Regional Geochemistry and Fluid Flow in the Palaeogene Aquifers of the Gaoyou Subbasin in the Southern Part of North Jiangsu Basin, China

Chemical analysis of groundwater in petroliferous basins can be an effective way to determine the regional hydrogeological regime and to evaluate the preservation conditions of hydrocarbons. This paper presents the hydrochemical distribution of both individual aquifers and different structural units within the Palaeogene strata of the Gaoyou subbasin in the North Jiangsu Basin, east China. The results show that the salinity of the Palaeogene aquifers in the Gaoyou subbasin displays a systematic increase from the central deep depression to the periphery areas, and shows a reverse trend as the burial depth increases. Salinity maps of individual aquifers suggest that formation water in the deep layers at the centre of the study area probably retains original features of fresh lake water. Geofluids near the central deep depression of the Gaoyou subbasin migrate vertically through the Zhenwu and Hanliu faults, while those of the northern slope belt mainly flow laterally through aquifers. Both low and high salinity formation water can be found in the hydrocarbon producing areas. The low salinity zones commonly affected by infiltrated meteoric water are unfavourable conditions for the preservation of trapped hydrocarbons.     

中国海相地层水文地质地球化学与油气保存条件研究

我国海相地层的油气藏被构造运动改造的强度较大,油气保存条件较差.地下水动力场的分布特征在油气藏的形成与演化过程中起着重要的作用.本文通过对比研究四川盆地、塔里木盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地已知海相油田与南方海相地层的水文地质地球化学特征,揭示了水文地质地球化学性质与油气保存条件的密切关系.沉积埋藏阶段是油气生成运移、聚集的主要时期;抬升剥蚀时期水文地质的最大特点是地层压实排水作用停止,沉积埋藏水被大气水驱替、淡化.不整合面附近的封存大气水可能是油气藏被破坏和保存条件差的标志,也可能是有机质尚未进入二次生烃的重要指标.通常水文地质开启程度随着深度的增加而减弱.交替停滞带是不受地表水影响的水文地质带,有利于油气保存;自由交替带受地表水强烈影响,不利于油气保存.并且初步总结了一套比较系统的油气保存条件的水文地质地球化学综合判别指标体系.     

塔河油田奥陶系油藏开发动态与地层水化学特征响应

塔河油田是塔里木盆地第一个超亿吨级的大型油田,其主力油藏为奥陶系缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏.近年来,油田地层水的问题日益突出,严重影响了油田的开发和生产.阿克库勒凸起北部地质历史时期曾经发育间断性的大气水下渗-向心流,凸起南部斜坡区受到泥岩压实排水和粘土矿物脱水形成的离心流的影响,地层水受到一定程度的淡化.塔河油田主体部位处于越流泄水区,地层水具有明显的高矿化度和高K Na 、Cl-浓度,有利于油气聚集成藏.塔河油田奥陶系地层水动力场形成演化与油气运移、聚集密切相关.海西晚期、喜马拉雅期离心流强度大,是油气藏主要成藏期.早、晚海西运动、印支运动期间抬升剥蚀,遭受强烈的大气水下渗淋滤、生物降解,是油气藏主要破坏期.根据地层水赋存状态,区分出洞穴底部油气驱替残留水、洞穴周缘小缝洞系统驱替残留水、储层下部层间水3种不同类型.研究油井产出水矿化度、Cl-、K Na 浓度动态变化规律,总结出平稳型、起伏型、上升型和下降型4种动态类型.通过综合分析油井开发动态及油水产出特征,正确把握其变化过程,可以判断油井产水来源,从而为油田的稳油控水提供指导性建议.     

Hydrodynamic Evolution and Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Dabashan Foreland Thrust Belt,China

There are two plays in the Dabashan foreland tectonic belt: the upper and the lower plays. The lower play experienced one sedimentary hydrodynamic stage, two burial hydrodynamic stages, two tectonic hydrodynamic stages and two infiltration hydrodynamic stages from the Sinian to the Cenozoic, while the upper play had one sedimentary hydrodynamic stage, one burial hydrodynamic stage, two tectonic hydrodynamic stages and one infiltration hydrodynamic stage from the Permian to the Cenozoic. Extensive flows of both sedimentary water, including hydrocarbons, and deep mantle fluid occurred in the Chengkou faults during collision orogeny in the Middle-Late Triassic Indosinian orogeny, and fluid flow was complicated during intracontinental orogeny in the Middle-Late Jurassic. In addition to these movements, infiltration and movement of meteoric water took place in the Chengkou faults, whereas in the covering-strata decollement tectonic belt, extensive sedimentary water flow (including hydrocarbons) occurred mainly in the Zhenba and Pingba faults. During the stage of rapid uplift and exhumation from the Cretaceous to the Cenozoic, the fluid flow was characterized mainly by infiltration of meteoric water and gravity-induced flow caused by altitude difference, whereas sedimentary water flow caused by tectonic processes was relatively less significant. Sedimentary water flow was more significant to the lower play in hydrocarbon migration and accumulation during collision orogeny in the Middle-Late Triassic Indosinian orogeny, but its influence is relatively slight on the upper play. On one hand, hydrodynamics during intracontinental orogeny in the Middle-Late Jurassic adjusted, reformed or oven destroyed oil reservoirs in the lower play; on the other hand, it drove large amounts of hydrocarbons to migrate laterally and vertically and is favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation. Infiltration hydrodynamics mainly adjusted and destroyed oil reservoirs from the Cretaceous to the Cenozoic.     

松辽盆地南部幔源CO_2充注成因次生油气藏深、浅层分布差异

在大量总结前人研究成果的基础上得出:松南地区深部层位以富气为特征,烃类气成藏阶段为登二段沉积期及早白垩纪晚期;浅部层位以富油为特征,油气成藏阶段主要集中于明水组沉积末期至古近纪早期;盆地中CO2气主要富集于营城组及泉头组(三、四段),储量丰富且以幔源成因为主,其形成与晚中新世后期火山活动有关;深层与浅层油气成藏时间均早于幔源CO2充注。与深部层位相比,松辽盆地南部浅层具备更完善的幔源CO2充注成因次生油气藏形成条件,可视其为常规油气资源再勘探的有利目标区。     

论松辽盆地地下水动力场的形成与演化

理想的沉积盆地地下水动力场模式可以归纳为对称型和不对称型两种，其中局部地下水动力单元可以划分为4种类型：①泥岩压榨水离心流；②大气水下渗向心流；③越流、越流－蒸发泄水；④滞留。地下水动力场演化具有旋回性，每个旋回可以分为两个阶段：①盆地沉降接受沉积时期的泥岩压榨水离心流阶段；②盆地抬升剥蚀阶段的大气水下渗向心流阶段。随着沉积盆地的形成与演化，水动力场也有形成、发展和消亡的过程。松辽盆地地下水动力场具有明显的不对称性：盆地北部和东部大气水不对称下渗形成向心流；中央坳陷区压榨水形成离心流和越流；盆地南部以越流－蒸发浓缩为特征。在纵向上地下水动力的强度具有分带性，由浅到深，可以划分出强、弱、停滞3个带。     

北羌塘盆地索瓦组上段的时代、古气候及石油地质特征

索瓦组上段是羌塘盆地演化晚期的一套潮坪—潟湖相沉积,分布于北羌塘盆地中部。通过对索瓦组上段区域地层对比,发现索瓦组上段在盆地东部、西部和南部的岩性变化较大,海相油页岩的出露地仅分布于北羌塘坳陷南部胜利河—长蛇山—托纳木一线的局限海湾—潟湖的边缘带,其形成明显受到了古地理条件的控制。根据索瓦组上段以及其下伏地层产出的生物化石组合,并结合油页岩的Re-Os同位素年龄,认为索瓦组上段的时代可能为早白垩世。对该组产出的孢粉化石组合和硅化木分析表明,索瓦组上段在沉积早期和晚期的古气候条件发生了明显的变化,早期为温暖和湿润气候,而晚期为半干旱—干旱气候,这种垂向上的古气候变化特征不仅仅局限于胜利河地区,可能在整个北羌塘盆地都普遍存在。索瓦组上段发育的油页岩及其上部膏岩沉积组合的发现,对于评价羌塘盆地演化晚期的石油地质条件具有重要的意义。     

海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷油气成藏模式与有利勘探方向

贝尔凹陷是海拉尔盆地富油凹陷之一,油气资源丰富,受多期构造运动改造,油气成藏条件复杂。研究表明,贝尔凹陷经历了"早、中、晚"三期成盆及南屯组末、伊敏组末两期改造的构造演化过程。每期"成盆与改造"对油气成藏起着关键性作用。有效烃源岩控制了油气分布范围;纵向上发育三套储盖组合。南屯组自生自储型组合为主要勘探层系;发育缓坡反向断阶带、复式箕状断陷间的断裂隆起带及保存条件好的小深洼槽三种成藏模式。油气成藏主控因素及富集规律的认识明确了贝西斜坡带南部、苏德尔特构造带南部及贝东洼槽群为下步重点勘探方向。     

中国南方海相地层油气保存条件综合评价技术体系探讨

中国南方海相地层的油气藏分别在加里东、印支和燕山期经历了多期多阶段的演变过程,被构造活动改造的强度大。油气保存条件破坏严重,且缺乏有效的评价方法。本文试图通过研究地下流体的化学-动力学行为规律,从动态和演化的角度分析剥蚀作用、断裂-破碎作用、大气水下渗作用等对油气藏破坏的程度、方式,综合评价油气的成藏、保存条件,探索针对南方海相地层油气保存条件评价的技术体系。     

高邮凹陷真武油田成藏期与动态成藏过程分析

真武油田位于苏北盆地东台拗陷高邮凹陷中南部,是苏北盆地目前已发现油田中最大的一个油田,油田开发时间长、含油面积大、油气富集程度高.该油田位于深凹带南部真2断裂下盘,邻近高邮生烃凹陷,油气主要分布在垛一段、戴二段和戴一段三个层段,阜一段也含油;储集层岩性多为细砂岩和不等粒砂岩.利用构造演化、原油特征与烃源岩演化、流体包裹...     

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷三叠系源上砂砾岩扇—断—压三控大面积成藏模式

准噶尔盆地玛湖富烃凹陷下三叠统百口泉组新近发现了我国首个源上大面积连续型砂砾岩油藏群,是对全球"连续型"油气藏研究的新补充,但其成藏机理和模式并不很清楚。为加强对其的理论认识,并为下步勘探提供参考,基于油气生、储、盖、圈、运、保等基础石油地质条件,并结合油气藏特征,进行了成藏条件与成藏模式的综合研究。结果表明,优质充足的下二叠统风城组碱湖油气来源、规模有效的扇三角洲前缘砂砾岩储层、多重组合的扇三角洲平原致密砾岩、泥岩和断裂封盖保存、沟通良好的高角度断裂输导体系、平缓连续的构造背景奠定了大面积连续成藏的地质基础。在此背景下,高成熟的风城组所生成油气,在切穿烃源灶和储层的高角度压扭性断裂沟通下,优先充注物性相对好的扇三角洲前缘水下河道砂岩和砂质细砾岩,并且在地层异常高压促进下,控制着油气富集程度,使得油气成藏表现为大型缓坡浅水扇三角洲沉积控制下的源上扇-断-压三控大面积"连续型"。百口泉组油气藏具有的油质轻且含气、微裂缝广泛发育,以及异常高压等,决定了砾岩储层虽总体低孔低渗,但依旧能够高产。在油源断裂沟通的斜坡区上倾方向,叠合地层异常高压以及扇三角洲前缘水下河道砂砾岩的区域是下步有利勘探方向。     

Main Structural Styles and Deformation Mechanisms in the Northern Sichuan Basin, Southern China

The Triassic Jialingjiang Formation and Leikoupo Formation are characterized by thick salt layers. Three tectono-stratigraphic sequences can be identified according to detachment layers of Lower-Middle Triassic salt beds in the northern Sichuan Basin, i.e. the sub-salt sequence composed of Sinian to the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation, the salt sequence of the Lower Triassic Jialingjiang Formation and Mid-Triassic Leikoupou Formation, and the supra-salt sequence composed of continental clastics of the Upper-Triassic Xujiahe Formation, Jurassic and Cretaceous. A series of specific structural styles, such as intensively deformed belt of basement-involved imbricated thrust belt, basement-involved and salt-detached superimposed deformed belt, buried salt-related detached belt, duplex, piling triangle zone and pop-up, developed in the northern Sichuan Basin. The relatively thin salt beds, associated with the structural deformation of the northern Sichuan Basin, might act as a large decollement layer. The deformation mechanisms in the northern Sichuan Basin included regional compression and shortening, plastic flow and detachment, tectonic upwelling and erosion, gravitational sliding and spreading. The source rocks in the northern Sichuan Basin are strata underlying the salt layer, such as the Cambrian, Silurian and Permian. The structural deformation related to the Triassic salt controlled the styles of traps for hydrocarbon. The formation and development of hydrocarbon traps in the northern Sichuan Basin might have a bearing upon the Lower-Middle Triassic salt sequences which were favorable to the hydrocarbon accumulation and preservation. The salt layers in the Lower-Middle Triassic formed the main cap rocks and are favorable for the accumulation and preservation of hydrocarbon.     

同层型气钾复合矿藏的形成机理浅析:以四川盆地磨溪背斜中三叠统雷口坡组富钾卤水矿为例

四川盆地中三叠统雷口坡组中发育多种类型的钾盐矿藏,是我国找钾的重点目标层系。磨溪气田雷口坡组地层卤水富含K、Li、Br、B元素,定性为中低矿化度KCl、LiCl、Br^-、B₂O₃等超标的优质化工原料水,显示出较好的钾盐勘探前景。地震资料解释结果表明,磨溪气田雷口坡组一段的第一亚段(雷一¹)顶面表现为一个完整的长轴背斜形态,断层不发育。富钾卤水发育在背斜的翼部,而天然气则占据了背斜的核部,二者共同贮存在雷一¹亚段溶蚀孔洞发育的滩相白云岩中,构成了典型的同层型气钾复合矿藏。借鉴含油气系统的概念,将富钾卤水的形成、聚集及后期保存等影响卤水型钾矿形成全过程的各种因素总结归纳为6大关键要素,即钾的物质来源,储层物性、封盖条件、圈闭条件、运移方式和保存条件。在乐山—龙女寺古隆起形成和演化的背景下,确定构造圈闭形成时间,分析优质储层发育有利因素以及后期保存条件,并按照各要素在时空上的搭配关系,动态地分析雷口坡组同层型气钾复合矿藏的形成过程。烃类物质和卤化物都是地下水所含的特殊物质,在地下水动力场的作用下,地层水在雷口坡组内部向着川中地区的继承性发育的古构造高点——磨溪背斜持续运移。被运移而来的由蒸发浓缩的古海水和石膏脱水形成的初始富钾地层水不断捕获下伏绿豆岩释放的钾离子,使得钾离子二次富集成藏。在地层水运移和气藏压力的共同作用下,形成气在上、富钾卤水在下的复合矿藏。长期继承性发育的古隆起不仅是油气聚集的有利部位,亦是二次运移、聚集的富钾卤水矿藏发育部位。本次研究成果为四川盆地及其他类似盆地的“气钾兼探”工作提供了一种新的方法和思路。     

Petroleum geology and exploration direction of gas province in deepwater area of North Carnarvon Basin,Australia

North Carnarvon Basin is a gas province with minor oily sweet spots in deepwater area with water depth more than 500 m, which is one of the hot spots of global petroleum exploration for its series of giant hydrocarbon discoveries in recent years. However, the degree of oil and gas exploration in deepwater area is still low, and the conditions for oil and gas accumulation are not clear. Based on the current exploration situation and latest database of fields, applying multidisciplinary analysis of hydrocarbon geology, hydrocarbon accumulation elements and its exploration direction of North Carnarvon Basin in deepwater area are analyzed. The results show that there are three sets of main source rocks in deepwater area of North Carnarvon Basin, which are Triassic marine shale in Locker Formation and delta coal-bearing mudstone with thin carbonaceous mudstone in Mungaroo Formation, Lower –Middle Jurassic paralic carbargilite and coal measure strata in Athol Formation and Murat Formation, Cretaceous delta mudstone in Barrow Group and marine shale in Muderong Formation. Most source rock samples show gas-prone capability. The coarse sandstone of delta facies in Middle–Upper Triassic Mungaroo Formation is the most important reservoir in deepwater area, Lower Cretaceous Barrow Group deep-water gravity flow or underwater fan turbidite sandstone is the secondly main reservoir. Lower Cretaceous marine shale in Muderong Formation is most important regional caprock. Triassic mudstone in Mungaroo Formation is an important interlayer caprock in deepwater area. There are two main reservoir accumulation assemblages in deepwater area, one is Triassic structural-unconformity plane reservoir accumulation assemblage of Locker Formation to Mungaroo Formation, and the other is Lower–Middle Jurassic Athol Formation and Murat Formation–Lower Cretaceous stratigraphic lithology-structural reservoir accumulation assemblage of Barrow Group to Muderong Formation. There are three main control factors of hydrocarbon Accumulation: One is coupling of source and seal control hydrocarbon distribution area, the second is multi-stage large wave dominated deltas dominate accumulation zone, the third is direction of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in hydrocarbon-rich generation depression was controlled by overpressure. The south of Exmouth platform in deepwater area is adjacent to hydrocarbon rich depression zone, reservoir assemblage is characterized by “near source rocks, excellent reservoir facies, high position and excellent caprocks ”, which is the main battlefield of deepwater oil and gas exploration in North Carnarvon Basin at present. There are a lot of fault block traps in the northern structural belt of Exmouth platform, and the favorable sedimentary facies belt at the far end of delta plain in Mungaroo Formation is widely distributed, which is the next favorable exploration zone. The Lower Cretaceous, which is located at the concave edge uplift adjacent to the investigator depression and the Exmouth platform, also has a certain exploration prospect in northwest of deepwater area.     

准噶尔盆地南缘中段紫泥泉子组三段物源体系分析

准噶尔盆地南缘中段紫泥泉子组三段(E1-2z3)储集性能好,是本区油气勘探的重要层段。储层的分布与物源有密切的成生联系,物源体系分析是油气勘探的一项重要工作。本文基于研究区内钻井和野外露头剖面的重矿物资料,对重矿物含量变化及平面分布特征进行分析,划分出不同的重矿物分区,同时对工区内钻井的砂砾岩厚度进行统计,并分析其在平面上的展布特征,确定了准噶尔盆地南缘紫泥泉子组三段物源体系,为下一步沉积体系的精细研究和储层预测奠定了基础。     

论含油气盆地流体系统

我国含油气盆地地下水系统可分为油田水系统和溶滤水系统,二者之间按电性、富水性和矿化度大致以上、下第三系为界。含油气系统按成藏过程及其地质特征分为生成系统、运移系统和聚集系统。地下水系统是流体系统的主体部分,它包含了含油气系统。油田水系统与含油气系统关系十分密切,油气的生成、运移和聚集过程都是在油田水参与下进行的。溶滤水系统影响并改造着含油气系统,油气藏会在溶滤水作用下遭到破坏。异常高压由排水固结的不均衡所形成,它的存在阻止了油田水向上运移。含油气盆地流体系统研究是现代水文地质学的一个新的研究领域,是油气成藏研究的一种有效途径。     

四川盆地东南部震旦系灯影组四段台缘带天然气勘探前景

四川盆地绵阳-长宁拉张槽两侧震旦系灯影组台缘带是重要的天然气勘探领域,自川中古隆起核部拉张槽东侧灯影组台缘带发现安岳气田以来,处于古隆起南、北两侧深层-超深层斜坡和深洼陷区的灯影组台缘带日益受到关注,但对其发育特征尤其川中古隆起南侧灯影组四段台缘带的发育特征和油气成藏条件等缺乏清晰的认识。基于此,充分利用最新地震和钻井等资料,选择四川盆地东南部绵阳-长宁拉张槽东侧灯影组四段台缘带进行了重点研究。结果表明,该区灯影组四段台缘带平面展布方向自南向北从北东向转为北北西向,剖面上与川中古隆起及其北斜坡至深洼区的陡坡型台缘带差异显著,以缓坡型台缘带为特征;该区油气成藏条件优越,发育陡山沱组、灯三段和筇竹寺组3套烃源岩,储层品质良好,发育系列由台缘丘滩体构成的岩性圈闭,空间上存在“下生上储、旁生侧储和上生下储”等多种源储配置样式,具有近源优储的显著特点,且保存条件好,勘探前景好。     

川东北地区不同构造带地层水化学特征与油气保存的关系

判断油气藏保存条件的优劣,除了盖层和断层封闭性之外,还有油气水的化学特征,如地层水的交替或油气散失。通过对川东北地区地层水的水型、矿化度、水性系数等参数的综合分析认为,川东北宣汉—达县地区与通江—南江—巴中地区的地层水具有矿化度高和氯镁系数越大,变质系数、脱硫系数和碳酸盐平衡系数就越小的特点。矿化度、水性系数及水型的变化具有很好的一致性,表明该区存在有利于油气保存的水文地质条件。     

Geology and mineralization of the Tiegelongnan supergiant porphyry-epithermal Cu (Au,Ag) deposit (10 Mt) in western Tibet,China: A review

The Tiegelongnan Cu(Au,Ag)deposit in central Tibet contains more than 10 Mt of copper ranking 29 th in the world.It is characterized by typical porphyry-epithermal alteration and mineralization.In order to improve the understanding of porphyry-epithermal copper deposit in Tibet,new zircon U-Pb age and sulfur isotope data along with published data in the Tiegelongnan are presented to investigate the formation and preservation mechanism.Ore-related intrusive rocks in the Tiegelongnan including Early Cretaceous(about 120 Ma)granodiorite porphyry and diorite porphyry are closely related to the northward subduction of Bangongco-Nujiang ocean.Sulfur mainly comes from deep magma,and ore-forming fluid is affected by both magmatic and meteoric water.The metallogenic setting of Tiegelongnan is consistent with those of Andean porphyry copper deposits in South America.The cover of the Meiriqiecuo Formation volcanic rocks,Lhasa-Qiangtang collision and India-Eurasian collision have significance in the preservation and uplift of the deposit.The formation,preservation and discovery of Tiegelongnan play an important role in exploration of ancient porphyry-epithermal deposits in Tibet.     

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞储层油气成藏动力学与油田水体类型

塔河油田是大型的碳酸盐岩不整合—古岩溶缝洞型奥陶系油气藏。由塔河油田主体往南,油气驱替程度逐渐降低,缝洞系统中含水量逐渐增加。油水界面分布总体上由潜山顶部向周围斜坡波动中降低。塔河油田的区域构造背景、储层缝洞系统以及成藏动力学过程导致了流体分布的非均质性。根据储层孔隙结构特征、油气驱替过程、开发过程中产出水的化学—动力学响应,塔河奥陶系缝洞油藏的水体类型可以区分出三种:洞穴底部油气驱替残留水、洞穴周缘小缝洞系统驱替残留水、储层下部层间水。不同水体类型的出水时间、水体能量、含水率、水化学性质等会呈现出不同的变化规律。