星内粒子探测器观测结果与辐射带模型的比较

我们将资源一号卫星星内粒子探测器的观测数据与辐射带模式AE8/AP8的预测结果进行了对比，发现在南大西洋异常区的高能电子和质子的通量与辐射带模型的预测结果基本相同，而在两极极光带的电子通量比AE8模型预测的低得多.根据NOAA卫星的观测结果，可以认为这一差异主要是因为在南大西洋异常区（内辐射带）和两极极光带（外辐射带）的粒子投掷角分布的差异造成的.在南大西洋异常区粒子倾向于各向同性分布，而在极光带粒子各向异性明显，投掷角接近90°的粒子通量比0°投掷角附近的粒子通量大得多.     

暴时内辐射带高能质子的损失和恢复机制探究

我们利用NOAA17卫星对内辐射带高能质子的观测结果研究了大磁暴期间内辐射带质子通量的变化过程.我们发现内辐射带质子出现两种不同的暴时损失事件.在大磁暴发生时,内辐射带外边界质子通量会迅速减小,然后缓慢恢复;而在内辐射带中心区的质子通量(即南大西洋异常区(SAA)质子通量最大值)的暴时变化表现为质子通量的一个迅速的减小和迅速恢复.内辐射带外边界的损失事件主要发生在较低能量质子能档,而内辐射带中心处的损失事件发生在所有质子能档.两种损失事件中质子通量的不同变化意味着内辐射带质子可能有不同的损失和产生机制.通过分析,我们认为内辐射带外边界处质子通量损失事件主要由磁场曲率散射机制造成,而其恢复机制主要是宇宙线反照中子衰变(CRAND).内辐射带中心区(即南大西洋异常区质子通量最大处)质子通量损失事件可能与Dst效应有关.     

天和核心舱高能质子南大西洋异常区方向分布差异分析

地球辐射带南大西洋异常区是空间站轨道运行过程中遭遇的最重要的粒子辐射区域，这一区域集中了大量具有强穿透性的高能质子，会显著影响空间站舱内器件的正常工作，危害航天员的健康和安全.2021年4月29日中国空间站“天和核心舱”成功发射，核心舱配置了空间环境监测载荷，可实时获取沿轨高能质子通量监测数据.伴随核心舱姿态变化探测器可监测来自不同入射方向的高能质子，为初步开展异常区高能质子方向分布提供了可能.本文利用核心舱空间环境监测载荷的高能质子方向观测数据，通过重构不同入射方向条件下高能质子SAA(South Atlantic Abnormal)区分布，研究分析不同能量高能质子SAA区方向分布位置边界和方向峰值强度，给出高能质子异常区方向分布的初步结果，弥补利用辐射带模型仅能得到全向辐射结果的不足，为高效规避和应对辐射危害，保障航天器和航天员的安全提供重要参考.     

风云一号C星空间粒子成分探测器及SAA区粒子辐射实测分析

FY 1C星空间粒子成分探测器能够实现对质子能谱、电子积分通量及重离子成分的同时测量.在第23周太阳活动峰年期间,空间粒子成分探测器对860km高度的南大西洋负磁异常区高能粒子辐射进行了长达3年的连续探测.本文根据实测结果,得出了南大西洋负磁异常区粒子辐射特征,分析了太阳质子事件和地磁暴对南大西洋负磁异常区粒子辐射的影响.     

FY2D卫星与GOES卫星空间粒子观测结果的对比分析

风云二号D星(FY2D)搭载的空间粒子探测器可以观测10～300 MeV的质子和≥350 keV与≥2 MeV的电子.卫星在轨测试阶段,空间粒子探测器观测到了空间环境宁静期间地球同步轨道的电子昼夜周期变化的典型特征,并在卫星发射后的12月15日首次观测到了有代表性的 2级太阳质子事件(SEP),观测到的较高能量质子比较低能量质子更快地恢复到平静时的状态.通过比较FY2D卫星与GOES卫星的探测结果,既显示了同步轨道区域不同位置高能电子通量扰动时间的一致性,也显示了高能电子通量具强烈的晨昏不对称性.通过对太阳质子事件和地磁平静时期该轨道空间高能粒子环境特征的分析和研究,并与GOES卫星同期的观测结果进行相关性分析,结果表明仪器确实具备了监测空间环境扰动和预警能力,探测结果可以用于研究地球同步轨道粒子空间分布、起源和传输等科学目的.     

2011-2015年辐射带电子动态FY-3B卫星实测结果

FY-3B卫星为轨道高度约800 km,倾角98°的极轨气象卫星,星上高能电子探测器可开展宽能谱、高时间分辨的电子辐射长时间连续监测.20112015年极低太阳活动周期内,FY-3B卫星高能电子探测器对0.15～5.7 MeV不同能量高能电子在南大西洋异常区以外的辐射带区域的观测结果显示:在所有的辐射带区域,低能量的电子比高能量的电子更容易出现增强,填充槽区和进入到内带更低L区域的可能性更大.0.15～0.35 MeV的电子长期充斥于外辐射带和槽区,而1 MeV以上的电子大部分时间分布于外辐射带,在太阳风速度、地磁活动极弱的2014年呈现长时间极弱通量水平.2015年频繁增强的扰动导致电子通量水平整体升高,空间分布大范围扩散,1 MeV以上能量的电子在槽区位置也出现了分布.分析2014.5.10-7.30和2015.5.10-7.10两个典型时段内扰动参数对电子通量在不同区域动态分布的影响,结果表明:电子通量在外辐射带外边界区域动态与太阳风起伏变化关联显著.AE＜300 nT,Dst＞-30 nT,SW＜500 km·s-1的持续长时间低水平扰动条件下,电子通量分布内边界出现在不低于L～4的位置,通量峰值出现在靠近L～5的位置;而在太阳风速度和地磁活动显著活跃的时候,电子会穿越外辐射带深入到槽区,在外辐射带的通量峰值则出现在L约3.5～3.9的位置.2015年的3月和6月两起强磁暴使得电子向更低L注入,＞1 MeV以上的电子在低至L～2.8的槽区出现显著增长.在极低通量水平下,AE指数短时增加超过300 nT的亚暴活动会导致0.15～0.35 MeV电子超过1个量级的增长变化.上述结果对于准确认识辐射带电子不同时期的基本特性、发现能量电子动态潜在的基本物理过程,构建更准确的辐射带电子模型有着重要的参考意义.     

2000年7月14日太阳高能粒子事件引起地球同步轨道区相对论电子通量巨幅增加

2000年7月14日10:24UT一个X5.6级的耀斑暴发生在太阳中心子午线附近(AR 9077), 同时伴随着一个朝向地球的CME事件及太阳高能粒子(Solar Energetic Particle, SEP)事件. 这次耀斑暴发及CME事件引起了地球磁层、电离层及高层大气的强烈扰动. 中国“风云二号(B)”卫星上的高能粒子探测器(EPD)观测到SEP事件期间, 同步轨道区高能质子、相对论电子有非常剧烈的增加. SEP期间, 高能质子对相对论电子通量的探测造成严重的污染. 结合“风云二号(B)”卫星上的高能粒子探测器(EPD)的特性, 建立了一种从相对论电子通量探测中“清除”高能质子“污染”的方法, 并对相对论电子通量的探测数据实施“清洁”处理. “纯净的”相对论电子通量探测结果显示, 当行星际磁场南向时, 上游太阳风中的高能电子使同步轨道区相对论电子通量有大幅度的增加.     

南大西洋异常区内辐射带高能质子辐射环境长期变化的研究

完善和发展了绝热带电粒子漂移壳追踪方法(DSTM),应用该方法进一步研究了内辐射带低高度高能质子辐射环境的长期变化,并与卫星观测做了比较.研究表明,在过去的30年里SAA区1000 km高度,高能质子通量显著增强,SAA区质子通量的中心区域显著西移和扩大,理论预测结果与卫星的观测事实相符合.高能质子寿命的计算结果证明了DSTM是估算内辐射带高能质辐射环境长期变化的合理方法.     

南大西洋异常区内辐射带高能质子辐射环境长期

完善和发展了绝热带电粒子漂移壳追踪方法(DSTM), 应用该方法进一步研究了内辐射带低高度高能质子辐射环境的长期变化, 并与卫星观测做了比较. 研究表明, 在过去的30年里SAA区1000 km高度, 高能质子通量显著增强, SAA区质子通量的中心区域显著西移和扩大, 理论预测结果与卫星的观测事实相符合. 高能质子寿命的计算结果证明了 DSTM是估算内辐射带高能质辐射环境长期变化的合理方法.     

资源一号卫星星内粒子探测器与神舟二号X射线探测器对高能电子探测的比较分析

利用资源一号卫星和神舟二号留轨舱上搭载的高能粒子探测设备对2001年2～6月同一时段内的资料进行了对比分析. 神舟二号飞船X射线探测器的观测结果反映的空间高能电子的分布, 表明在400km的较低高度上, 地理纬度40°附近以及SAA地区也可以观测到数百keV的高能电子. 资源一号卫星的探测结果显示了在800km高度附近, 同一时段内若干兆电子伏特的高能电子的全球分布. 后者出现的最低地理纬度和相应的经度位置则和前者是一致的, 说明两个高度上高能粒子的分布仍然都受地磁场控制, 粒子主要来源于地球辐射带. 资源一号卫星高能粒子探测器的能挡与神舟二号飞船X射线探测器的能挡不同, 彼此可以较好地补充. 但由于神舟二号轨道倾角较低, 全面的对比也受到一定的局限, 在进一步深入分析现有资料的同时, 可以在本文基础上设计更好的联合探测方案.     

2001年4月2日太阳耀斑及其太阳质子事件的观测结果研究

2001年4月2日, 太阳爆发了一个近年来X射线通量最大的一次耀斑并伴有质子事件, 利用“资源一号”卫星星内粒子探测器和神舟二号飞船X射线探测器的观测资料, 对这一事件的高能粒子响应进行了特例研究. “资源一号”卫星运行于太阳同步轨道, 高度约800km, 和宁静时期的统计结果对比, 这次耀斑后, 星内粒子探测器在地球极盖区（地球开磁场区）观测到耀斑粒子的出现, 这是宁静时期没有的; 神舟二号飞船轨道高度400km, 倾角为42°, X射线探测器在42°中高纬地区也观测到高能电子通量比宁静时明显的增加, 这表明, 太阳耀斑引起的近地空间辐射环境的变化遍及纬度约40°以上的区域, 甚至在40°N附近400 km左右的高度上仍然有响应. 但是, 中高纬度、极光带和极盖区的粒子来源, 加速机制和响应方式却不一定相同, 需要分别讨论. 资料分析和对比还表明, 质子事件的强度并不一定和耀斑的X射线通量成正比, 因此, 近地空间高能粒子对耀斑的响应也不是完全决定于X射线强度.     

Interrelation between localized energetic particle precipita ion and cold plasma inhomogeneities in the magnetosphere

Situations when localized precipitation of energetic (E > 30 keV) protons and electrons, associated with the development of cyclotron instability in the magnetosphere, is recorded during one satellite pass are identified in the data of particle flux observations on the NOAA-12 low-orbiting satellite. Such events were observed only in the evening sector of the magnetosphere. This precipitation is compared with the data on the cold (E < 10 eV) plasma density obtained on the LANL geostationary satellites. The comparison showed that the precipitation of energetic particles is related to the presence of cold plasma with a density of 20–100 cm^?3 in geostationary orbit in the evening sector of the magnetosphere. The conclusion has been made that the localized precipitation of energetic particles is generated at the edges of small-scale structures of cold plasma, forming the so-called “plasmaspheric tail,” i.e., the cold plasma region extending from the evening plasmapause toward the Sun.     

Strong localized variations of the low-altitude energetic electron fluxes in the evening sector near the plasmapause

Specific type of energetic electron precipitation accompanied by a sharp increase in trapped energetic electron flux are found in the data obtained from low-altitude NOAA satellites. These strongly localized variations of the trapped and precipitated energetic electron flux have been observed in the evening sector near the plasmapause during recovery phase of magnetic storms. Statistical characteristics of these structures as well as the results of comparison with proton precipitation are described. We demonstrate the spatial coincidence of localized electron precipitation with cold plasma gradient and whistler wave intensification measured on board the DE-1 and Aureol-3 satellites. A simultaneous localized sharp increase in both trapped and precipitating electron flux could be a result of significant pitch-angle isotropization of drifting electrons due to their interaction via cyclotron instability with the region of sharp increase in background plasma density.     

Recalibration of the long-term NOAA/MEPED energetic proton measurements

The MEPED instruments onboard the low-altitude polar orbiting NOAA/POES satellites have measured energetic particles since 1978, offering a nearly continuous series of energetic particle fluxes in the magnetosphere during three solar cycles. However, there are several problems in using these data for long-term studies, the most significant one being that the solid state detectors of the MEPED proton instruments suffer significant radiation damage. This causes the effective energy thresholds of the instrument to increase, leading to underestimated particle fluxes already a couple of years after satellite launch. Before the MEPED data can reliably be used in any long-term study the data have to be recalibrated taking into account the decay of the detectors. In this paper we present quantified estimates of the degree of radiation damage for all NOAA/POES satellites, a method for correcting the MEPED proton measurements, and give an estimate of energetic proton fluxes from 1978 to present.     

Global X-ray emission during an isolated substorm — a case study

The polar ionospheric X-ray imaging experiment (PIXIE) and the UV imager (UVI) onboard the Polar satellite have provided the first simultaneous global scale views of the patterns of electron precipitation through imaging of the atmospheric X-ray bremsstrahlung and the auroral UV emissions. While the UV images in the Lyman–Birge–Hopfield-long band used in this study respond to the total electron energy flux which is usually dominated by low-energy electrons (<10 keV), the PIXIE images of X-ray bremsstrahlung above ∼2.7 keV respond to electrons of energy above ∼3 keV. Comparison of precipitation features seen by UVI and PIXIE provides information on essentially complementary energy ranges of the precipitating electrons. In this study an isolated substorm is examined using data from PIXIE, UVI, ground-based measurements, and in situ measurements from high- and low-altitude satellites to obtain information about the global characteristics during the event. Results from a statistical study of isolated substorms, which has reported a significant difference in the patterns of energetic electron precipitation compared to the less energetic precipitation are confirmed. A localized maximum of electron precipitation in the morning sector delayed with respect to substorm onset is clearly seen in the X-ray aurora, and the time delay of this morning precipitation relative to substorm onset strongly indicates that this intensification is caused by electrons injected in the midnight sector drifting into a region in the dawnside magnetosphere where some mechanism effectively scatter the electrons into the loss cone. In this study, we also present the results from two low-altitude satellite passes through the region of the localized maximum of X-ray emission in the morning sector. Measured X rays are compared with X-ray fluxes calculated from the electron spectral measurements. By fitting the electron spectra by a sum of two exponentials we obtain fairly good agreement between calculated and directly measured X-ray flux profiles.     

Stratospheric ozone response to a solar proton event: Hemispheric asymmetries

Ozone depression in the polar stratosphere during the energetic solar proton event on 4 August 1972 was observed by the backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) experiment on the Nimbus 4 satellite. Distinct asymmetries in the columnar ozone content, the amount of ozone depressions and their temporal variations above 4 mb level (38 km) were observed between the two hemispheres. The ozone destroying solar particles precipitate rather symmetrically into the two polar atmospheres due to the geomagnetic dipole field These asymmetries can be therefore ascribed to the differences mainly in dynamics and partly in the solar illumination and the vertical temperature structure between the summer and the winter polar atmospheres. The polar stratosphere is less disturbed and warmer in the summer hemisphere than the winter hemisphere since the propagation of planetary wave from the troposphere is inhibited by the wind system in the upper troposphere, and the air is heated by the prolonged solar insolation. Correspondingly, the temporal variations of stratospheric ozone depletion and its recovery appear to be smooth functions of time in the (northern) summer hemisphere and the undisturbed ozone amount is slighily, less than that of its counterpart. On the other hand, the tempotal variation of the upper stratospheric ozone in the winter polar atmosphere (southern hemisphere) indicates large amplitudes and irregularities due to the disturbances produced by upward propagating waves which prevail in the polar winter atmosphere. These characteristic differences between the two polar atmospheres are also evident in the vertical distributions of temperature and wind observed by balloons and rocker soundings.     

环电流区中性原子观测特性模拟研究

为了给双星计划中性原子(ENA)探测仪的研制提供可靠 的理论依据，并为未来中性原子探测数据的分析及研究做好准备，针对双星轨道初步模拟计 算了双星ENA探测仪对磁暴时中性原子的观测特性. 建立了磁暴主相期间环电流离子分布的 一 个近似理论模式，并模拟计算了极轨卫星在极区上空、赤道面以及其他位置上对不同强度磁 暴主相期间环电流区ENA空间角分布及能谱的观测结果. 研究表明，存在环电流区方向和南 北极区环电流粒子沉降带两个中性原子强度极大区域；磁暴越强烈，注入区高度越低，环电 流区观测到的ENA通量越高；处于有利位置的ENA探测器可分辨注入区内边界或注入前沿；EN A探测器能够分辨环电流带离子分布的不均匀性；由于离子交换截面的差异，H，O，He 3种E NA的能谱分布不同；在10～80keV能谱范围内通量较强，易于观测；环电流区H，O两种ENA 通 量较强，有利于观测；而环电流区He ENA通量很弱，不易于观测. 模拟计算研究表明，双星 极轨卫星能够对环电流区ENA进行有效探测；低纬轨道上的ENA探测器也能够对环电流区ENA 进行一些观测；ENA探测器的研制应重视低、中能量范围ENA的探测.     

A quantitative model for cyclotron wave-particle interactions at the plasmapause

The formation of a zone of energetic electron precipitation by the plasmapause, a region of enhanced plasma density, following energetic particle injection during a magnetic storm, is analyzed. Such a region can also be formed by detached cold plasma clouds appearing in the outer magnetosphere by restructuring of the plasmasphere during a magnetic storm. As a mechanism of precipitation, wave-particle interactions by the cyclotron instability between whistler-mode waves and electrons are considered. In the framework of the self-consistent equations of quasi-linear plasma theory, the distribution function of trapped electrons and the electron precipitation pattern are found. The theoretical results are compared with experimental data obtained from NOAA satellites.