FY2D卫星与GOES卫星空间粒子观测结果的对比分析

风云二号D星(FY2D)搭载的空间粒子探测器可以观测10～300 MeV的质子和≥350 keV与≥2 MeV的电子.卫星在轨测试阶段,空间粒子探测器观测到了空间环境宁静期间地球同步轨道的电子昼夜周期变化的典型特征,并在卫星发射后的12月15日首次观测到了有代表性的 2级太阳质子事件(SEP),观测到的较高能量质子比较低能量质子更快地恢复到平静时的状态.通过比较FY2D卫星与GOES卫星的探测结果,既显示了同步轨道区域不同位置高能电子通量扰动时间的一致性,也显示了高能电子通量具强烈的晨昏不对称性.通过对太阳质子事件和地磁平静时期该轨道空间高能粒子环境特征的分析和研究,并与GOES卫星同期的观测结果进行相关性分析,结果表明仪器确实具备了监测空间环境扰动和预警能力,探测结果可以用于研究地球同步轨道粒子空间分布、起源和传输等科学目的.     

FY2G卫星新一代高能带电粒子探测器观测数据分析

风云二号系列卫星是我国开展动态空间天气事件和空间环境监测及预警业务的重要观测平台,各系列星上均安装有高能带电粒子探测仪器开展卫星轨道空间带电粒子辐射环境连续实时的动态监测.FY2G卫星于2015年1月发射,星上采用了全新的高能粒子探测器,包括:一台高能电子探测器可监测200keV-4 MeV的高能电子,一台高能质子重离子探测器可监测4~300 MeV的高能质子,从而实现对带电粒子更宽、更精细能谱的监测.本文给出了FY2G高能带电粒子探测器在2015年1月至2015年10月期间几起典型的带电粒子动态观测结果,结合太阳和地磁活动相关参数,对高能带电粒子通量在亚暴、磁暴和太阳爆发等扰动影响下细节变化过程和特征作出了较为详细的分析描述,展现了FY2G卫星高能带电粒子探测器对轨道空间粒子环境动态变化的准确响应能力,表明观测数据可开展更加精细的轨道粒子环境评估.针对FY2G高能带电粒子探测结果进一步开展了与GOES系列卫星同期观测的比对分析,结果反映出在较小的扰动条件下多星观测到的带电粒子响应和通量变化可基本趋于一致或保持相对稳定的偏差,而扰动条件的显著变化会加大多星观测带电粒子响应和通量变化的差异,这些结果可为今后开展多星数据同化应用提供参考,也为发展磁层对扰动响应的更加复杂的图像提供了新的可能.     

资源一号卫星星内粒子探测器与神舟二号X射线探测器对高能电子探测的比较分析

利用资源一号卫星和神舟二号留轨舱上搭载的高能粒子探测设备对2001年2～6月同一时段内的资料进行了对比分析. 神舟二号飞船X射线探测器的观测结果反映的空间高能电子的分布, 表明在400km的较低高度上, 地理纬度40°附近以及SAA地区也可以观测到数百keV的高能电子. 资源一号卫星的探测结果显示了在800km高度附近, 同一时段内若干兆电子伏特的高能电子的全球分布. 后者出现的最低地理纬度和相应的经度位置则和前者是一致的, 说明两个高度上高能粒子的分布仍然都受地磁场控制, 粒子主要来源于地球辐射带. 资源一号卫星高能粒子探测器的能挡与神舟二号飞船X射线探测器的能挡不同, 彼此可以较好地补充. 但由于神舟二号轨道倾角较低, 全面的对比也受到一定的局限, 在进一步深入分析现有资料的同时, 可以在本文基础上设计更好的联合探测方案.     

2001年4月2日太阳耀斑及其太阳质子事件的观测结果研究

2001年4月2日, 太阳爆发了一个近年来X射线通量最大的一次耀斑并伴有质子事件, 利用“资源一号”卫星星内粒子探测器和神舟二号飞船X射线探测器的观测资料, 对这一事件的高能粒子响应进行了特例研究. “资源一号”卫星运行于太阳同步轨道, 高度约800km, 和宁静时期的统计结果对比, 这次耀斑后, 星内粒子探测器在地球极盖区（地球开磁场区）观测到耀斑粒子的出现, 这是宁静时期没有的; 神舟二号飞船轨道高度400km, 倾角为42°, X射线探测器在42°中高纬地区也观测到高能电子通量比宁静时明显的增加, 这表明, 太阳耀斑引起的近地空间辐射环境的变化遍及纬度约40°以上的区域, 甚至在40°N附近400 km左右的高度上仍然有响应. 但是, 中高纬度、极光带和极盖区的粒子来源, 加速机制和响应方式却不一定相同, 需要分别讨论. 资料分析和对比还表明, 质子事件的强度并不一定和耀斑的X射线通量成正比, 因此, 近地空间高能粒子对耀斑的响应也不是完全决定于X射线强度.     

智利地震前DEMETER卫星对空间高能粒子的观测

在地震的孕育或发生期间,地球内部岩石圈的活动可能会发出电磁辐射,引起空间电磁扰动,并通过波粒相互作用引起高能电子的投掷角散射,导致高能电子的沉降.本文基于法国DEMETER卫星的观测数据,研究了智利周围区域在智利地震期间空间高能电子的通量、能谱的分布及演化,发现在智利地震发生前第11天和12天,在以震中为中心,经度跨度10°,在DEMETER卫星轨道高度上L跨度0.1的区域内,有超出背景4到6倍的高能带电粒子暴的出现,期间在其北半球磁镜像区域也观测到了显著的电子通量涨高.粒子暴对应的能谱与2010年前三个月的平均能谱存在较大差异.同时观测到在出现粒子暴的两条轨道上VLF(Very Low Frequency,甚低频)电场频谱分别在300 Hz以下以及13~20 kHz的频段存在显著增强,此扰动在时间和地理位置上与高能粒子暴是一致的.基于回旋共振耦合作用的准线性扩散理论,本文对所观测事例的电子能量与电磁场扰动频率做了分析计算.观测数据和理论计算有较好的一致性,表明该粒子暴源自ICE(Instrument Champ Electrique,电磁探测器)观测到的空间电磁扰动,这是典型的空间波粒耦合事例.进一步分析排除了可能引起粒子暴和VLF电场扰动的环境因素,本文认为本次粒子暴和电场扰动的观测可能与智利地震的震前地壳活动存在一定关联.     

2000年7月14日太阳高能粒子事件引起地球同步轨道区相对论电子通量巨幅增加

2000年7月14日10:24UT一个X5.6级的耀斑暴发生在太阳中心子午线附近(AR 9077), 同时伴随着一个朝向地球的CME事件及太阳高能粒子(Solar Energetic Particle, SEP)事件. 这次耀斑暴发及CME事件引起了地球磁层、电离层及高层大气的强烈扰动. 中国“风云二号(B)”卫星上的高能粒子探测器(EPD)观测到SEP事件期间, 同步轨道区高能质子、相对论电子有非常剧烈的增加. SEP期间, 高能质子对相对论电子通量的探测造成严重的污染. 结合“风云二号(B)”卫星上的高能粒子探测器(EPD)的特性, 建立了一种从相对论电子通量探测中“清除”高能质子“污染”的方法, 并对相对论电子通量的探测数据实施“清洁”处理. “纯净的”相对论电子通量探测结果显示, 当行星际磁场南向时, 上游太阳风中的高能电子使同步轨道区相对论电子通量有大幅度的增加.     

星内粒子探测器观测结果与辐射带模型的比较

我们将资源一号卫星星内粒子探测器的观测数据与辐射带模式AE8/AP8的预测结果进行了对比，发现在南大西洋异常区的高能电子和质子的通量与辐射带模型的预测结果基本相同，而在两极极光带的电子通量比AE8模型预测的低得多.根据NOAA卫星的观测结果，可以认为这一差异主要是因为在南大西洋异常区（内辐射带）和两极极光带（外辐射带）的粒子投掷角分布的差异造成的.在南大西洋异常区粒子倾向于各向同性分布，而在极光带粒子各向异性明显，投掷角接近90°的粒子通量比0°投掷角附近的粒子通量大得多.     

NOAA系列卫星高能粒子数据一致性统计分析

顶部电离层是低轨道卫星的运行空间,是能量粒子沉降的重要区域,认识这个空间的能量粒子分布特征对研究各种空间天气事件、地震、火山以及其他人类活动引起的扰动具有重要的现实意义.本文利用位于顶部电离层的5颗NOAA系列卫星数据,统计研究了100~300keV的电子和80~2500keV的质子的全球分布特征.研究发现:高能电子和质子主要分布在两极辐射带和南大西洋异常区,两极辐射带观测到的高能电子通量比南大西洋异常区高几倍到一个数量级,而质子则相反;高能电子在两极辐射带地区通量分布具有不对称性,主要表现为在北辐射带西经75°到东经90°存在低值区,相对应的是粒子主要聚集在其磁共轭区,且其边界和南大西洋异常区相交;高能质子两极辐射带对称分布,在南半球东经0°至东经50°存在高值区.利用概率密度统计分析发现,各颗卫星在南大西洋异常区和两极辐射带的高能电子和高能质子通量总体上均呈正态分布.在南大西洋异常区,NOAA-15观测到的高能电子通量比其他卫星的低,NOAA-16观测的高能电子通量比其他卫星的高,各卫星的高能质子观测结果基本相同.在两极辐射带,各卫星观测的高能电子通量结果基本相同,NOAA-18和NOAA-19观测的质子通量最高,NOAA-16和NOAA-17次之,NOAA-15最低,其中NOAA-19比NOAA-15观测到的质子通量要高一个数量级左右.在磁暴期间顶部电离层高能电子的变化表明地磁指数Dst和空间粒子通量变化具有时间同步性.本文的研究成果将为我国下一代电磁卫星设计提供基础依据.     

“嫦娥一号”卫星太阳高能粒子探测器的首次观测结果

"嫦娥一号"卫星(CE-1)的太阳高能粒子探测器(HPD)是国际上首次在200公里极月轨道观测高能带电粒子的探测仪器.HPD的科学目标是探测月球轨道空间的高能带电粒子(质子、电子和重离子)成分、能谱、通量和随时间的演化特征.通过比较分析HPD的观测结果、ACE卫星的观测结果与CRèME86模型的模拟计算结果,表明在太阳活动低年空间环境相对宁静时期,当月球处于太阳风中时,月球附近具有和行星际空间相近的宇宙线粒子流量背景.卫星在轨运行中发现了多起0.1～2MeV的高能电子流爆发事件.文中总结了2007年11月26日至2008年2月5日HPD观测的41起高能电子流爆发事件,发现此类现象可以发生在从太阳风到磁尾的所有空间区域.在月球经历的不同空间区域中,高能电子流爆发事件可能存在不同的诱发机制.     

天和核心舱高能质子南大西洋异常区方向分布差异分析

地球辐射带南大西洋异常区是空间站轨道运行过程中遭遇的最重要的粒子辐射区域，这一区域集中了大量具有强穿透性的高能质子，会显著影响空间站舱内器件的正常工作，危害航天员的健康和安全.2021年4月29日中国空间站“天和核心舱”成功发射，核心舱配置了空间环境监测载荷，可实时获取沿轨高能质子通量监测数据.伴随核心舱姿态变化探测器可监测来自不同入射方向的高能质子，为初步开展异常区高能质子方向分布提供了可能.本文利用核心舱空间环境监测载荷的高能质子方向观测数据，通过重构不同入射方向条件下高能质子SAA(South Atlantic Abnormal)区分布，研究分析不同能量高能质子SAA区方向分布位置边界和方向峰值强度，给出高能质子异常区方向分布的初步结果，弥补利用辐射带模型仅能得到全向辐射结果的不足，为高效规避和应对辐射危害，保障航天器和航天员的安全提供重要参考.     

由非相干散射雷达数据重建极光沉降粒子能谱

本文研究了由极区地面雷达电子密度高度剖面测量数据重建极光沉降粒子能谱的基本原理和方法.在4～30 keV能量范围内，重建结果与FAST卫星实测数在数值水平和变化趋势上基本吻合；在地磁平静和磁暴期间，重建获得能谱特征与前人研究结果相一致.该方法开辟了获取沉降粒子能谱特征的一条新途径，可以弥补卫星能量粒子观测数据磁地方时分辨率的不足，对于建立空间环境扰动模式具有重要的学术意义和应用价值.     

高纬电离层特性的实例研究

本文利用EISCAT雷达资料讨论磁层-电离层耦合的高纬电离层效应。研究表明,即使在夏季极昼情况下,磁扰期间的磁层过程对高纬电离层形态的影响也远大于太阳紫外辐射的作用。高能粒子沉降使电离层E层的电子密度大大增加;而磁层对流速度变大会使F层内电离复合加强。因而,磁扰时经常出现n_e（E层）>_e（F层）的情况。此现象不仅与宁静时完全相反,而且与中低纬电离层形态变化也有很大差别。     

Viscosity Coefficient of the Multicomponent Neutral Atmosphere

The viscosity coefficient of the multicomponent neutral atmosphere calculated from the general hydrodynamic expression of a multicomponent gas mixture is compared with the approximations published and proposed in this paper for this coefficient. Two new approximate expressions for the viscosity coefficient of the multicomponent atmosphere have been found. Their relative calculation errors do not exceed 3.4 and 4.8% in the altitude range of 100 to 500 km for low, moderate, and high solar activity during daytime and nigthtime geomagnetically quiet and geomagnetically disturbed conditions at low, middle, and high latitudes. These errors are significantly smaller than the maximum relative errors (11.8–15.1%) of the viscosity coefficient calculations based on the approximations used in atmospheric studies for this coefficient. The new approximate expressions for the viscosity coefficient of the multicomponent atmosphere are recommended to be used in atmospheric studies to reduce errors in calculating atmospheric parameters.     

Magnotospheric imaging of high latitude ion outflows

High latitude ion outflows mostly consist of upward streaming O⁺ and He⁺ emanating from the ionosphere. At heights above 1000 km, these flows consist of cold and hot components which resonantly scatter solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light, however, the ion populations respond differently to Doppler shifting resulting from the large relative velocities between the ions and the Sun. The possibility of optical detection of the Doppler effect on the scattering rate will be discussed for the O⁺ (83.4 nm) ions. We have contrasted the EUV solar resonance images of these outflows by simulations of the 30.4 nm He⁺ and 83.4 nm O⁺ emissions for both quiet and disturbed geomagnetic conditions. Input data for the 1000 km level has been obtained from the EICS instrument aboard the Dynamics Explorer satellite. Our results show emission rates of 50 and 56 milli-Rayleighs at 30.4 nm for quiet and disturbed conditions and 65 and 75 milli-Rayleighs at 83.4 nm for quiet and disturbed conditions, respectively, obtained for a polar orbiting satellite and viewing radially outward. We also find that an imager at an equatorial distance of 9 R_E or more is in a favorable position for detecting ion outflows, particularly when the plasmapause is depressed in latitude. However, an occultation disk is necessary to obscure the bright plasmaspheric emissions.     

Geomagnetic field mapping from a satellite: Spatial power spectra of the geomagnetic field at various satellite altitudes relative to natural noise sources and instrument noise

For a low-level geomagnetic satellite survey, for which the motion of the satellite converts spatial variation into temporal variation, the limit on accuracy may well be background temporal fluctuations. The sources of the temporal fluctuations are current systems external to the Earth and include currents induced in the Earth due to these sources. The internal sources consist primarily of two components, the main geomagnetic field with sources in the Earth's core and a crustal geomagnetic field.Power spectra of the vertical geomagnetic field internal component that would be observed by a spacecraft in circular orbit at various altitudes, due to satellite motion through the spatially varying geomagnetic field, are compared to power spectra of the natural temporal fluctuations of the geomagnetic field vertical component (natural noise) and to the power spectrum for typical fluxgate magnetometer instrument noise. The natural noise is shown to be greater than this typical instrument noise over the entire frequency range for which useful measurements of the geomagnetic field may be made, for all geomagnetic latitudes and all times. Thus there would be little benefit in reducing the instrument noise below the typical value of 10^?4 gamma² Hz^?1 plus a 1/f component of 10 milligamma rms decade^?1.For a given satellite altitude, there is a maximum frequency above which the natural noise is greater than the power spectrum of the crustal geomagnetic field vertical component. Below this maximum frequency, the situation is reversed. This maximum frequency depends on geomagnetic latitude (and to a lesser extent on time of day and season of year), being lower in the auroral zone than at lower latitudes. The maximum frequency is also lower at higher satellite altitudes. The maximum frequency determines the spatial resolution obtainable on a magnetic field map. The spatial resolution (for impulses) obtainable at low latitudes for a 100-km satellite altitude (possibly achievable by tethering a small satellite at this altitude to a space vehicle at a higher altitude) is 60 km, while at the auroral zone the obtainable spatial resolution is 100 km. At the higher satellite altitude of 300 km the obtainable spatial resolution is 230 km at low latitudes and 530 km at the auroral zone. At 500-km satellite altitude, the obtainable spatial resolution is 500 km at low latitudes, while maps cannot be made at all for the auroral zone unless the data are selected for “quiet” days.For the lower satellite altitudes, greater spatial resolution can be obtained than at higher altitudes. Furthermore since the crustal geomagnetic field power spectrum is larger at lower altitudes, the relative error due to the natural noise is less than for higher altitudes.     

Spatial correlation of foF2 and vTEC under quiet and disturbed ionospheric conditions: A case study

The spatial variations of the ionospheric F2-layer vertical incidence critical frequency (foF2) and GPS-derived vertical total electron content (vTEC) under geomagnetically quiet and disturbed days are examined using measurements from the latitudinal and longitudinal chains of ionospheric stations and GPS receivers over the European area. Plots produced for January 2005 are used to discuss temporal structures in terms of the prevailing solar-terrestrial conditions. Then the line trends procedure has been applied to simultaneous data collected from a limited number of measuring stations during quiet monthly median ionospheric conditions as well as during the storm period of 16–23 January 2005. The procedure is explained involving an application of the least squares method to define latitudinal and longitudinal dependence of foF2 and vTEC at different locations. Examples of coefficients of determination thereby produced show that the linear regression equations are very helpful in predicting longitudinal and latitudinal vTEC and foF2 variations during the quiet as well as disturbed ionospheric conditions.     

Control of the current state of geomagnetic activity based on the satellite magnetic measurements in the magnetosphere

The method for controlling the state of the geomagnetic field in real time, based on comparing the up-to-date models of the magnetospheric magnetic field (the Tsyganenko model, the NIIYaF MGU paraboloid model) with this field measured onboard a spacecraft along its trajectory, is presented. The method is based on the possibility of characterizing the state of the geomagnetic field in the near-Earth space in the scope of such models. The specific state is determined, based on the best correspondence of the measurements to one of these three model calculations, by comparing the model calculations of the geomagnetic field along the satellite trajectory, belonging to different classes of the field state (quiet, disturbed, strongly disturbed), with the current experimental magnetic data. The method was tested using the CHAMP satellite data.     

Plasmaspheric electron content (PEC) over low latitude regions around the magnetic equator in the Indian sector during different geophysical conditions

The variation of plasmaspheric electron content (PEC) is an important parameter for studying the effects of space weather events in the low latitude ionosphere. In the present study, the vertical TEC (VTEC) measurements obtained from co-located dual-frequency Global Positioning System (GPS) and Coherent Radio Beacon Experiment (CRABEX) systems have been used. The daytime PEC variations under different geophysical conditions have been estimated (around the magnetic equator) over the Indian sector, for the first time. The first observations of the nighttime PEC variations over the Indian sector are also estimated from the simultaneous measurements of Faraday rotation, differential Doppler and modulation phase delay made using the CRABEX system on-board the Indian geostationary satellite GSAT2. The study shows that the PEC varies over a range of 10–22% (of the total electron content (TEC)) during daytime of magnetically quiet period. There is an increase in PEC with latitude during magnetically quiet period. During a magnetically disturbed period of 9 November 2004, the PEC increased to ∼30% of the TEC over the magnetic equatorial location of Trivandrum (8.5°N, 76.9°E, dip 0.5°N), while at Bangalore (13°N, 78°E, dip 10°N) it showed a large depletion. The implications of the new observations are discussed.