几株原甲藻核糖体大亚基RNA基因的部分克隆及序列分析

对7株赤潮原甲藻28S rDNA 5'端部分序列进行扩增、克隆和序列测定,并从GeneBank上获取14个原甲藻28S rDNA序列,用NJ法和ME法构建了原甲藻属的系统树,并对序列进行分析.结果表明,7株原甲藻28S rDNA扩增序列长度为950~958 bp,通过NJ法和ME法构建的系统树完全一致.大部分分离自不同海域的同种原甲藻的序列高度保守,而不同种间在序列高变区却有较大的差异.但来自南海海域的海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)与分离自其他海域的株系序列差异较大,甚至超出了有些种间的差异.由28S rDNA高变区获得的序列,有望成为浮游植物特异性分子探针设计的良好靶区域.     

五种/株原甲藻核糖体小亚基(18S rRNA)基因克隆及序列分析

采用分子克隆及序列比对的方法,对五种/株赤潮原甲藻18SrRNA基因全长序列进行扩增、克隆和序列测定,并从GenBank上下载13个原甲藻18SrRNA基因接近全长的序列,用NJ法和ME法构建了原甲藻属的系统树。结果表明,五种/株原甲藻18SrRNA基因扩增序列长度为1782—1783bp,其中来自南海(中国海域)和来自美国海域的两株微小原甲藻(Prorocentrumminimum)的序列完全一致;东海的赤潮原甲藻(Prorocentrumsp·)与具齿原甲藻(P·dentatum)的序列也完全一致,与微小原甲藻只有5个碱基的差异;而海洋原甲藻(P·micans)与微小原甲藻和具齿原甲藻的序列差异较大,分别为27个和28个碱基。通过NJ法和ME法构建的系统树基本一致。由系统树可以看到:原甲藻属大致分为两支,本实验的微藻全部分布在同一支上。18SrRNA基因序列还将有助于有害赤潮藻快速鉴定的特异性分子探针的研制。     

东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)和海洋原甲藻APBM(P.micans APBM)的5.8S rDNA及其转录间隔区(ITS)的克隆和序列分析

对东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)和海洋原甲藻APBM(P．micans APBM)的5.8SrDNA及其转录间隔区(ITS)序列进行了PCR扩增、克隆和序列测定，并分析了甲藻属9株赤潮藻(7株从GenBank获得)的系统进化关系。结果表明，海洋原甲藻APBM的ITS片段(含5.8S区)为631bp，东海原甲藻的(含5.8S区)为552bp；东海原甲藻与从GenBank中获得的微小原甲藻相似程度较高，与甲藻属其他原甲藻相似程度较低；本文研究的海洋原甲藻APBM的ITS序列与其他原甲藻相似程度都较低并且在进化树上距离也较远。用ITS1或．ITS2序列构建的系统树与用ITS 5.8SrDNA序列构建的系统树反映的结果基本一致，5.8S区因过于保守似乎不适于构建系统树反映种下的亲缘关系。     

龙须菜对赤潮藻的生长抑制效应及其与环境因子的关系

利用共培养系统,研究了不同氮、磷营养盐浓度和光照强度下龙须菜Gracilaria lemanei for-mi:对赤潮异弯藻Heterosigma akashiwo和海洋原甲藻Prorocentrum micans生长的影响及龙须菜水提取物对2种赤潮藻生长的抑制效应,分析了龙须菜的抑藻机理.结果表明,在氮、磷浓度分别为...     

东海原甲藻的分子鉴定

采用nrDNAITS序列及18S序列两种分子标记,对东海原甲藻和美国国家海洋藻种保藏中心(CCMP)的具齿原甲藻进行分子鉴定,结果表明,两者之间序列非常相似,两者的nrDNAITS序列碱基差异值仅为0.002,nrDNA18S序列的碱基差异值为0.000,根据分子数据,东海原甲藻和美国国家海洋藻种保藏中心的具齿原甲藻应为同一个种.从基因库获取原甲藻的另外3个种nrD-NAITS序列和8个种的18S序列,用计算机软件进行分析和构建分子系统树,结果显示18S序列用于原甲藻的分子鉴定过于保守,而nrDNAITS更适合于该种属界定的分子标准.     

基于COⅠ基因的厦门海域鱼类DNA条形码鉴定

为研究DNA条形码技术在厦门海域鱼类分类鉴定中的可行性,随机选取了厦门海域23种鱼类样品进行COⅠ基因扩增,结果共获取23条序列,平均长度为656 bp,序列中T、C、G、A碱基的平均含量分别为:29.40%、28.10%、18.40%、24.10%.样品种内、种间、科内和目内的遗传距离(K2P)分别为:0.21%,20.50%、24.47%和25.62%,遗传距离随着分类阶元的提高而增大,种间遗传距离明显大于种内遗传距离.所选厦门海域鱼类样品仅蓝圆鯵鉴定到圆鯵属,未能鉴定到种,其余22种全部鉴定到种,表明COⅠ基因序列可以作为鱼类分类鉴定的有效DNA条形码.     

COⅠ基因序列在蛇鳗科鱼类种类鉴定中的的适用性研究

为研究DNA条形码技术在蛇鳗科鱼类分类鉴定中的可行性,选取了蛇鳗科7属10种36个个体进行COⅠ基因扩增,结果共获取36条基因序列,平均长度为655bp,序列中T?C?G?A碱基的平均含量分别为:27.50%?28.10%?26.00%?18.40%,A+T含量均高于50%.样品种内?种间和属间的遗传距离(K2P)分别为:0.52%?20.07%?23.96%,遗传距离随着分类阶元的提高而增大,种间遗传距离是种内遗传距离的38.59倍,符合Hebert提出的相差10倍的物种鉴定标准,表明COⅠ基因序列可以作为蛇鳗科鱼类分类鉴定的有效DNA条形码.     

微型DNA条形码在鱼类物种鉴定中的适用性研究

以台湾海峡11目38科66属85种355个鱼类样品为研究对象,选取线粒体COⅠ基因中长为313 bp的序列为微型条形码,探讨微型DNA条形码技术在鱼类分类鉴定中的适用性。共获取355条基因序列,序列中T、C、A、G碱基的平均含量占比分别为29.50%、30.10%、24.90%和15.50%;AT含量占比均高于50%。样品种内、种间、属间、科间和目间的K2P （Kimrua 2 Parameter）遗传距离分别为0.37%、18.10%、22.10%、25.40%和27.80%,遗传距离随着分类阶元的提高而增大,种间遗传距离是种内遗传距离的49倍,表明该微型DNA条形码可用于鱼类的分类鉴定,可有助于渔业资源调查和生物多样性保护。     

COⅠ基因序列在蛇鳗科鱼类种类鉴定中的适用性研究

为研究DNA条形码技术在蛇鳗科鱼类分类鉴定中的可行性,选取了蛇鳗科7属10种36个个体进行COⅠ基因扩增,结果共获取36条基因序列,平均长度为655 bp,序列中T、C、G、A碱基的平均含量分别为:27.50%、28.10%、26.00%、18.40%,A+T含量均高于50%.样品种内、种间和属间的遗传距离(K2P)分别为:0.52%、20.07%、23.96%,遗传距离随着分类阶元的提高而增大,种间遗传距离是种内遗传距离的38.59倍,符合Hebert提出的相差10倍的物种鉴定标准,表明COⅠ基因序列可以作为蛇鳗科鱼类分类鉴定的有效DNA条形码.     

泰国近海习见有毒立方水母和钵水母的遗传分析

本研究利用线粒体16S rDNA和核基因18S rDNA片段,对泰国沿海常见的有毒水母进行遗传分析,并比较了2个基因片段作为通用分子标记,在研究水母类多个纲的遗传多样性中的应用。研究发现,泰国近海的有毒水母存在较高的遗传多样性,所获得的32个样品可以分为9个种,包括4种钵水母、4种立方水母和1种水螅水母。然而,完全确定各种的分类地位,还需要更多的形态、生活史等方面信息。两个基因片段均能明确区分各种类,但核基因18S序列比线粒体基因片段更为保守。根据16S基因片段序列计算水母种内和种间的K2P(Kimura 2-parameter)遗传距离,发现所研究的9个水母种类,种内遗传距离在0~0.050之间,其中94%的种内遗传距离小于0.040,同纲种间的遗传距离为0.204~0.474,其中91%的种间遗传距离大于0.250;而利用18S基因,种内距离在0~0.002之间,同纲种间距离为0.008~0.066(平均为0.038,SE=0.006)。16S的AT碱基含量明显高于核基因18S,且16S的碱基含量在不同纲之间有显著差异,进一步表明水母线粒体16S基因的突变率相对较高,适合研究水母较低分类阶元以及种下的遗传差异。     

Development of taxonomic rRNA-targeted probes of two harmful algae: Prorocentrum minimum and Karenia mikimotoi by fluorescence in situ hybridization

Harmful algal blooms recently have been under the spotlight throughout the world, because of their negative impact on the marine environment, aquaculture, fisheries as well as public health. The development of methods for rapid and precise identification and quantification of causative species is essential for the warning and monitoring of blooms, among which the techniques based on taxonomic probes are the most favored. In this study, two harmful algae, i.e., Prorocentrum minimum and Karenia mikimotoi were taken into consideration. The partial large subunit rDNA (D1-D2) of both species were firstly PCR-amplified, cloned and sequenced. The obtained sequences were then introduced to carry out alignment analysis for gene specific regions. Three respective candidate probes for each species were designed and used to screen the optimal probe by performing fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) tests. The results showed that the probes Pmin0443 and Kmik0602 displayed the best hybridization for P. minimum and K. mikimotoi, respectively. Both the specific (taxonomic) (Pmin0443 and Kmik0602) and the control probes (UniC0512 and UniR0499) were used for cross-reactivity tests with other microalgae in our laboratory. The probes Pmin0443 and Kmik0602 are specific and could be served as taxonomic probes introduced into the techniques targeting rRNA, such as FISH, sandwich hybridization, and DNA-microarray assay of P. minimum and K. mikimotoi in the future. Finally, FISH analyses with both probes were performed on the simulated field samples. The probes could hybridize exclusively with the target cells well, and no significant difference (p >0.05) was observed in the cell densities of the samples determined by FISH and light microscopy (LM). All suggest that the probes are specific and could be introduced into FISH for the monitoring of both harmful algae.     

中国北方习见水母类的DNA 条形码分析

本研究获得了中国北方近海习见水母类24个种共62条线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基I(mtCOI)序列,结合GenBank中具DNA条形码关键词的mtCOI序列,共比较了水母类mtCOI片段207条,水母mtCOI种内遗传差异在0%-7.4%之间,均值为0.9%(SD=0.014),其中约93%的个体种内差异小于4%;近源种间遗传差异在5.4%(Sarsia)到44.9%(Lensia)之间,均值为25.1%(SD=0.118),97%以上的个体种间遗传差异大于10%。绝大多数(98.8%)水母种类种内遗传差异小于种间遗传差异,条形码间隙明显。本研究涉及的中国北方习见水母种内遗传差异均显著小于种间遗传差异,结果表明以mtCOI作为DNA条形码可以实现对中国北方习见水母种类鉴定。利用DNA条形码序列分析,梳理了中国近海一些常见水母的分类地位。此外,对4种保存液保存方法的比较研究表明,90%乙醇、DMSO、RNA Safer和DNA Conserver4种保存液无法同时保存形态学特征和DNA序列,但DNA Conserver的效果相对较好。     

基于16S rRNA基因的三种枝吻纽虫系统发育关系分析

测定了湛江枝吻纽虫（Dendrorhynchus zhanjiangensis）、中华枝吻纽虫（Dendrorhynchus sinensis）及疣多枝吻纽虫（Polydendrorhynchus papillaris）线粒体16S rRNA基因部分片段序列,结合从GenBank下载的其他纽虫序列,对它们之间的系统发育关系进行了分析.26个中华枝吻纽虫个体共检测到长度为467-468 bp的9个单倍型,5个湛江枝吻纽虫个体的长度均为469 bp,共检测到3个单倍型,2个疣多枝吻纽虫个体的长度均为474 bp,共享1个单倍型;核苷酸序列A、T、G、C的含量相似,碱基组成均表现出AT含量偏倚,即AT含量明显高于GC含量.中华枝吻纽虫9个单倍型之间的遗传距离和湛江枝吻纽虫3个单倍型之间的遗传距离均为0.002 1-0.004 3;而3种枝吻纽虫16S rRNA基因序列彼此之间的遗传距离却均超过0.24,显示它们之间的遗传差异特别大,分子系统树（NJ）的拓扑结构也显示,3种枝吻纽虫没有聚成1支,而是各自成支,结果支持3种枝吻纽虫分别为独立有效物种.中华枝吻纽虫与2种脑纹纽虫（Cerebratulus lacteus、C.marginatus）的遗传距离分别为0.154、0.169,明显低于与其同属的湛江枝吻纽虫的遗传距离（0.242）,表明中华枝吻纽虫与前两者的亲缘关系相对较近,而与后者的亲缘关系相对较远;在NJ树上,中华枝吻纽虫没有与湛江中华枝吻纽虫聚为1支,而是其9个单倍型聚为1支后,与2种脑纹纽虫（C.lacteus、C.marginatus）聚为1支,且有高达94%的支持率,这表明枝吻纽虫属（Dendrorhynchus）并非单系,也提示将中华枝吻纽虫划入脑纹纽虫属（Cerebratulus）会更合适.     

Identification of Prorocentrum minimum and Takayama pulchella by fluorescence in situ hybridization through epifluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry

Partial rDNA sequences of Prorocentrum minimum and Takayama pulchella were amplified, cloned and sequenced, and these sequence data were deposited in the GenBank. Eight oligonucleotide probes (DNA probes) were designed based on the sequence analysis. The probes were employed to detect and identify P. minimum and T. pulchella in unialgal and mixed algal samples with a fluorescence in situ hybridization method using flow cytometry. Epifluorescence micrographs showed that these specific probes labeled with flu...     

一种绿色真江蓠的分子鉴定

应用rDNA-ITS和线粒体cox1片段扩增序列,分析了厦门杏林湾的2株绿色未知江蓠（Gracilaria sp.;四分孢子体GR-1和雌配子体GR-2）及2株紫褐色真江蓠（G.vermiculophylla;四分孢子体PU-1和雌配子体PU-2）.运用MEGA5.0估算了4个供试样本与GenBank中相似度最高序列的遗传距离并构建了系统发育树.ITS序列分析显示绿色未知江蓠GR-1、GR-2都与真江蓠聚集在一起,推断两者与真江蓠的亲缘关系非常近.cox1片段序列分析表明,绿色未知江蓠GR-1、GR-2和紫褐色真江蓠PU-1、PU-2都与索引的真江蓠聚集在相同类群.其中GR-1、GR-2与真江蓠JQ619142、JQ619143的相似度都为100%,它们之间的遗传距离范围在0.000～0.002,低于种群内部的遗传距离范围0.000～0.015,从分子水平上确定了绿色未知江蓠是真江蓠.联合ITS和cox1片段序列的分子标记适用于真江蓠的种质鉴定.     

Identification of Provocentrum minimum and Takayama pulchella by fluorescence in situ hybridization through epifluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry

Partial rDNA sequences of Prorocentrum minimum and Takayama pulchella were amplified,cloned and sequenced,and these sequence data were deposited in the GenBank.Eight oligonucleotide probes(DNA probes)were designed based on the sequence analysis.The probes were employed to detect and identify P.minimum and T. pulchella in unialgal and mixed algal samples with a fuorescence in situ hybridization method using flow cytometry.Epifluorescence micrographs showed that these specific probes labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate entered the algal cells and bound to target sequences,and the fluorescence signal resulting from whole-cell hybridization varied from probe to probe.These DNA probes and the hybridization protocol we developed were specific and effective for P.minimum and T. pulchella,without any specific binding to other algal species.The hyrbridization efficiency of difierent probes specific to P.minimum was in the order:PMl8S02＞PM28S02＞PM28S01＞PM18S01,and that of the probes specific to T. pulchella was TP18S02＞TP28S01＞TP28S02＞TP18S01.The djfferent hybridization efficiency of the DNA probes could also be shown in the fuorescent signals between the labeled and unlabeled cells demonstrated using flow cytometry.The DNA probes PM18S02,PM28S02,TPl8S02 and TP28S01,and the protocol,were also useful for the detection of algae in natural samples.     

运用PCR-DGGE技术对3种原甲藻18S rDNA部分序列的差异性分析

采用3对特异性引物,对中国近海常见3种原甲藻的18S rDNA的部分序列进行PCR扩增,运用变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis,DGGE)对PCR产物进行了差异性分析。结果表明,各对引物具有不同的区分效果,选择包含较多差异碱基的短片段进行扩增,可以对藻种进行更好的区分;PCR-DGGE技术具有较高的灵敏性,不同藻种间即使1个碱基的差异也可以区分开;PCR-DGGE技术可以对3种原甲藻进行区分。     

赤潮叉角藻18SrDNA和ITS区序列测定与分析

采用PCR及克隆测序的方法，对1998年引发渤海赤潮的叉角藻18SrRNAadldey DNAITS区（Internal Transcribed Spacer Regions)进行了序列测定与分析。并通过因特网从国际分子生物学数据库中获取甲藻另外15个种的18rDNA序列，以Tetrahymena corlissi作为类群，分别采用Neighbor-Joining和Fitch方法构建甲藻较为一致和可靠的进化树图，探讨具有高度多样性和在分类上争议较多的甲藻各类群之间的形态与分子进化关系。结果表明，Prorocentrum(有2个简单的壳板）出现得较早，而大多数多甲藻目（覆盖着多个壳板）、裸甲藻目（大多数不具壳板）和膝沟藻目的成员较晚出现。另外，对叉角藻ITS区的分析表明，ITS区为高变区，是良好的分子标记，可用于叉角藻快速鉴定的专一性核酸分子探针的研制。     

Identification of Prorocentrum minimum and Takayama pulchella by fluorescence in situ hybridization through epifluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry

Partial rDNA sequences of Prorocentrum minimum and Takayama pulchella were amplified,cloned and sequenced,and these sequence data were deposited in the GenBank.Eight oligonucleotide probes(DNA probes)were designed based on the sequence analysis.The probes were employed to detect and identify P.minimum and T. pulchella in unialgal and mixed algal samples with a fuorescence in situ hybridization method using flow cytometry.Epifluorescence micrographs showed that these specific probes labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate entered the algal cells and bound to target sequences,and the fluorescence signal resulting from whole-cell hybridization varied from probe to probe.These DNA probes and the hybridization protocol we developed were specific and effective for P.minimum and T. pulchella,without any specific binding to other algal species.The hyrbridization efficiency of difierent probes specific to P.minimum was in the order:PMl8S02＞PM28S02＞PM28S01＞PM18S01,and that of the probes specific to T. pulchella was TP18S02＞TP28S01＞TP28S02＞TP18S01.The djfferent hybridization efficiency of the DNA probes could also be shown in the fuorescent signals between the labeled and unlabeled cells demonstrated using flow cytometry.The DNA probes PM18S02,PM28S02,TPl8S02 and TP28S01,and the protocol,were also useful for the detection of algae in natural samples.