山东半岛一次持续性强冷流降雪过程的成因分析

利用NCEP/NCAR逐日6 h再分析资料和观测资料,诊断分析了2005年12月3～21日山东半岛北部沿海地区发生的罕见持续性强降雪过程.结果表明: 降雪以西北气流下的冷流降雪为主,具有典型冷流降雪分布特征;有利的大气环流形势造成强冷空气频繁,经过渤海暖海面时产生较大海气温差,是降雪持续时间长、强度大的直接原因;一定的海气温差是冷流降雪的重要指标,产生冷流降雪时山东北部近海海域的海气温差常在22K以上;冷流暴雪产生在高能舌、对流层低层辐合、中层辐散的上升运动区,上升运动层浅薄;水汽来源于渤海,水汽辐合层位于超低层(925 hPa高度以下);对流层中低层的垂直速度、散度场、涡度场的动力耦合结构配置有利于暴雪的形成和维持;特殊的低山丘陵地形强迫抬升是冷流降雪的触发机制,对暴雪的产生起到增幅作用.     

山东半岛冷流强降雪和非冷流强降雪的对比分析

利用1981—2000年常规气象观测和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用合成分析和动力诊断分析方法,对冷流强降雪与非冷流强降雪的空间分布、大气环流、水汽输送、稳定度和垂直运动进行对比分析。结果表明：冷流强降雪是发生在槽后西北气流里的中小尺度不稳定降雪,非冷流强降雪是发生在槽前西南气流中大尺度稳定性降雪。冷流强降雪具有明显的地方性特点,是强冷空气对下垫面物理状态强迫响应的结果。提出强冷空气与渤海暖水面相互作用产生的大气边界层不稳定是产生冷流降雪的本质,在这种边界层不稳定层结中发生的降雪是冷流降雪的概念。     

1986年东海与南海的海-气界面热量交换

采用实测资料计算1986年7—12月东海和南海观测海域海-气界面热量交换。结果表明：7—9月上旬,大气向观测海域输送热量是主要现象,因为这时的气温比水温高,潜热通量与感热通量出现反相变化,天气晴好,海洋大量吸热;9月中旬—12月,观测海域向大气输送热量是主要现象,东海表现得比南海更为明显,主要贡献来自潜热通量和感热通量。受冷空气影响时,感热通量重要;在热带辐合带和热带气旋系统内海-气界面热量交换强烈,大气对海洋的响应为主。     

2015-04-28渤海海雾形成过程中的海气相互作用分析

利用FY和MTSAT卫星资料、ERA Interim再分析资料、黄渤海浮标站资料、黄渤海自动站逐小时观测资料,对发生在2015年4月28—29日的渤海海雾成因进行分析,着重探讨了海雾形成过程中的海气相互作用。结果发现,近海面处大气低层逆温层抬升,大于90%的大湿度区向上、向西扩展,对海雾形成非常有利;海雾生成前、生成发展过程中存在明显的东到东南风,有利于黄海水汽向渤海输送,海面上空有水汽通量大值区由渤海海峡向渤海中部移动,使得渤海上空水汽输送加强,提供了海雾形成所需的水汽;在海雾形成过程中渤海上空气温高于海温,风切变造成的海气界面湍流热交换为大气输送向海洋,使得冷海面上空暖湿空气降温冷却达到饱和形成海雾,是平流冷却雾。      

山东半岛一次冷流暴雪过程的中尺度模拟与云微物理特征分析

本文以NCEP-FNL资料作为初始场和边界场,采用WRF中尺度模式对2010年12月29-30日发生在山东半岛的一次冷流暴雪过程进行数值模拟,并利用高时空分辨率模拟结果分析此次过程的中尺度特征和云微物理特征.模拟与分析结果表明,此次暴雪过程发生在较强的海气温差背景下,渤海海表对冷空气的增温增湿作用显著,通过湍流交换等作用向低层大气输送大量感热、潜热和水汽;水汽由渤海中部海域输送到山东半岛东北部地区,其上空水汽辐合层比较浅薄,集中在800 hPa以下,相对湿度饱和层和比湿高值维持的时间与强降雪时段一致;中尺度海岸锋的生消过程对冷流暴雪过程形成有着重要作用,水平方向上呈现为偏北风和偏西风的强辐合带,局地环流中的上升运动触发不稳定能量释放,直接决定暴雪的落区和强度,这是产生浅对流降雪的主要物理机制;云中水凝物粒子的高度在600 hPa以下,最大值出现在850～900 hPa之间与浅对流结构相对应;各水凝物粒子含量相差较大,以雪和霰最多.     

山东半岛冷流降雪的气候特征及其前兆信号

采用山东省近41年冬季逐日降雪资料和近25年历年11月的海温资料,运用数理统计及小波分析方法,对山东半岛冬季冷流降雪的时空分布特征、演变规律及其与前期11月渤海海温的关系进行了诊断分析。结果表明,降雪分布与丘陵地形密切相关,主要集中在半岛的东北部,自东北向西南地区降雪量急剧减少;暴雪分布具有显著的中尺度特征;冷流降雪以12月最为显著;小波分析表明冷流降雪的主要周期为4年、7年和17年左右;11月渤海海温偏高时,降雪偏多的可能性较大,反之降雪则偏少。     

莱州湾冷流降雪的气候特征及其成因分析

利用2000—2013年莱州湾各气象站逐日降水资料、常规资料、海温资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对莱州湾冷流降雪的气候特征及成因进行了分析。结果表明:莱州湾降雪强度较小,中雪和大雪主要集中在莱州湾东部地区。降雪持续时间较短,一般在12h以内。冷流降雪次数呈现东部多西部少的特点,年际变化明显,存在显著的6~7a年际尺度的周期变化。1月是冷流降雪的主要月份,12月下旬至1月上旬是主要旬份。冷流降雪主要时段集中出现在08:00左右。近14年冷流降雪次数与同年份的冷空气次数存在显著的正相关。发生冷流降雪时850hPa及以下各层均有明显的温度阈值。莱州湾海温和海气温差过高或过低都不易出现冷流降雪。低于5℃为发生冷流降雪的地面2m温度阈值,该阈值明显高于内陆降雪的阈值。冷流降雪发生时,500hPa以槽后(含涡后)西北气流为主,700、850hPa都处在西北气流控制下,925、1000hPa为西北风、偏北风或东北风3种形势。     

大连地方性冷流降雪成因分析

介绍了从高空和地面形势演变特征、云系发展及地形对其贡献等出发分别对冷流降雪进行了初步探讨。结果表明 :大连地区以及渤海、黄海沿海和海面的冬季冷流降雪的形成原因 ,主要是由于较强冷空气入侵以及渤海湾的地理条件所致。     

北太平洋海气界面湍流热通量的年际变化

本文采用美国伍兹霍尔海洋研究所客观分析海气通量项目提供的1958～2006年月平均的湍流热通量及相关气象场数据, 利用EOF分析、小扰动方法、线性回归、相关分析等方法研究了北太平洋海气界面湍流热通量年际变化的时空特征、 影响因子及其与大气环流的关系。结果表明, 北太平洋湍流热通量的年际变化在冬季最为显著。我国东部海域及其向中东太平洋的延伸部分为冬季潜热通量和感热通量年际变化的关键区。冬季潜热通量的年际变化在副热带太平洋和菲律宾海域主要受风速变化影响, 在北太平洋的高纬和低纬海域尤其是赤道中太平洋主要受比湿差变化影响, 而冬季感热通量的年际变化在整个北太平洋都主要受海气温差变化影响。受大尺度环流影响, 异常低压中心的东 (西) 侧海气比湿差和海气温度差偏小 (偏大), 所以异常低压中心的东 (西) 侧潜热输送和感热输送偏弱 (偏强)。     

大连地方性冷流降雪成因分析

介绍了从高空和地面形势演变特征、云系发展及地形对其贡献等出发分别对冷流降雪进行了初步探讨。结果表明：大连地区以及渤海、黄海沿海和海面的冬季冷流降雪的形成原因，主要是由于较强冷空气入侵以及渤海湾的地理条件所致。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on