北京城市化对夏季大气边界层结构及 降水的月平均影响

为克服针对一次或几次天气过程研究城市化对边界层结构及降水影响的局限性,尝试研究北京城市化对夏季大气边界层结构及降水的月平均影响,本文首先总结了2006年8月份的主要天气过程,分析了气象站观测的10 m高度风速、2 m高度气温、2 m高度比湿和24 h降水的月平均分布特征,然后利用WRF/Noah/UCM模拟系统,进行了该月30个个例的高分辨率数值模拟及检验分析,并通过多组不同城市化情景的敏感性试验对比分析了城市化对夏季大气边界层结构及降水的月平均影响.研究表明:本文所用对高分辨率数值模拟结果进行月平均的方法可以较合理地模拟出城市化对大气边界层结构及降水的影响,并再现观测到的各站风频差异.8月份,北京城市化对气温的影响高度白天约为800 m,近地面气温升高1℃以上;夜间约为200 m,对近地面气温的影响达到最大(1.4℃以上).白天,城市化使城市及下风向的一些区域风速略有减小;夜间,城市及周边区域200 m以下风速明显减小,且在100 m左右高度处风速减小最明显,减小达0.8 m/s以上.城市化白天使700 m以下比湿减小,近地面处减小达1.2g/kg以上,夜间使近地面空气比湿略有减小.城市化对城市区域平均降水量的影响随城市发展的不同阶段而不同.初步模拟分析表明, 北京城市化已使上风向区域以及城区三环以内降水量减少,海淀和昌平降水明显增加.     

1987-2017年间南极点大气风温垂直结构及趋势变化特征

本文基于1987—2017年南极点的无线电探空数据,研究了地面至30 km海拔高度的气温、风向和风速的垂直分布及变化趋势.多年平均的逐月数据表明,气温在各高度上均具有显著的季节变化,南半球夏季（冬季）对流层低层温度最高达-25℃（最低达-60℃）,分别出现于1月（7月）地面以上约500 m（近地面）.近30年来,年平均地面气温呈0.3℃/10a的增加趋势,增温趋势总体上随高度增加而减缓,至对流层上层的气温变化趋势为负,约为-0.25℃/10a.对于对流层整层平均气温,秋季上升趋势在四季中最为明显,达0.55℃/10a,而年平均气温的趋势约为0.3℃/10a.近地面全年盛行东北风,风速大多在2~10 m·s^-1范围内;对流层的低层（高层）为西北风（西南风）,在海拔6~9 km处,对流层急流可达25 m·s^-1;而平流层低层（高层）为南风（东南风）,最大风速可超过30 m·s^-1.风速和温度梯度变化特征在地面至10 km（10~30 km）高度段表现为负相关（正相关）.近30年近地面呈现北风增加东风减少的趋势,而高空南风减少,东风和北风增多.对流层整层平均风速显示,各季节平均风速均呈增加趋势,并且与温度类似,秋季的增加趋势最显著,达0.59 m·s^-1/10a,而春季趋势最为平缓,仅0.05 m·s^-1/10a.对流层整层年平均风速的线性趋势为0.24 m·s^-1/10a,地面年平均风速呈0.05 m·s^-1/10a的增加趋势.     

海陆风及沿海风速廓线在风电场风速预报中的应用

为了建立沿海风功率预报系统,本文探讨了中国沿海风电场风速预报问题,并利用数值模式RAMS对海陆风进行了模拟研究.发现海陆风发生时,海风和陆风阶段风速廓线存在较大差异,海风阶段风速的垂直切变明显小于陆风阶段.海陆风发生时,风速会呈现有规律的变化,即海风和陆风分别有两个时段：风速增加时段和风速减少时段.在为沿海风电场提供风速预报时,当模式预报到海陆风发生时,可以利用海陆风的这种特点,使用统计方法对预报出的风速进行有效的订正.并发现即使没有海陆风发生,当风向为海洋吹向陆地时,风速随高度的垂直切变同样小于陆地吹向海洋的时段.利用统计方法根据不同风向时风速廓线的特性,把数值模式计算高度上的预报结果,精确地插值到风机涡轮高度,会很大程度上减少风速预报的误差及风功率预报环节的误差.     

HWM07模式风场在高度60～100km的精度及建模初步研究

HWM07模式是一个应用广泛的国际标准参考大气风场模式,其在航天飞行器的设计阶段具有重要作用.因此,研究该模式风场精度具有重要意义,本文以廊坊中频雷达的风场资料(2014—2016年)为基准,利用偏差、绝对差、相关系数、相对偏差和Lomb-Scargle周期图方法,研究HWM07模式风场在高度60～100km的精度,最后,对本文建立的60～100km风场预报模型(UV_(DerM)模型)精度进行分析.结果表明,在高度60～100km范围内,(1)HWM07模式的纬向风偏差、绝对差、相关系数、相对偏差的平均值分别为14.0039 m·s-1、34.4750 m·s-1、0.1832、-75.4822%,经向风偏差、绝对差、相关系数、相对偏差的平均值分别为-2.0019m·s-1、25.3689m·s-1、0.1442、-88.9980%;经向风、纬向风的统计特征均与高度、季节有密切关系;(2)Lomb-Scargle周期图结果表明,中频雷达、HWM07模式风场在同一高度层显著(通过90%显著性检验)含有的波周期及功率谱存在较明显差异,不同高度、不同季节显著含有的波周期和功率谱也存在明显差异;(3)在高度86～92km,准全日潮汐波、准半日潮汐波分别在冬季、夏季的HWM07模式风场变化特征中为主要作用,而对中频雷达风场变化特征起主要作用的大气波动特征与高度、季节有关;(4)相对于HWM07模式风场,由UVDerM模型得到的纬向风更接近实况资料,但经向风无改进效果.     

污染天气下成都城市热岛环流结构的数值模拟

本文利用中尺度模式WRF V3.9对2016年7月16日成都一次污染天气下的城市热岛环流个例进行了数值模拟,分析了城市热岛环流的三维结构及演变特征.并通过设计减少气溶胶光学厚度的敏感性试验,研究了污染对城市热岛环流的可能影响.结果表明:当地时间17∶00城市热岛环流开始形成.随着热岛强度增强,环流增强,城乡边界处的城市风锋不断向城市中心推进.19∶00热岛环流结构最显著.21∶00环流结构被破坏,仅低层存在微弱的乡村风.在热岛环流结构最显著时刻,近地面风场由郊区向城市辐合,地面以上2.0km处风场由城市向乡村辐散,辐散中心与辐合中心位置大致对应.此时城市风锋在城市处合并,环流的水平尺度约为城市尺度的2～2.5倍.当气溶胶光学厚度减小后,城市热岛环流尺度和强度以减小为主.特别是在热岛环流最显著时刻,低层乡村风风速减小,城市风锋最大上升速度降低,环流的水平尺度在西、南、北三个方向均减小,且高空回流高度降低.可能的影响机制是,气溶胶光学厚度减小后,净辐射通量增大,城乡地表能量通量差异增大,城市边界层高度升高.但城市边界层高度升高对城市热岛的抑制作用超过了城乡地表能量通量差异增加对城市热岛的增强作用,最终造成城市热岛减弱,环流减弱.     

北京MST雷达探测中间层-低热层观测结果初步分析

北京MST雷达是子午工程建设的国内仅有的两部MST雷达之一,为研究其在中间层-低热层MLT区域的探测能力以及数据可靠性,本文应用北京MST雷达2012、2013两年高模式数据,从数据获取率、与廊坊流星雷达测风对比以及风场时空分布特征三个方面进行初步分析.结果是:(1)数据获取率日变化特征为:白天65~100km均可获取数据,数据获取率的高值区主要集中在70~80km,最大值可达80%;夜间主要集中在80~100km,数据获取率在30%及以下.表明该MST雷达白天可以探测到电离层D层和E层低层,夜间D层消失,只探测到E层低层.季节变化特征为:夏季白天可获取数据的时间和高度区间都比较大,春季次之,冬季最小.夏季白天以及日落后1h内可探测到120km.(2)对北京MST雷达与廊坊流星雷达2012年5月份、80~100km高度区间测量的水平风进行对比分析,二者测风结果在时空分布上有很好的一致性,表明MST雷达探测数据是可靠的.(3)2012年和2013年相应月份平均的纬向风、经向风时空分布特征有较高的一致性,并与HWM07模式结果也基本一致.上述初步分析结果表明,北京MST雷达对中间层-低热层60~120km高度区域已具备较强的探测能力,所得结果将可用于MLT过程揭示与驱动因子研究,并可与该高度上其他探测手段作综合研究.     

巢湖快速变化风浪场及其环境效应

浅水湖泊风浪过程对于湖泊生态系统具有重要的意义.基于巢湖风场、风浪和水环境参数同步高频观测结果,详细分析了快速变化风场下的风浪快速变化特征及其对湖泊水环境的影响特征.浅水湖泊风浪的有效波高和平均波周期均随风速的快速变化有较好的同步响应规律.在风速快速衰减阶段,相较有效波高,波周期有更好的稳定性.湖泊水体pH、水温、溶解氧会快速响应风浪的变化,随着风浪强度增强,对水体浊度、总磷浓度以及藻密度和生物量的扰动影响逐渐呈现.强烈的风浪扰动引起水体浊度变化的滞后时间可达3 d.快速变化的风浪场下,风浪的强烈扰动会改变水体固有的理化参数分布特征,扰动藻类常规的水体分布规律,风浪强度是造成差异的主要因子.     

地磁低点位移频谱特征及机理探讨

以河北省昌黎地震台为例,使用该台地磁Z分量的分钟值数据,分别对比了正常时段、磁暴发生时段、 低点位移时段的主要频率谱值变化特征. 通过多频点功率谱对数拟合,发现在数据长度相等的情况下,相对于正常时段而言磁暴时段各频率的能量明显增强,特别是高频端尤其明显; 而当大范围低点位移发生时,高频端的能量基本与正常时段持平,但4个小时以上的周期功率谱大部分要低于正常段. 通过对多日低点位移时段的FFT累加与正常时段对比后发现,低点位移发生时,8.5小时和13.7小时周期的频谱值增加. 通过与DE-METER卫星观测的电子密度数据空间图象进行对比,发现地磁低点位移的发生与空间Ne的增加有很好的对应性. 最后对这些变化特征及低点位移可能产生的机制进行了探讨.      

Hilbert-Huang变换在地脉动卓越周期计算中的应用

研究如何在白天观测地脉动存在人为振动干扰情况下准确计算卓越周期.选择一个场地进行连续24 h地脉动观测.应用快速傅里叶变换计算地脉动数据的功率谱,应用Hilbert-Huang变换对地脉动数据进行经验模态分解并计算边际谱.通过实验发现,夜间和白天观测地脉动功率谱具有明显差异.在夜间观测的地脉动主峰明显,容易识别卓越周期,在白天观测的地脉动功率谱存在多个峰值,难以识别卓越周期.边际谱与功率谱基本一致,存在多个峰值,难以由边际谱判别卓越周期.通过实验还发现,可以由某一IMF分量的频谱判别卓越周期,但具体为哪个IMF分量需结合场地条件判断.对原始数据减去IMF分量后差值的频谱分析发现主峰明显,频率和夜间观测的非常接近,可以判别卓越周期.实验结果表明,对于在白天观测存在人为振动干扰的场地,难以通过功率谱和边际谱判别卓越周期,可以应用Hilbert-Huang变换进行经验模态分解,由原始数据减去IMF分量后差值的频谱峰值判别卓越周期.     

据频谱特征分析短时气压波动对体应变的影响

针对短时气压波动对体应变观测资料的影响,整理易县台2002～2007年体应变、气压、降水等分钟值资料,并从中选取4个具有明显特征的时间段,采用数字滤波去除原始数据中的长周期成分,用快速傅里叶变换分析体应变的高频谱特征。计算结果表明,短时气压波动对体应变高频谱特征具有显著影响,主要影响周期为53～67 min;在气压平稳情况下,体应变的优势周期相对集中,高频谱幅度最小;而在短时气压波动及降水情况下,体应变的优势周期更趋于分散,体应变响应幅度相对较大。对体应变分钟值资料的高频信息进行分析时,需要采取回归分析、数字滤波等方法消除短时气压波动对体应变观测资料的影响。     

Summertime winds and direct cyclonic circulation: observations from Lake Geneva

Records of wind, air temperature and air pressure from nine stations, situated along the shoreline of Lake Geneva, Switzerland, were analyzed for the summer period May to September. At all stations the consistent appearance of significant spectral peaks and changes in wind direction at the diurnal frequency indicates the importance of lake-land breezes. It is shown that the surrounding topography has a strong modifying effect (temporal and spatial) on the lake-land breeze. Superimposed on this cyclic wind pattern, short episodes of strong winds with long fetch over parts of Lake Geneva are regularly observed. Both of these winds exert a spatially variable wind stress over the lake surface on the same time scale. Typical examples of the expected lakes response are presented, among them the seasonally persistent gyre in the central part of the lake. Evidence is provided that this dominant circulation is part of a direct cyclonic circulation, generated by the curl of the diurnal wind field. It is concluded that the mean circulation is caused by these winds and affected by the topography of the surrounding land.Present address: Environmental Protection Agency, Perth 6009, Australia     

The pattern of surface wind flow in Antarctica

Summary The main characteristics of surface winds are tabulated for 34 Antarctic stations. Using these data, supplemented by traverse records, the average wind flow is interpolated for each region and presented as a map showing the pattern of surface wind flow for the whole continent. Attention is focused on the flow in relation to surface contours. Statistics are presented for surface slope, wind speed, temperature, seasonal variations of speed and temperature, diurnal variation (including power spectra) of the wind speed and times of maximum and minimum speed at coastal and inland stations, wind frequency versus direction, the occurrence of calms, the deviation of the plateau wind from the downslope direction, the wind direction near the front of ice shelves, the proportion of cloud cover, and wind chill factors. In all cases data are grouped according to the environs of the stations in an attempt to isolate systematic differences depending on location: coastal stations near the foot of the ice slope and fully exposed to katabatic flow, coastal stations on offshore islands, coastal stations on peninsulas, coastal stations on extensive rock areas, ice shelf stations and inland stations.     

Diurnal sea breeze effects on inner-shelf cross-shore exchange

Cross-shore exchange by strong (cross-shore wind stress, τ_sx>0.05 Pa) diurnal (7–25 h) sea breeze events are investigated using two years of continuous wind, wave, and ocean velocity profiles in 13 m water depth on the inner-shelf in Marina, Monterey bay, California. The diurnal surface wind stress, waves, and currents have spectral peaks at 1, 2, and 3 cpd and the diurnal variability represents about 50% of the total variability. During sea breeze relaxation (−0.05<τ_sx<0.05 Pa), a background wave-driven inner-shelf Eulerian undertow profile exists, which is equal and opposite to the Lagrangian Stokes drift profile, resulting in a net zero Lagrangian transport at depth. In the presence of a sea breeze (τ_sx>0.05 Pa), a uniform offshore profile develops that is different from the background undertow profile allowing cross-shore Lagrangian transport to develop, while including Lagrangian Stokes drift. The diurnal cross-shore current response is similar to subtidal (>25 h) cross-shore current response, as found by Fewings et al. (2008). The seasonality of waves and winds modify the diurnal sea breeze impact. It is suggested that material is not transported cross-shore except during sea breeze events owing to near zero transport during relaxation periods. During sea breeze events, cross-shore exchange of material appears to occur onshore near the surface and offshore near the sea bed. Since sea breeze events last for a few hours, the long-term cross-shore transport is incremental each day.     

中国东部西南低空急流日变化特征及其机制

本文利用Final Global Data Assimilation System (FNL) 6小时再分析数据集分析了西南低空急流的日变化特征及其影响因子,结果表明:西南低空急流具有明显的日变化特征,在夜间和早晨(02LST,08LST)中国东南大部分地区急流发生频率较高,而在白天和傍晚(14LST,20LST)低空急流发生频率较低.经向地转风分量在一天内基本保持稳定,经向非地转分量在02LST最强,占实际风场强度50%以上,而在14LST和20LST,经向风场近似满足地转平衡.对风场非定常性、风速在流动方向上的非均匀性、流线弯曲和大气斜压性产生的地转偏差的分析结果表明,经向非地转风的日变化主要是由局地变压、水平风场涡度、垂直运动和温度梯度的日变化产生,副热带高压强度和位置的变化、青藏高原大地形加热效应和昼夜间海陆热力性质差异是造成经向非地转风夜间加强的重要原因.在中国东部地区,风速在流动方向的非均匀性虽然有利于非地转风的产生,但其没有明显的日变化,不是经向非地转风在夜间加强的主要原因.     

Remote and local forcing of a coastal lagoon: The Virginia Coast Reserve

The effects of local and remote wind forcing of water level heights in the Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR) are examined in order to determine the significant forces governing estuarine motions over subtidal time scales. Recent (1996–2008) data from tide and wind stations in the lagoon, a tide station to the north at Sandy Hook, NJ, and one offshore wind station at the Chesapeake Light Tower are examined. Sea surface height spectrum calculations reveal significant diurnal and semidiurnal tidal effects along with subtidal variations, but a suppressed inertial signal. Sea-surface heights (SSH) with 2–5 day periods at Wachapreague, VA are coherent with those at Sandy Hook and lag them in time, suggesting that southward-propagating continental shelf waves provide subtidal variability within the lagoon. The coherence between lagoon winds and sea surface height, as well as between winds and cross-lagoon sea height gradient, were significant at a relatively small number of frequency and wind direction combinations. The frequencies at which this wind forcing occurs are the tidal and subtidal bands present to the north, so that lagoon winds selectively augment existing SSH signals, but do not generate them. The impact of the wind direction is closely related to the geometry of the lagoon and bounding landmasses. The effect of wind stress is also constrained by geometry in affecting the cross-lagoon water height gradient. Water levels at subtidal frequencies are likely forced by a combination of local wind forcing, remote wind forcing and oceanic forcing modified by the complex topography of the lagoon, shelf, and barrier islands.     

Experience from one year of operating a boundary-layer profiler in the center of a large city

Since May 1992 a small, 915-MHz profiler has been operated continuously in downtown Montreal. It is a five-beam system employing a microstrip array antenna, located atop a 14-story office building that houses several academic departments of McGill University. The data are used for research on precipitation physics and the clear-air reflectivity in addition to wind profiling. We are especially interested in situations in which the reflectivities of the clear air and the precipitation are comparable. This permits the study of interactions between the precipitation and the clear air, a new area of research made possible by wind profilers. On clear days in the summer, 30-min consensus winds can often be measured to an altitude of 3 km, but ground clutter in the antenna sidelobes interferes with measurements below 600 m. Rain when present often permits wind profiling down to 100 m and up to 6 km or higher. On cold winter days there are some periods when the reflectivity is too weak at all levels to permit wind estimation. Falling snow, however, provides readily detectable echoes and serves as a good tracer of the wind and so allows profiling over its full altitude extent. The best conditions for observing interactions between precipitation and the clear air are when light rain falls through a reflective layer associated with a frontal surface or inversion. Unexpectedly, flocks of migrating birds sometimes completely dominate the signal at night in the spring and fall seasons.     

High-altitude data assimilation system experiments for the northern summer mesosphere season of 2007

A global numerical weather prediction system is extended to the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) and used to assimilate high-altitude satellite measurements of temperature, water vapor and ozone from MLS and SABER during May–July 2007. Assimilated temperature and humidity from 100 to 0.001 hPa show minimal biases compared to satellite data and existing analysis fields. Saturation ratios derived diagnostically from these assimilated temperature and water vapor fields at PMC altitudes and latitudes compare well with seasonal variations in PMC frequency measured from the aeronomy of ice in the mesosphere (AIM) satellite. Synoptic maps of these diagnostic saturation ratios correlate geographically with three independent transient mesospheric cloud events observed at midlatitudes by SHIMMER on STPSat-1 and by ground observers during June 2007. Assimilated temperatures and winds reveal broadly realistic amplitudes of the quasi 5-day wave and migrating tides as a function of latitude and height. For example, analyzed winds capture the dominant semidiurnal MLT wind patterns at 55°N in June 2007 measured independently by a meteor radar. The 5-day wave and migrating diurnal tide also modulate water vapor mixing ratios in the polar summer MLT. Possible origins of this variability are discussed.     

A Seasonal Statistical Evaluation of COAMPS® over the Arabian Gulf Region

A statistical evaluation of the Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS^®) was performed over the Arabian Gulf region for the period, 1 August to 5 October, 2004. Verification skill scores of bias and root-mean-square error were estimated for surface variables and for vertical profiles to investigate any diurnal variations. The model predictions of boundary-layer heights are compared with the observations at Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The Middle East presents challenges to numerical weather prediction due to complex land-ocean-land mesoscale processes. An independent data set of surface measurements from 50 stations in the UAE was available from the Department of Water Resources Studies, Abu Dhabi for model verification. The results indicate a diurnal variation in the model errors. The errors are small considering the magnitudes of the observed variables. Errors in the coastal region can be attributed to the differences in the timing of the onset of sea and land breeze circulations in the simulations as compared to the observations. Errors are relatively smaller in the offshore locations.