旅游资源开发潜力评价的多层次灰色方法——以老子山风景区为例

旅游资源开发潜力评价,是对旅游资源是否具备发展旅游业的条件并进而获取经济、社会和环境效益的能力的衡量。其评价不仅着眼于旅游资源的本体价值,还关注对旅游资源开发不可或缺的环境条件和开发效益等。文章在旅游资源开发潜力评价方法上进行创新,将灰色理论和层次分析法相结合,以洪泽县老子山风景区为例,对其六个景区的旅游资源开发潜力进行了评价和排序。研究表明,旅游资源开发潜力的多层次灰色评价方法所需样本量小,灰色评价过程有助于解决层次分析法评价中出现的信息不完备和不确切问题,使评价结果更加客观可信。与传统的旅游资源评价方法相比,此方法能够有效解决旅游资源等级与开发潜力之间的错位问题,从而对旅游开发实践更具科学指导意义。     

Integrating multi-criteria evaluation with geographical information systems

Abstract

Geographical information systems (GIS) provide the decision-maker with a powerful set of tools for the manipulation and analysis of spatial information. The functionality of GIS is, however, limited to certain deterministic analyses in key application areas such as spatial search. The integration of multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) techniques with GIS is forwarded as providing the user with the means to evaluate various alternatives on the basis of multiple and conflicting criteria and objectives. An example application based on the search for suitable sites for the disposal of radioactive waste in the UK using the Arc/Info GIS is included. The potential use of a combined GIS-MCE approach in the development of spatial decision support systems is considered.     

An AHP–TOPSIS Predictive Model for District-Scale Mapping of Porphyry Cu–Au Potential: A Case Study from Salafchegan Area (Central Iran)

The Salafchegan area in central Iran is a greenfield region of high porphyry Cu–Au potential, for which a sound prospectivity model is required to guide mineral exploration. Satellite imagery, geological geochemical, geophysical, and mineral occurrence datasets of the area were used to run an innovative integration model for porphyry Cu–Au exploration. Five favorable multi-class evidence maps, representing diagnostic porphyry Cu–Au recognition criteria (intermediate igneous intrusive and sub-volcanic host rocks, structural controls, hydrothermal alterations, stream sediment Cu anomalies, magnetic signatures), were combined using analytic hierarchy process and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution to calculate a final map of porphyry Cu–Au potential in the Salafchegan area.     

多层次灰色评价方法在旅游者感知研究中的应用

旅游者感知是旅游者通过感官获得的对旅游地的旅游对象、旅游环境条件等信息的心理过程。旅游者感知评价涉及的因素很多,评价信息的不完备性和不确切性,决定了感知评价的灰色性,针对这一特点,将层次分析法和灰色理论相结合进行旅游者感知的综合评价。首先分析了影响旅游者感知的关键因素,并在此基础上构建了旅游者感知评价指标体系;然后运用层次分析法确定各评价指标的权重;最后依据评价模型以大桂林旅游圈的五个主要旅游地为例,对旅游者感知进行了综合评价。实证研究表明,旅游者感知的多层次灰色评价所得结果客观、可信,能够为旅游地的规划、管理和营销提供决策的依据。     

Fuzziness in Geographical Information Systems: contributions from the analytic hierarchy process†

Abstract

Recent developments in geographical information systems have drawn upon concepts of fuzzy set theory and multi-criteria methodology. In this paper we argue that there is a method, Saaty’s Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), that is compatible with both these research directions. The contributions of the AHP are highlighted in the light of recent developments in GIS, with particular attention to the concept of fuzzy set theory. An example of a GIS application is provided to show how the AHP can deal operationally with fuzziness, factor diversity and complexity in problems of land evaluation involving the location of a public facility.     

Spatial analysis of water quality and its suitability in farming giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in Negeri Sembilan region,Peninsular Malaysia

Finding potential sites for resilient prawn production in the tropical environment that also prevents wastage of natural resources is not an easy task. The purpose of this study is to evaluate water quality suitability for prawn farming in Negeri Sembilan of Peninsular Malaysia based on Geographic Information System (GIS). To achieve this goal, numerous criteria including sources of water, water temperature, water pH, sources of pollution, salinity, soil texture and availability of phytoplankton criteria were considered for the modelling process. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique was performed to standardize the criteria and the weighting process. The weighted overlay of indicators and results were accomplished by applying the Multi‐Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method in GIS. It was indicated that the Negeri Sembilan area has potential for prawn farming. The results showed that about 25 per cent (163 056.93 ha) of the area was most suitable for prawn farming, about 58 per cent (384 656.88 ha) was considered moderately suitable, while 18 per cent (117 633.49 ha) was regarded as least suitable. The study concluded that the multi‐criteria decision analysis of water quality for prawn farming is vital for regional economic planning in the Negeri Sembilan area and also significant when establishing a model for aquaculture development.     

Quantitative Analysis of Mineral Resources for Strategic Planning: Implications for Australian Geological Surveys

A quantitative valuation study has been made of Australian state surveys with the specific goals of (1) establishing the 'worth' of current programs upgrading state government geoscientific information infrastructure, and (2) considering the results of the valuation in terms of strategic planning. The study has been done from the perspective of the community as a whole and has been undertaken in two phases reflecting the different objectives of Australian state surveys in terms of the exploration industry and government policy-making. This paper reports on the second part of this valuation process, measuring the impact of upgraded survey data on government mineral policy decision processes. The valuation methodology developed is a comparative approach used to determine net benefit foregone by not upgrading information infrastructure. The underlying premise for the geological survey study is that existing and upgraded data sets will have a different probability that a deposit will be detected. The approach used in the valuation of geoscientific data introduces a significant technical component with the requirement to model both favorability of mineral occurrence and probability of deposit occurrence for two different generations of government data. The estimation of mineral potential uses modern quantitative methods, including the U.S. Geological Survey three-part resource-assessment process and computer-based prospectivity modeling. To test the methodology mineral potential was assessed for porphyry copper type deposits in part of the Yarrol Province, central Queensland. Results of the Yarrol case study supports the strategy of the state surveys to facilitate effective exploration by improving accuracy and acquiring new data, as part of resource management. It was determined in the Yarrol Province case study that in going from existing to upgraded data sets the area that would be considered permissible for the occurrence of porphyry type deposits almost doubled. The implication of this result is that large tracts of potentially mineralized land would not be identified using existing data. Results of the prospectivity modeling showed a marked increase in the number of exploration targets and in target rankings using the upgraded data set. A significant reduction in discovery risk also is associated with the upgraded data set, a conclusion supported by the fact that known mines with surface exposure are not identified in prospectivity modeling using the existing data sets. These results highlight the absence in the existing data sets of information critical for the identification of prospective ground.Quantitative resource assessment and computer-based prospectivity modeling are seen as complementary processes that provide the support for the increasingly sophisticated needs of Australian survey clients. Significant additional gains to the current value of geoscientific data can be achieved through the in-house analysis and characterization of individual data sets, the integration and interpretation of data sets, and the incorporation of information on geological uncertainty.     

Integrating geographical information systems and multiple criteria decision-making methods

Abstract

Many spatial decision-making problems, such as site selection or land use allocation require the decision-maker to consider the impacts of choice-alternatives along multiple dimensions in order to choose the best alternative. The decision-making process, involving policy priorities, trade-offs, and uncertainties, can be aided by Multiple Criteria Decision making (MCDM) methods. This paper presents a framework for integrating geographical information systems (GIS) and MCDM methods. In this framework the MCDM methods are classified and matched with choice heuristics used by the decision-makers in the presence of competing alternatives and multiple evaluation criteria. Two strategies for integrating GIS with MCDM are proposed. The first strategy suggests linking GIS and MCDM techniques using a file exchange mechanism. The second strategy suggests integrating GIS and MCDM functions using a common database. The paper presents the implementation of the first strategy using PC-ARC/INFO, a file exchange module, and four different MCDM computer programs.     

北京市土地利用总体规划执行情况的评价方法

象任何一种决策一样, 土地利用总体规划也存在与现实情况的不符之处。因此, 在开展新一轮规划修编时 前有必要对上一轮的规划执行情况进行评价, 为规划修编提供借鉴和参考。基于《北京市土地利用总体规划( 1997~ 2010 年) 实施评价》研究时收集的相关资料, 借助ARCGIS9.0 的空间分析功能, 利用GIS 的技术和方法, 在分析和 研究土地利用变化的基础上, 识别规划执行最关心的三种类型: 符合规划地块、超出规划地块和规划未实施地块, 并将三种类型的地块定位和定量地绘制在规划执行情况评价图上。作为一种探索, 作者设计了一套针对土地利用 总体规划执行情况评价的GIS 技术路线和方法。本方法具有简便、操作性强, 可进行常规性或经常性的规划执行情 况监测等特点。     

Application of Mineral Exploration Models and GIS to Generate Mineral Potential Maps as Input for Optimum Land-Use Planning in the Philippines

The inherent problems of classifying or inventorying potential mineral resources (as opposed to known mineral resources) pose specific challenges. In this paper, the application of a conceptual mineral exploration model and GIS to generate mineral potential maps as input to land-use policy decision-making is illustrated. We implement the criteria provided by a conceptual exploration model for nickeliferous-laterites by using a GIS to classify the nickeliferous-laterite potential of an area in the northeastern part of the Philippines. The spatial data inputs to the GIS are geological map data, topographic map data, and stream sediment point data. Processing of these data yields derivative maps, which are used as indicators of nickeliferous-laterite potential. The indicator maps then are integrated to furnish a nickeliferous-laterite potential map. This map is compared with present land-use classification and policy in the area. The results indicate high potential for nickeliferous-laterite occurrence in the area, but the zones of potential are in places where mineral resources development is prohibited. The prohibition was imposed before the nickeliferous-laterite potential was assessed by this study. Mineral potential classification therefore is a critical input to land-use policy-making so that prospective land is not alienated from future mineral resource development.     

Establishing a geographical information system in relation to its use A process of strategic choices†

Abstract

The planning and establishment of a geographical information system (GIS) relates to its context and intended use. GIS are a specialized type of information system, typically dealing with spatial data. This paper explores the environment of an envisaged GIS; the information utilization system and the wider object system. The planning and design of a GIS go beyond technical issues; they also have to take behavioural and organizational aspects of the utilization of information into account and contribute to a process of organizational development The paper is in two parts. The first (§ 2) explores salient aspects in the planning and design process, the second ( § 3) suggests some guidance in this task. The suggested approach of strategic choice in planning and establishing a GIS is designed to cope with the prevailing uncertainties in this planning process. It distinguishes between those decisions which have to be taken at once and choices which may be left open for the future.     

Mineral Potential Mapping Via TOPSIS with Hybrid AHP–Shannon Entropy Weighting of Evidence: A Case Study for Porphyry-Cu,Farmahin Area,Markazi Province,Iran

This paper presents an AHP–Shannon Entropy weighting approach as a new hybrid method for assigning evidential weights in mineral potential mapping. For demonstrating the proposed method, a case study was selected for porphyry-Cu potential mapping in Markazi Province, Iran. Then, geo-datasets were gathered, and evidence layers were generated for integration by TOPSIS method (via combination of AHP–Shannon Entropy weighting). Finally, the output mineral potential map was evaluated by field checking and chemical analysis of samples. Two outcrops with evidence of a porphyry system were encountered in areas with high potential values. In addition, there was good correlation between high potential values and Cu content of samples taken from the field. Hence, the usefulness of the AHP–Shannon Entropy weighting of evidence for MPM was demonstrated.     

SimLand: a prototype to simulate land conversion through the integrated GIS and CA with AHP-derived transition rules

This paper presents a prototype of a simulation model based on cellular automata (CA), and multicriteria evaluation (MCE) and integrated with GIS. Specifically, a method, analytical hierarchy process (AHP), of MCE is used here to derive behaviour-oriented rules of transition in CA. A ‘tight' integration strategy is adopted, which means that the modules of MCE and CA are written in the C programming language and built within ARC/INFO GIS. Designed to run on a workstation Unix SimL and fully utilizes the graphical user interface (GUI),which allows the modelto be driven by menusand automate the simulation of land conversion in the urban-rural fringe. The combination of three elements, GIS, CA, and MCE, has several advantages: visualization of decision-making, easier access to spatial information, and the more realistic definition of transition rules in CA.     

延龙图地区城市生态用地生态重要性空间识别与保护

采用加权指数求和法,从生态服务功能、景观生态空间格局以及生态敏感性3方面建立生态重要性空间识别指标体系,通过专家咨询和层次分析法确定各评价指标分级赋值标准和权重,结合GIS空间分析功能对“延龙图”（延吉-龙井-图们）地区生态用地的生态重要性进行空间识别,将其划分为3个级别：极重要、重要和一般重要,以反映不同生态用地保护级别和建设管制要求。结果表明,延龙图地区极重要生态用地占生态用地面积的25.720%,主要为耕地、林地和水域;重要生态用地占生态用地面积的39.500%,主要为林地和耕地;一般重要生态用地占生态用地面积的34.780%,以林地为主。     

The retail site location decision process using GIS and the analytical hierarchy process

The opening of a new establishment is a critical factor for firms in the retail sector because the decision carries with it a series of very serious financial and corporate image risks. This paper presents the development of a methodology for the process of selecting a retail site location that combines geographic information systems (GIS) and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The AHP methodology shows that the success factors for a supermarket are related to its location and competition. The proposed retail site location decision process was applied to the opening of a new supermarket in the Spanish city of Murcia.     

An uncertainty and sensitivity analysis approach for GIS-based multicriteria landslide susceptibility mapping

GIS-based multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods are increasingly being used in landslide susceptibility mapping. However, the uncertainties that are associated with MCDA techniques may significantly impact the results. This may sometimes lead to inaccurate outcomes and undesirable consequences. This article introduces a new GIS-based MCDA approach. We illustrate the consequences of applying different MCDA methods within a decision-making process through uncertainty analysis. Three GIS-MCDA methods in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and Dempster–Shafer theory are analyzed for landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) in the Urmia lake basin in Iran, which is highly susceptible to landslide hazards. The methodology comprises three stages. First, the LSM criteria are ranked and a sensitivity analysis is implemented to simulate error propagation based on the MCS. The resulting weights are expressed through probability density functions. Accordingly, within the second stage, three MCDA methods, namely analytical hierarchy process (AHP), weighted linear combination (WLC) and ordered weighted average (OWA), are used to produce the landslide susceptibility maps. In the third stage, accuracy assessments are carried out and the uncertainties of the different results are measured. We compare the accuracies of the three MCDA methods based on (1) the Dempster–Shafer theory and (2) a validation of the results using an inventory of known landslides and their respective coverage based on object-based image analysis of IRS-ID satellite images. The results of this study reveal that through the integration of GIS and MCDA models, it is possible to identify strategies for choosing an appropriate method for LSM. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the integration of MCDA and MCS can significantly improve the accuracy of the results. In LSM, the AHP method performed best, while the OWA reveals better performance in the reliability assessment. The WLC operation yielded poor results.     

Geographic Information Technologies and the History of a Shoreline: The Case of Chapter 91 in New Bedford,Massachusetts*

This article discusses the use of geographic information technologies to assist researchers in the exploration of historical databases. The case study is a pilot project in which we used geographic information systems (GIS) and global positioning systems (GPS) to study the history of the Public Waterfront Act (the “Chapter 91” program), a policy designed to balance private property rights, public interest, and environmental protection in the Massachusetts tidelands. The issues discussed range from the role of GIS in society and its limitations as a representational tool to the ability of current GIS to deal with historical data and to manage temporal attributes.     

基于GIS的四川省生态旅游分区评价

GIS是正在被广泛应用并具有强大空间分析能力的高新技术，与生态旅游分区评价模型结合，可充分发挥其地图化表现和空间分析能力。本研究以四川生态旅游数据库为基础，建立了基于AHP法的生态旅游分区评价系统。并对四川七个生态旅游区进行了评价，生成了相应的专题评价图。     

Guidelines for demonstrating geographical information systems based on participatory development

Abstract

The transfer of GIS technology has not met with uniform success in lesser-developed countries. It has been argued that this may be due to many efforts being technology-driven rather than demand-driven. In agricultural development, technology is transferred through a demand-driven participatory approach which incorporates the ultimate recipients of the technology in the design, implementation and evaluation of projects. A project to demonstrate the use of GIS technology for wasteland development in India involving seven Indian research institutes was undertaken by the U.S. Agency for International Development. In the Indian GIS demonstration, technical approaches proposed by each institute were largely technology-driven. To counter this tendency, a set of evaluation criteria or guidelines based on the participatory approach was developed to refine proposals.     

Quantitative Prediction and Evaluation of Mineral Resources Based on GIS: A Case Study in Sanjiang Region,Southwestern China

Quantitative prediction and evaluation of mineral resources are one of the important topics of mathematical geology. On the basis of GIS technologies and weights of evidence modeling, MapGIS is integrated with GIS and mineral-resource prediction and evaluation. The final product is a predictor map of posterior probabilities of occurrence of the discrete event within a small unit cell. Predictor layers were created on a digital database that includes 1:200,000 scale geological, and geochemical, and geophysical maps, and remote-sensing images in study area. According to metallogenetic factors extractiont and weights of evidence modeling, there are four main metal ore belts in the study area: (1) the Batang belt; (2) the Lei Wuqi belt; (3) the Basu-Chayu belt; and (4) the Ganzi-Litang belt. The predictor map of posterior probabilities show that 29% of study area as zones with potential for porphyry copper, and 81% known mineral occurrences success rate is circled in the metallogenetic posterior probabilities map. The results demonstrate plausibility of weights-of-evidence modeling of mineral potential in large areas with small number of mineral prospects.