源潜力.根据矿物成分可以将杜三段储层分为泥晶云岩、细粒混积岩和方沸石岩3大类.铸体薄片分析与扫描电镜分析结合, 发现3大类储层均发育中微米孔(孔喉半径>10 μm)-微微米孔(孔喉半径为1~10 μm)-纳米孔(孔喉半径<1 μm)多级孔喉系统.中微米孔主要为粒间溶孔及白云石、方沸石晶间和晶内溶孔.微微米孔主要为白云石晶间孔、碎屑矿物粒间孔及部分微溶孔.大部分白云石晶内溶孔、粘土矿物晶间孔属于纳米孔.高压压汞分析结果表明, 3类致密储层的孔径均具双峰特征.泥晶云岩类储层微微米孔的孔径峰值约为4 μm, 纳米孔的孔径峰值约为10 nm, 二者所占比例分别为25.1%和63.1%.细粒混积岩主要发育中微米孔及纳米孔, 所占比例分别为20.9%和79.1%.方沸石岩类储层的中微米孔和纳米孔所占比例分别为12.1%和85.9%.不同矿物成分发育的孔隙类型及大小控制了混积岩储层的整体孔喉结构, 是造成混积岩储层孔径分布呈双峰特征的主要原因.由于白云石晶间孔连通性好, 方沸石主要以充填物的形式出现, 长石-石英碎屑易溶蚀, 粘土矿物主要发育纳米级晶间孔等原因, 致密混积岩储层孔隙度与方沸石含量负相关, 与长石-石英碎屑含量正相关.在储层中裂缝广泛发育的背景下, 致密混积岩矿物成分与渗透率相关性差.     

基于分形理论探究砂岩最小孔隙半径的最优区间

渗透率是评价多孔介质导水性能的主要参数,是导水介质微观孔隙结构在宏观上的表现特征。通过扫描电镜实验和图像处理技术,统计出砂岩微观孔隙几何参数,并结合分形理论探究了砂岩微观孔隙结构对渗透率的影响。同时,以实测渗透率为约束条件,确定了对渗流起作用的最小孔隙半径r_min区间,该区间可作为渗透率预测时最小孔隙半径r_min的最优取值区间,并获取了与之对应的孔隙半径累积百分数区间。结果表明:砂岩最小孔隙半径r_min的取值对渗透率影响较大,随着砂岩最小孔隙半径r_min取值的增大,其渗透率先急剧下降,后渐渐地趋于稳定,并伴有上升趋势。在致密砂岩中,理论渗透率与实测渗透率相等时,对应的最小孔隙半径r_min落在孔隙半径累积百分数为15%~25%内,该孔隙半径累积百分数区间对应的孔隙半径区间可作为计算砂岩理论渗透率时最小孔隙半径r_min的最优取值区间,并且随着砂岩渗透率的增大,最小孔隙半径r_min对应下的孔隙半径累积百分数逐渐增加。      

Effects of lime treatment on the hydraulic conductivity and microstructure of loess

Lime treatment of loess in foundation engineering modifies the soil structure, leading to changes in mechanical and hydraulic properties of soil, which in turn will affect the flow of water and transport of contaminants in the loess. In light of this, it is essential to identify the dominant effects of different lime treatments on hydraulic conductivity, and to ascertain the optimum lime treatment. For this purpose, we investigated the effects of dry density and lime content on changes in hydraulic conductivity and microstructure of loess in Yan’an City, China. The results indicate that hydraulic conductivity has a log negative correlation with dry density, and lime addition can result in a decrease of hydraulic conductivity of loess at the same dry density. Under a given degree of compaction, however, lime addition can lead to a decrease in dry density due to an increase in flocculation and aggregations. The significant decrease of dry density leads to an increase in hydraulic conductivity when lime content (in mass percentage) is lower than 3%. Nevertheless, when lime content is higher than 3%, the reactions between loess particles and lime will be intensified with an increase in lime content, and become the primary factors affecting pore characteristics. These reactions can further decrease the hydraulic conductivity of lime-treated loess, and the lowest hydraulic conductivity was obtained for lime-treated loess with 9% lime content. The excess lime (above 9% lime content) dramatically increased pore size, leading to a significant increase in hydraulic conductivity. Therefore, 9% is the optimum lime content for loess treatment, and the degree of compaction in engineering should be higher than 95%. In addition, statistical analysis of microstructure of lime-treated loess shows that the distribution trends of macro- and meso-pores coincided with that of saturated hydraulic conductivity, which indicates that lime content affects saturated hydraulic conductivity of lime-treated loess by changing the soil structure, especially the properties of pores larger than 8 µm.     

珊瑚砂三维孔隙微观特性研究

孔隙是多孔介质内渗流的发生场所,与介质渗透性存在必然的联系。珊瑚砂因其特殊的物质来源和形成过程,较陆源砂具有截然不同的孔隙特性。通过一系列微观研究手段,从本质上揭示了珊瑚砂特殊孔隙性质的原因。研究发现,从孔隙形状、孔喉尺寸和整体连通性3个角度描述孔隙性质较为合理。其中,孔隙形状用形状因子度量,孔喉尺寸包括孔隙半径和喉道半径,珊瑚砂多孔介质整体连通性利用配位数进行描述。而影响孔隙形状、孔喉尺寸和整体连通性的主导因素包括颗粒形状和颗粒表面粗糙度两方面。其中颗粒形状主要影响孔隙形状、喉道尺寸、孔喉尺寸离散性和介质内部连通性的均匀分布情况。颗粒表面粗糙度主要影响孔隙形状、孔隙形状离散性、孔隙尺寸和介质整体连通性。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长东区块本溪组砂砾岩储层孔隙及可动流体差异赋存特征

以鄂尔多斯盆地延长东区块本溪组砂砾岩储层为研究对象,通过铸体薄片、扫描电镜、高压压汞和核磁共振等方法分析储层孔隙与流体差异赋存特征,探讨流体差异赋存影响因素。结果表明：储层主要发育粒间溶孔和晶间孔,进一步分为裂缝-粒间溶孔型、晶间孔-溶孔型、溶孔型、微孔型储层,以裂缝-粒间溶孔型、晶间孔-溶孔型储层发育较好。储层可动流体饱和度为51.16%～86.82%,T₂谱为双峰态,呈左低右高型。孔隙发育差异对可动流体流体赋存呈现出不同特征,孔隙发育较差的溶孔型和微孔型储层仍具有较高的可动流体饱和度。粒间溶孔、最大连通孔喉半径、中值半径及最大进汞饱和度等影响储层可动流体饱和度,以裂缝-粒间溶孔型、晶间孔-溶孔型储层尤为显著。溶孔型、微孔型储层可动流体饱和度受铁白云石影响更为明显,铁白云石能够改善界面的润湿性,使流体在其纳米孔隙中仍具备较好的流动能力。     

坦桑尼亚恩泽加绿岩带隐伏金矿床综合找矿模型

恩泽加绿岩带是坦桑尼亚重要的成矿带之一,产出了高登普莱德(Golden Pride)等多个大型金矿。通过对坦桑尼亚恩泽加绿岩带已发现的隐伏金矿床进行分析研究,结果显示恩泽加绿岩带隐伏金矿床构造控矿作用明显;高精度磁法和激电中梯测量结果显示含矿构造蚀变带具有高磁、低阻、相对高极化的特征;土壤地球化学测量结果显示成矿元素Au异常在空间分布上大于相应的含矿构造蚀变带的分布范围,其浓集方向与含矿构造蚀变带展布一致,并与指示元素As、Sb的套合性较好。根据该区域隐伏金矿床的地质、地球物理及地球化学特征,对该区隐伏金矿床的找矿标志进行了总结,明确了各找矿标志与隐伏金矿床之间的关系,并在此基础上构建了恩泽加绿岩带隐伏金矿床的综合找矿模型,该模型的应用显示了多种技术手段联合实施在寻找绿岩带型隐伏金矿床的有效性。     

宁武盆地山西组过渡相页岩孔隙特征及影响因素

为了研究宁武盆地山西组过渡相页岩的孔隙特征和影响因素,对宁武盆地山西组过渡相页岩进行了系统采样,并针对性地进行了扫描电镜分析、低温氮吸附实验、TOC含量测试、有机质成熟度（R_max）测试、全岩矿物X衍射分析和孔隙度测试,探讨了页岩孔隙类型、孔隙特征及影响因素。结果表明:研究区页岩孔隙类型主要以粒间孔、晶间孔、有机质气孔、有机质原生孔、溶蚀孔及裂缝为主,大小以2~50 nm的介孔为主,孔隙形态包括开放的尖壁形孔、平行壁孔、锥型管状孔、墨水瓶孔等;页岩平均孔隙度为3.64%,平均孔径为7.78 nm,BET比表面积平均为11.70m2/g,总孔体积平均为0.022 2 cm3/g,具有较强的储集性和吸附性;页岩孔隙具有分形特征,分形维数为2.61~2.77,分形维数与微孔体积分数表现出良好的正相关性;页岩孔隙发育受TOC含量、成熟度（R_max）和矿物组成的影响。      

基于氮气吸附-核磁共振-氩离子抛光场发射扫描电镜研究川西须五段泥质岩储层孔隙结构

微观孔隙作为泥质岩的有效储集空间,其孔隙结构参数是作为气藏评价及资源量估算的重要依据。本文应用氮气吸附法(NAM)、核磁共振法(NMR)、氩离子抛光及场发射扫描电镜(AIP-FESEM)研究川西须五段泥质岩微观孔隙特征,结果表明:1氩离子抛光及场发射扫描电镜在表征微观孔隙形态与类别时有一定优势,但定量表征孔隙参数时,受图像二值化阈值的影响,表征结果偏差较大,可结合氮气吸附法来定量表征其孔径大小;2核磁共振受岩石骨架影响小,能够更精细反映岩石的物性条件,可定量计算孔隙度与可动流体饱和度,但对样品的孔隙形态反映较差;3综合上述三种方法,在须五段泥质岩中可识别出一定量的纳米级中、大孔,孔径大多介于几十纳米到几百纳米之间,孔隙连通性差,孔隙度主要介于2.3%~7.4%之间,孔隙类型以粒间孔、晶间孔最发育,有机孔隙、微裂缝次之,粒内孔隙最不发育。总体而言,融合了三种技术方法能更精确、更全面地反映泥质岩孔隙结构特征,能得到更完善的储层孔隙结构参数,在定量表征泥质岩孔隙结构中具有广泛的应用前景。     

基于孔隙胀缩的土−水特征曲线滞后增量模型

土体孔隙比对土?水特征曲线（SWCC）具有重要影响。试验研究表明,土体在经历不同水力荷载路径后,孔隙发生胀缩致使SWCC产生滞后现象。基于这一发现,假设孔隙胀缩可致使SWCC曲线及扫描曲线产生滞后现象,并以轴平移技术为例解释了土体孔隙在水力载荷作用下胀缩的细观行为。在此基础上,将由变截面毛细管模型定义的孔隙等效半径与Fredlund-Xing方程相结合,通过将孔径控制参数?d简化为常量,推导得到了考虑孔隙胀缩并能反映滞后效应的非饱和土SWCC增量方程。该模型仅需通过主干燥及任意一条扫描曲线确定模型参数,即可预测其他扫描曲线。最后,通过5组试验数据验证了该模型对不同类型土的适用性且该模型具有预测高阶扫描曲线的能力。     

Fractal analysis of the fabric changes in a consolidating clay

Electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry studies on the fabric of clays undergoing consolidation tests have indicated that the clays have pores of different sizes and shapes. After pressure is applied to the clay samples, the larger pores change in size and shape, with the smaller pores being relatively unaffected. The size of the pores and their distribution have been determined from mercury porosimeter tests. The shape of the pores and the changes they experience during the consolidation process have received only a qualitative evaluation from the photomicrographs obtained with the scanning electron microscope. In this study, a quantitative evaluation of the shape of the pores in a clay subjected to consolidation stresses is presented. This evaluation is done using fractal theory. Fractal theory employs the concept of fractal dimension to evaluate the shape (roughness) of closed profiles such as pores. The larger the fractal dimension, the rougher is the shape of a closed profile. The fractal dimension of a pore in a clay sample undergoing consolidation changed progressively from 1.4623 (very rough pore) to 0.9856 (very smooth pore). Thus, during consolidation, the pore, besides changing in size, also experienced a change in its degree of roughness. In addition, a theoretical analysis of the influence of the shape of the pores on the rate of water flow from a saturated clay undergoing consolidation is presented.     

分形渗透模型在饱和冻土中的应用

冻土中的渗透系数对于评估冻土工程中的水,热和溶质迁移至关重要。以往研究表明,渗透系数主要依赖孔隙结构,经常被描述为孔径大小和孔隙率,但是这两个参数并不能充分地表征孔隙结构。为加强对孔隙结构的描述,引用分形理论研究了冻土中的渗透系数。基于非均匀毛细管束模型和分形理论,提出了饱和冻土中渗透系数的分形模型,并提出通过土体冻结特征曲线获取冻土中孔径分布的理论方法。为了验证分形模型的有效性,对已有实验数据进行分析。分析表明,分形渗透系数模型是毛细管分维、最大孔径、黏度和迂曲度的函数,孔径分布变化是导致冻土渗透系数变化的根本原因。通过对比,计算值与实测值吻合较好。结果表明分形模型可以较好的预测冻土中的渗透系数,研究结果可为冻土渗透机理研究提供参考。     

An unsaturated hydraulic conductivity model for compacted GMZ01 bentonite with consideration of temperature

As one of the most important properties of compacted bentonite used as buffer/backfill materials, hydraulic conductivity is influenced by various factors including temperature, microstructure and suction (or degree of saturation), etc. Based on the readily available results of both temperature-controlled water-retention tests and unsaturated infiltration tests under confined (constant volume) conditions, influences of temperature and microstructure variations on unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the compacted Gaomiaozi (GMZ01) bentonite were analyzed. Then, a revised unsaturated hydraulic conductivity model considering temperature effects and microstructure changes was developed. With this proposed model, prediction and comparison were made on the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the compacted GMZ01 bentonite at 20 °C. Results show that water-retention capacity of compacted GMZ01 bentonite decreases as temperature increases and the degree of the temperature influence depends on suction. Under confined conditions, influence of hydration on microstructure of compacted GMZ01 bentonite depends on pore size. The proposed model can well describe the variations of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity with suction at different temperatures. However, further improvement of the proposed model is needed to account for the phenomenon of inter-aggregate pores clogging that occurred at the initial stage of hydration of compacted GMZ01 bentonite under confined conditions.     

应力路径试验前后不同黄土的孔隙分形特征

为了解不同黄土孔隙形状复杂程度的差异和应力路径对孔隙形状复杂程度的影响,对两种黄土应力路径前后孔隙分形特征进行了研究。首先比较了3种分维模型所得孔隙分形维数的可靠性,然后选用热力学关系模型,由进汞、退汞试验得到地裂缝区黄土、充填黄土初始样和三轴应力路径试验后的孔隙分布,据此分析了两种土体进汞孔隙和退汞孔隙分形维数的差异和受载后的分形维数变化,根据退汞过程仅管形孔内的汞流出及孔隙由管形孔和球形孔组成的假定,得到了应力路径试验前后孔隙形状的改变。结果表明,热力学关系模型得到的孔隙分形维数合理、可靠。初始状态,原状和重塑充填黄土的孔隙形状比原状和重塑黄土复杂;常规三轴试验后试样孔隙比减少,孔隙分形维数增加,球形孔向管形孔转变;相对于常规三轴压缩试验,减围压三轴压缩试验后试样的孔隙分形维数较小,管形孔占总孔隙的体积比例较少;总体上管形孔的分形维数比球形孔大,且基本不受应力路径的影响,其占总孔隙的体积比例随着试样宏观孔隙比的减少而增加。     

Analysis of soil consolidation by vertical drains with double porosity model

The soil around a drain well is traditionally divided into smeared zone and undisturbed zone with constant hydraulic conductivity. In reality, hydraulic conductivity of the soil changes continuously and it may not be always appropriate to approximate its distribution with two zones. In this study, the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the soil is described by an arbitrary function of radial distance. The horizontal flow under equal strain condition is analysed for a soil–drain system with a circular or regular polygonal boundary. It is found that the horizontal flow can be generally characterized with a linear equation in which the flow rate of water through soil–drain interface is proportional to the difference between the average excess pore pressure in the soil and the excess pore pressure in the drain well. The water exchange between the drain and the soil is analogous to that between fractures and matrix in a double porosity system, a popular conceptual model of fracture rocks. On the basis of this characterization, a simplified approach to analyse soil–drain systems is developed with one‐dimensional double porosity model (DPM). Analytical solutions for both fully and partially penetrating drains are derived. The solution for partially penetrating drains is compared with both numerical and approximate analytical results in literature. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Horizontal trench system effects on leachate recirculation in bioreactor landfills

Horizontal trenches (HTs) are constructed during the waste filling for leachate recirculation in bioreactor landfills. Leachate distribution depends on HT configuration (i.e., spacing between successive HTs), leachate injection rate, modes of injection, and hydraulic properties and MSW heterogeneity. Presently, the effects of these variables on the moisture distribution have not been studied systematically. This study provides a systematic evaluation of the effect of the HTs variables on the moisture distribution and pore fluid pressures. A two-phase flow model is used to model a bioreactor landfill having an HT leachate injection system. It quantifies the effects of the unsaturated hydraulic properties and MSW heterogeneity, trench configuration, leachate injection flux, and mode of injection on hydraulic behaviour. The results show that unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and MSW heterogeneity significantly shape the zone of influence and excess pore pressures. Under heterogeneous-anisotropic conditions, the leachate migrates more laterally and the developed pore-pressures are lower than for homogeneous MSW. A closely-spaced, multi-level, staggered HT system is found to provide uniform and adequate moisture distribution in MSW. An intermittent mode of injection that alternates between the shallow and deep trenches with a higher leachate injection flow rate is found to be effective to control the excess pore pressures.     

Stochastic groundwater flow analysis in the presence of trends in heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity fields

Due to changes in lithostatic pressure, differential fracturing across bedding planes and irregularities in depositional environments, hydraulic conductivity exhibits heterogeneities and trends at various spatial scales. Using spectral theory, we have examined the effect of trends in hydraulic conductivity on (1) the solution of the mean equation for hydraulic head, (2) the covariance of hydraulic head, (3) the cross-covariances of hydraulic head and log-hydraulic conductivity perturbations and their gradients, and (4) the effective hydraulic conductivity. It is shown that the field of hydraulic head is sensitive to the presence of trends in ways that cannot be predicted by the classical analysis based on stationary hydraulic conductivity fields. The controlling variables for the second moments of hydraulic head are the mean hydraulic gradient, the correlation scale of log-hydraulic conductivity and its variance, and the slope of the trend in log-hydraulic conductivity. The mean hydraulic gradient introduces complications in the analysis since it is, in general, spatially variable. In this respect, our results are approximate, yet indicative of the true role of spatially variable patterns of log-hydraulic conductivity on groundwater flow systems.