塔河油田奥陶系油藏地层水赋存分布

根据地层水赋存状态,在塔里木盆地塔河油田奥陶系油藏地层水中区分出3种不同的类型:洞穴底部油气驱替残留水、洞穴周缘小缝洞系统驱替残留水和储层下部层间水,并分析了不同类型水体的化学—动力学特征。塔河油田奥陶系油藏储层非均质性强,油水分布规律十分复杂。背景储层缝洞发育程度不同,油气驱替程度不同,储集空间大小不同,其相应的油水分布规律、油藏开发动态及含水动态都不尽相同。本文总结了这些不同点并探讨了其油气勘探意义。     

塔河油田奥陶系油藏开发动态与地层水化学特征响应

塔河油田是塔里木盆地第一个超亿吨级的大型油田,其主力油藏为奥陶系缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏.近年来,油田地层水的问题日益突出,严重影响了油田的开发和生产.阿克库勒凸起北部地质历史时期曾经发育间断性的大气水下渗-向心流,凸起南部斜坡区受到泥岩压实排水和粘土矿物脱水形成的离心流的影响,地层水受到一定程度的淡化.塔河油田主体部位处于越流泄水区,地层水具有明显的高矿化度和高K Na 、Cl-浓度,有利于油气聚集成藏.塔河油田奥陶系地层水动力场形成演化与油气运移、聚集密切相关.海西晚期、喜马拉雅期离心流强度大,是油气藏主要成藏期.早、晚海西运动、印支运动期间抬升剥蚀,遭受强烈的大气水下渗淋滤、生物降解,是油气藏主要破坏期.根据地层水赋存状态,区分出洞穴底部油气驱替残留水、洞穴周缘小缝洞系统驱替残留水、储层下部层间水3种不同类型.研究油井产出水矿化度、Cl-、K Na 浓度动态变化规律,总结出平稳型、起伏型、上升型和下降型4种动态类型.通过综合分析油井开发动态及油水产出特征,正确把握其变化过程,可以判断油井产水来源,从而为油田的稳油控水提供指导性建议.     

缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层多类多尺度建模方法研究:以塔河油田四区奥陶系油藏为例

碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层历经多期构造运动以及强烈的风化、剥蚀和淋滤作用,储集空间类型多样,形态极不规则且随机分布,导致储层三维空间描述困难,现有的碎屑岩储层建模方法难以直接借鉴。文中提出碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层应该按照大型洞穴、溶蚀孔洞、大尺度裂缝、小尺度裂缝的"多类多尺度建模"的基本思路。以钻井和地震识别成果作为大型洞穴确定性数据,以地震波阻抗的大型洞穴发育概率体作为井间约束数据,在垂向岩溶分带和平面古地貌分区的岩溶相控下,采用具有趋势的序贯指示模拟方法,建立大型洞穴离散分布模型;以大型洞穴分布作为"相控"约束条件,以井孔解释的溶蚀孔洞作为硬数据,采用序贯指示模拟算法,建立溶蚀孔洞随机分布模型;根据蚂蚁体地震属性自动拾取的断裂信息,人机交互补充和修正地震解释断层数据,建立确定性的大尺度裂缝离散分布模型;基于大尺度裂缝离散分布模型建立井间裂缝发育概率体,根据井孔裂缝密度、裂缝产状,结合退火模拟和基于目标的示性点过程模拟方法,建立小尺度裂缝离散分布模型。以塔河油田四区奥陶系缝洞型油藏为例,建立研究区缝洞型储集体空间展布模型,再现缝洞型储层的结构形态。     

塔河油田奥陶系岩溶型碳酸盐岩油藏储集空间发育特征及地质模式探讨

碳酸盐岩表生岩溶作用控制着塔河油田奥陶系油藏缝洞系统的发育及分布。塔河油田奥陶系油藏经历了加里东期和海西早期两次岩溶作用,造成了储层极强的非均质性。通过塔河油田岩溶作用演化及发育期次的研究,将塔河油田奥陶系垂向岩溶带划分为地表岩溶带、纵向渗滤岩溶带和水平潜流岩溶带,平面上发育岩溶高地、岩溶斜坡和岩溶洼地3个地貌单元。通过对野外露头、岩心、钻井、测井、地震及生产动态资料的综合研究,认为溶洞、溶蚀裂缝及蜂窝状孔洞等连续孔隙是该区有效储集空间,基质作为不渗透（低渗）层对缝洞系统有一定的隔挡作用。结合表生岩溶洞穴的原理及对孔隙状态的控制作用,将塔河油田溶洞储集体根据不同成因分为落水洞、潜流洞和小溶洞,按溶洞充填物类型分为垮塌充填洞、机械充填洞和化学充填洞,同时建立了不同类型孔洞系统的识别特征及地质模式。结合塔河油田洞穴储层发育特征及生产实际,最终建立了塔河油田岩溶储集空间展布模式。     

英买力—牙哈地区碳酸盐岩潜山的油气成藏模式

英买力—牙哈地区碳酸盐岩潜山成藏条件优越,其南北两侧存在满加尔凹陷海相和库车坳陷陆相两套油气源,发育中上奥陶统泥岩和卡普沙良群泥岩两套区域性盖层。碳酸盐岩储集空间主要为溶蚀孔洞和裂缝,储层发育控制着潜山油气分布,缝洞体的横向展布特征决定着油气成藏模式。与轮南地区潜山储层相比,研究区潜山储层横向非均质性相对更强,溶蚀孔洞级别相对较小,潜山成藏模式更为复杂。英买力—牙哈地区潜山油气藏表现为底水块状特征,缝洞储集体内部不同部位可因“连通管效应”或者油气驱替过程受缝洞系统大小影响,致使潜山油气水界面高低不统一。     

塔河油田奥陶系储层研究

通过钻井岩心和铸体薄片观察，根据下奥陶统灰岩基质的孔渗特征和孔隙结构特征，并与基质作为储层的下限对照裂隙、洞穴和溶蚀孔洞不发育的灰岩基质，发现尽管有微孔隙的发育，但其孔隙度、渗透率、最大孔喉半径、饱和度、中值喉道半径等参数值远低于储层下限值，基本不具备储集和生产油的意义。而下奥陶统灰岩段储集和生产油气的有效储渗空间按成因、形态及大小可划分为溶蚀孔隙、溶蚀孔洞、大型洞穴、风化裂隙、构造裂隙等5类，构成5种性质有别的储层，即洞穴型储层、风化裂隙型储层、构造裂隙型储层、台缘滩相颗粒灰岩溶蚀孔隙型储层和地表残积物裂隙-孔隙（洞）型储层。从而使塔河油田奥陶系储层有了一个比较系统、完善的划分标准。研究和搞清这些有效储层的成因及分布规律，对塔河田区奥陶系的油气勘探开发至关重要。     

塔河油田十区西碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏的宏观油水分布控制因素

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏的储层非均质性强,油水分布状况复杂。弄清其在区域尺度上(10 km×10 km)的宏观油水分布规律,对于缝洞型油藏开发过程中的控水稳油意义重大。本文以塔河油田十区西为研究区,在全方位高精度三维地震数据处理、解释和反演的基础上,对岩溶古构造和开发过程中的油水动态进行综合分析,探讨研究区碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏的油水宏观平面分布格局的控制因素。结果表明:研究区在加里东中期第I幕岩溶发生期形成了相对均匀的古岩溶含水层,在海西早期油气充注进古岩溶含水介质以后,海西晚期发生的深部热液活动对缝洞体进行了封闭定容,造成缝洞分隔,并且奠定了目前油水在平面上的宏观分布格局。     

岩溶缝洞充填物碳氧同位素特征及环境意义——以塔河油田奥陶系鹰山组为例

塔河油田奥陶系鹰山组岩溶缝洞是该地区主要的碳酸盐岩储层,弄清岩溶缝洞充填物特征有利于寻找最优储集体,对该区石油地质研究具有重要意义。通过对塔河油田31口钻井岩心观察、描述和充填物类型统计,选取7口典型钻井奥陶系鹰山组岩溶缝洞充填物取样,并对充填物样品δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O进行测试分析。结果表明：(1)充填物碳氧同位素变化范围较大,δ¹³C为0.75‰～-10.14‰,δ¹⁸O为-5.94‰～-14.14‰。(2)奥陶系鹰山组岩溶缝洞充填物存在4中不同类型的形成环境：同生期或早期成岩岩溶环境、风化壳岩溶环境、埋藏岩溶环境、较晚期岩溶环境。该研究成果对古岩溶型油气储层研究及油气勘探具有重要意义。     

塔河油田奥陶系岩溶油藏溶洞储集体成因及演化

古岩溶作用形成的溶洞、溶孔、裂缝构成了塔河油田奥陶系缝洞型油藏的重要储集体,控制油气分布。塔河油田奥陶系古岩溶发育主要经历了加里东期和海西早期岩溶作用的改造,通过对塔河油田岩溶作用演化及发育期次的研究,认为O3s尖灭线以北为海西早期岩溶及加里东期岩溶共同作用的结果,以南区域主要为加里东期岩溶发育区。利用岩心、钻井、录井、测井、地震等资料相结合的方法,将塔河油田溶洞储集体从成因上划分为侵蚀型溶洞、异地沉积物充填型、原地沉积物充填型、塌陷型溶洞4种类型。结合塔河油田岩溶储层发育特征,建立了塔河油田奥陶系岩溶洞穴型储层的纵向分布模式和平面分布模式。     

塔河油田奥陶系油藏古岩溶表生作用期次划分

岩溶缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层是塔河油田奥陶系最重要的储层类型,深入研究古岩溶类型、发育期次和发育模式对认识储层的发育规律具有重要意义。根据岩溶水的特点,可分为大气水和非大气水岩溶两类,大气水岩溶主要发育在表生条件下。结合塔河油田奥陶系古岩溶发育的地质特点,可以将其表生作用过程大致分为5个阶段,分别是加里东中期Ⅰ幕、Ⅱ幕、Ⅲ幕,海西早期和海西晚期。针对各个阶段的岩溶发育特点,建立了相应的岩溶发育模式。     

Distribution of the Ordovician Fluid in the Tahe Oilfield and Dynamic Response of Cave System $48 to Exploitation

The Tahe Oilfield is a complex petroleum reservoir of Ordovician carbonate formation and made up of spatially overlapping fracture-cavity units. The oilfield is controlled by a cave system resulting from structure-karst cyclic sedimentation. Due to significant heterogeneity of the reservoir, the distribution of oil and water is complicated. Horizontally, a fresh water zone due to meteoric water can be found in the north part of the Akekule uplift. A marginal freshening zone caused by water released from mudstone compaction is found at the bottom of the southern slope. Located in a cross- formationai flow discharge zone caused by centripetal and the centrifugal fows, the main part of the Tahe Oilfield, featuring high salinity and concentrations of CI- and K Na , is favorable for accumulation of hydrocarbon. Three types of formation water in the Tahe Ordovician reservoir are identified: (1) residual water at the bottom of the cave after oil and gas displacement, (2) residual water in fractures/pores around the cave after oil and gas displacement, and (3) interlayer water below reservoirs. The cave system is the main reservoir space, which consists of the main cave, branch caves and depressions between caves. Taking Cave System $48 in the Ordovician reservoir as an example, the paper analyzes the fluid distribution and exploitation performance in the cave system. Owing to evaporation of groundwater during cross-formational flow, the central part of the main cave, where oil layers are thick and there is a high degree of displacement, is characterized by high salinity and Brconcentration. With high potential and a long stable production period, most wells in the central part of the main cave have a long water-free oil production period. Even after water breakthrough, the water content has a slow or stepwise increase and the hydrochemistral characteristics of the produced water in the central part of the main cave are uniform. From the center to the edge of the main cave, displacement and enrichment of oil/gas become weaker, residual water increases, and the salinity and concentration of Br- decrease. At the edge of the main cave, although the wells have a high deliverability at the beginning with a short stable production period and water-free production period. After water breakthrough, the pressure and deliverability drop quickly, and the water content rises quickly. The hydrochemistrai characteristics of the produced water are relatively uniform. Wells in the branch caves have a relatively low deliverability at the beginning, with a short stable production period. Water breakthrough appears quickly and then the pressure and deliverability drop quickly. The salinity and concentrations of CI-and K Na are usually fluctuant or descend slowly in the produced water. Wells in low areas of ancient karst have a low deliverability and a short stable production period. The yield drops quickly and the water content is high, while the characteristics of the produced water may vary significantly well to well. The salinity and concentrations of CI- and K, Na in the produced water are usually fluctuant with a precipitous decline.     

Distribution of the Ordovician Fluid in the Tahe Oilfield and Dynamic Response of Cave System S48 to Exploitation

The Tahe Oilfield is a complex petroleum reservoir of Ordovician carbonate formation and made up of spatially overlapping fracture-cavity units. The oilfield is controlled by a cave system resulting from structure-karst cyclic sedimentation. Due to significant heterogeneity of the reservoir, the distribution of oil and water is complicated. Horizontally, a fresh water zone due to meteoric water can be found in the north part of the Akekule uplift. A marginal freshening zone caused by water released from mudstone compaction is found at the bottom of the southern slope. Located in a crossformational flow discharge zone caused by centripetal and the centrifugal flows, the main part of the Tahe Oilfield, featuring high salinity and concentrations of CI^- and K^＋＋Na^＋, is favorable for accumulation of hydrocarbon. Three types of formation water in the Tahe Ordovician reservoir are identified： （1） residual water at the bottom of the cave after oil and gas displacement, （2） residual water in fractures/pores around the cave after oil and gas displacement, and （3） interlayer water below reservoirs. The cave system is the main reservoir space, which consists of the main cave, branch caves and depressions between caves. Taking Cave System S48 in the Ordovician reservoir as an example, the paper analyzes the fluid distribution and exploitation performance in the cave system. Owing to evaporation of groundwater during cross-formational flow, the central part of the main cave, where oil layers are thick and there is a high degree of displacement, is characterized by high salinity and Br^- concentration. With high potential and a long stable production period, most wells in the central part of the main cave have a long water-free oil production period. Even after water breakthrough, the water content has a slow or stepwise increase and the hydrochemistral characteristics of the produced water in the central part of the main cave are uniform. From the center to the edge of the main cave, displacement and enri     

塔河油田碳酸盐岩油藏古岩溶洞穴层状结构与形成机理

随着岩溶型碳酸盐岩油藏开发实践的不断深入,层状洞穴储层结构特征和流体同层连通特点逐渐被学者重视。层控岩溶结构、形成要素和过程等是本类油藏有效开发的关键。通过原始地层组构对比和野外溶洞特点,认为:塔河奥陶系岩溶层具较好的对比标志层和岩性差异,为层状岩溶洞穴发育奠定了物质基础;野外顺水平层理多层溶洞和受控于层理缝的管道型古暗河等地质现象,证实了层控岩溶普遍存在。在岩溶洞穴单井识别、连井测井对比、单井动态及地震波形特征的基础上,以典型溶洞带为例,识别出3个主要洞穴层,建立了全新的3层洞穴储集体地质结构剖面:第1层洞穴以砂砾岩充填为主要特点,第2层洞穴呈现洞穴规模大且泥质充填严重,第3层规模较小,主要发育于岩溶地貌高地。运用现代岩溶理论,探讨了层控岩溶的形成机制:碳酸盐岩原岩组构差异是岩溶作用的物质基础和主控因素之一;潜流带岩溶水(饱含CO₂)控制着岩溶洞穴的横向发育,岩溶古地貌控制同层洞穴的横向差异;平缓地层条件下的潜水面水位垂向带迁移控制洞穴的岩溶期次及层状结构。基于各岩溶要素认识,构建了层状岩溶储层发育模式。     

塔河油田十二区奥陶系油气分布规律及控制因素

塔河油田十二区奥陶系油藏为碳酸盐岩岩溶缝洞型油藏,油气水分布规律复杂。对原油的物理性质、平面及纵向上的分布特征、油水界面等的分析表明,区内主要为高黏度、含蜡、高含硫的超重质原油。平面上密度分布呈西部和东部低、中部高的特点;纵向上原油密度与深度关系不大。高产油区多沿主断裂带分布。油水界面不统一,但从东向西随中奥陶统顶面的降低而降低。认为该区油气分布不受现今构造位置高低的控制,而是受区域构造背景、断裂带的分布、储集层的发育程度、成藏演化过程以及不整合面等因素综合控制。     

塔里木盆地轮古西地区奥陶系古岩溶储层发育特征研究

在区域地质背景研究及大量文献调研的基础上,结合地质地震资料,通过单井分析及连井对比研究,探讨了研究区古岩溶的形成机理和控制因素、储层的空间发育及岩溶洞穴的充填特征。认为轮古西地区经历多期地壳抬升,奥陶系古潜山发育两期岩溶旋回,纵向上形成了四套与洞穴有关的古岩溶储层,其中第Ⅱ岩溶层主要分布在岩溶斜坡区,洞穴广泛发育,充填程度低且位于构造高部位,是最有利的油气聚集层段。     

塔河油田奥陶系油气藏形成的控制因素

对塔河油田各类成果资料的分析研究认为,塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油气藏形成的控制因素主要是:阿克库勒凸起的长期发育控制着油气的富集,不整合面的存在控制着油气分布,断裂控制着油气的范围和规模,良好的时空配置关系控制着油气成藏,孔洞缝储集系统的改善控制着油气的聚集。     

塔河油田志留系油气成藏特征及勘探方向

塔河油田志留系油气显示良好,储层以中低孔、低渗为主,与上覆泥岩组成3套储盖组合,其圈闭和油气藏类型可分为构造油气藏、地层油气藏、岩性油气藏以及复合油气藏。通过原油地球化学特征、自生伊利石K-Ar测年及流体包裹体均一温度研究表明,志留系以多期充注、多期成藏为特征,主成藏期为加里东晚期、海西期和喜山晚期。油气成藏主要受构造及断裂发育程度、优质储层的控制,通过综合分析认为塔河南部地区是寻找构造地层类型油气藏的有利区,托普台地区是加里东晚期-海西期原生油气藏的有利勘探目标区。     

塔河油田碳酸盐岩缝洞型油气藏的特征及缝洞单元划分

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞型油气藏的主要特征表现为油气藏高度远大于残丘圈闭幅度,油气分布受储集体发育程度控制,纵向上不连续,储集体主要为岩溶-构造作用所形成的缝洞,单个缝洞储集体为独立的油水系统等。运用油藏压力降落法、类干扰试井法和流体性质变化法等方法将塔河油田主体开发区划分出10个连通储渗单元和20个孤立或相对定容封闭体,对这些缝洞单元的特点作了描述。塔河油田整体上不具统一的底水;各油气藏流体性质变化较大。     

轮古西奥陶系潜山洞穴型岩溶储层发育特征与充填规律

洞穴型岩溶储层是塔里木盆地轮古油田缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的主要储集空间类型,多数高效井均钻遇大型洞穴型岩溶储层。依据轮古西奥陶系潜山大量单井资料分析,洞穴型岩溶储层可分为充填洞穴、半充填洞穴和未充填洞穴三种类型。结合古地貌精细刻画与岩溶垂向分带成果,认为古地貌位置由岩溶台地向岩溶缓坡和岩溶盆地逐渐降低,而洞穴发育和充填程度在逐渐增高。未充填与半充填洞穴主要发育在岩溶台地和岩溶缓坡的溶峰边坡、溶丘边坡及沟槽谷洼地边坡等地貌单元。表层岩溶带、径流溶蚀带洞穴型岩溶储层发育频率最高,其次为垂直渗滤带和潜流溶蚀带。未充填与半充填洞穴型岩溶储层主要发育在表层岩溶带。