十八烷基三甲基铵用量与蒙脱石/烷基铵复合物结构关系研究

利用小角X射线衍射技术对在不同的十八烷基三甲基氯化铵用量下制备的蒙脱石/烷基铵复合物的结构特征进行研究,结果发现:十八烷基三甲基氯化铵的用量和制备的蒙脱石/烷基铵复合物的结构有明显的相关性,当十八烷基三甲基氯化铵的用量小于0.7 CEC时,十八烷基三甲基铵阳离子在蒙脱石层间呈单层平卧排布;当十八烷基三甲基铵用量在0.9 CEC～1.8 CEC时,十八烷基三甲基铵阳离子在蒙脱石层间呈现单层倾斜排列;当十八烷基三甲基铵用量大于2.3 CEC时,十八烷基三甲基铵阳离子在蒙脱石层间呈现一种大尺寸胶束结构和小角倾斜结构的混层结构模型排布.     

蒙脱石层电荷与有机改性蒙脱石凝胶性能关系研究

利用自然沉降法提取了山东两不同产地膨润土中的钙基蒙脱石矿物M1和M2,利用结构式推算法计算了两提纯蒙脱石的层电荷:M1单位半晶胞的层电荷为0.38,M2单位半晶胞的层电荷为0.59;利用十八烷基三甲基氯化铵对蒙脱石进行有机改性,并对有机蒙脱石凝胶性能和层电荷的相关关系进行研究。研究发现:蒙脱石单位半晶胞的层电荷越低,在水中的分散性越好,越有利于十八烷基三甲基铵阳离子的插层,相应有机改性蒙脱石在二甲苯和乙醇体系中的凝胶性能越好(如M1);蒙脱石单位半晶胞的层电荷越高,在水中的分散性越差,越不利于十八烷基三甲基铵阳离子的插层,相应有机改性蒙脱石产品的凝胶性能较差(如M2)。     

不同类型烷基铵在蒙脱石中的吸附动力学特性

蒙脱石/烷基铵改性产物是一种重要的高附加值矿物材料,蒙脱石对烷基铵的吸附特性决定所制备的改性产物在各类溶剂体系中的凝胶性能和应用特性。本文以两种层电荷不同的膨润土为原料,在提纯、钠化的基础上,系统研究了80℃恒温条件下十八烷基三甲基铵(OTAC)、十六烷基三甲基铵(CTAC)及十四烷基三甲基铵(TTAC)在两种蒙脱石上的吸附动力学特性。研究结果表明:80℃的恒温条件下,烷基铵插层剂的浓度对等温吸附进程影响显著。当三种烷基铵用量较低(1.0CEC)时,在5min左右就可以达到饱和吸附;当烷基铵用量较高(2.0CEC)时,在30min~60min可以达到饱和吸附;两种蒙脱石对三种烷基铵吸附动力学数据均符合准二级反应动力学方程,相应三种烷基铵在两种蒙脱石中平衡吸附量的实验值和计算值qe基本相等;交换液中烷基铵浓度高低对吸附反应的速率常数影响显著,烷基铵在低用量(1.0CEC)下在蒙脱石中的吸附反应速率常数明显高于其在较高用量(2.0CEC)下的吸附反应常数;烷基铵在高层电荷Na-HLCM中的吸附反应速率常数总体上较低层电荷Na-HLCM的略高。     

不同类型烷基铵在蒙脱石中的吸附动力学特性北大核心CSCD

蒙脱石/烷基铵改性产物是一种重要的高附加值矿物材料,蒙脱石对烷基铵的吸附特性决定所制备的改性产物在各类溶剂体系中的凝胶性能和应用特性。本文以两种层电荷不同的膨润土为原料,在提纯、钠化的基础上,系统研究了80℃恒温条件下十八烷基三甲基铵(OTAC)、十六烷基三甲基铵(CTAC)及十四烷基三甲基铵(TTAC)在两种蒙脱石上的吸附动力学特性。研究结果表明:80℃的恒温条件下,烷基铵插层剂的浓度对等温吸附进程影响显著。当三种烷基铵用量较低(1.0CEC)时,在5min左右就可以达到饱和吸附;当烷基铵用量较高(2.0CEC)时,在30min^60min可以达到饱和吸附;两种蒙脱石对三种烷基铵吸附动力学数据均符合准二级反应动力学方程,相应三种烷基铵在两种蒙脱石中平衡吸附量的实验值和计算值qe基本相等;交换液中烷基铵浓度高低对吸附反应的速率常数影响显著,烷基铵在低用量(1.0CEC)下在蒙脱石中的吸附反应速率常数明显高于其在较高用量(2.0CEC)下的吸附反应常数;烷基铵在高层电荷Na-HLCM中的吸附反应速率常数总体上较低层电荷Na-HLCM的略高。     

阳离子交换容量和烷基链链数对有机蒙脱石性能的影响

已有研究表明影响有机蒙脱石性能的因素很多,除了有机改性剂的特性外,蒙脱石的晶体化学特征也是不容忽视的因素。为了探讨烷基链链数和阳离子交换容量与有机蒙脱石性能之间的关系,本文选择3种不同阳离子交换容量的蒙脱石为主体,4种季铵盐阳离子改性剂十八烷基三甲基溴化铵(S18)、双-十八烷基二甲基溴化铵(D18)、十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(S12)和双-十二烷基二甲基溴化铵(D12)为客体,在不同添加量条件下(0.2、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、4.0CEC)制备了多个系列的有机蒙脱石,并用XRD、TG-DTG等手段对产物进行表征。实验结果表明,阳离子交换容量与层间柱撑高度之间不存在明显的相关性,但对表面活性剂在蒙脱石上的吸附量有显著的影响,吸附量随着阳离子交换容量的增加而增加。双链表面活性剂对蒙脱石层的撑开能力比单链更强,在层间具有更复杂的自组装过程,导致其热分解过程更为复杂。     

四川三台钙蒙脱石的矿物学与有机化处理研究

对四川三台钙蒙脱石进行了矿物学和有机化处理研究。化学成分分析、晶体化学式与层间可交换阳离子数计算、X射线衍射分析和热分析都表明三台膨润土属钙基膨润土，属型为切托-Otay型。用十八烷基三甲基氯化铵、十八烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵、十二烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵三种季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂对四川三台钙蒙脱石进行了有机化处理。结果表明，用十八烷基三甲基氯化铵处理的效果最好。     

C10TAB,C14TAB,C18TAB柱撑蒙脱石层间域有机柱排布研究

用十烷基三甲基溴化铵（C10TAB）、十四烷基三甲基溴化铵（C14TAB）和十八烷基三甲基溴化铵（C18TAB）制备有机柱撑蒙脱石,并对产物进行X射线衍射表征。研究结果表明：柱化剂的浓度和烷基季铵离子的性质能影响烷基季铵离子在蒙脱石层间的排布模式。在柱化剂浓度较低时易形成平卧排列,柱化剂达到一定浓度时石蜡型结构方能形成,且直链烷基越长,烷基季铵离子在蒙脱石层问越易形成石蜡型倾斜排列。在平卧结构向石蜡型结构转化过程中可出现多种排列共存。     

蒙脱石/十八烷基三甲基铵复合物在丙烯酸涂料中的应用机理研究

针对由两种具有不同层电荷特征的蒙脱石(M1和M2)所制备的蒙脱石/十八烷基三甲基铵复合物和具有不同结构特征的蒙脱石/十八烷基三甲基铵复合物用作丙烯酸涂料的助剂时,对涂料综合性能的影响规律及机理研究发现:利用层电荷较低的蒙脱石(M1)制备的蒙脱石/十八烷基三甲基铵复合物用做丙烯酸涂料助荆具有较好的抗沉增稠效果,而利用层电荷较高的蒙脱石(M2)制备的蒙脱石/十八烷基三甲基铵复合物的抗沉增稠效果较差;蒙脱石/十八烷基三甲基铵复合物结构特征影响其在丙烯酸涂料中的作用效应,具有单层倾斜结构的蒙脱石/十八烷基三甲基铵复合物具有较好的抗沉增稠效果,而具有单层平卧结构和胶束结构的蒙脱石/十八烷基三甲基铵复合物的抗沉增稠效果较差.     

交换液酸碱度对OTAC在蒙脱石中吸附及复合物凝胶粘度影响

在蒙脱石有机改性体系中,交换液酸碱度对蒙脱石荷电性以及十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(OTAC)的电离度影响很大,进而影响OTAC在蒙脱石中的吸附以及制备复合物的凝胶粘度。研究发现,在pH=3的强酸性交换体系中,蒙脱石端面可变电荷为正电荷,OTAC阳离子和蒙脱石之间静电斥力的存在不利于OTAC在蒙脱石上的吸附,吸附量和吸附率分别是0.943CEC和85.7%,制备复合物的凝胶粘度最低,分别是μ0min为45.67Pa·s,μ30min为16.52Pa·s;在pH=10的弱碱性交换体系中,由于蒙脱石层面和端面均带有负电荷,静电引力更有利于OTAC阳离子在蒙脱石层间交换及表面吸附,其吸附量和吸附率最高,分别为1.097CEC和99.71%,制备复合物的凝胶粘度也较高,分别是μ0min为95.93Pa·s,μ30min为37.67Pa·s;在强碱性交换体系中,当pH=11和13时,蒙脱石对OTAC的吸附量和吸附率降低明显,吸附量分别为1.08CEC和1.058CEC,吸附率分别降到98.20%和96.18%,对应复合物的μ0min分别为96.52Pa·s和93.52Pa·s,μ30min分别为36.57Pa·s和36.53Pa·s,究其原因由于交换液中OTAC阳离子和高浓度的钠离子在蒙脱石层间和表面存在竞争吸附导致蒙脱石层间钠离子的交换难度加大。     

不同链长烷基季铵离子在蒙脱石层间域内排列方式的对比

选用含不同烷基长链的三种季铵盐——十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DDTMAB)、十四烷基三甲基溴化铵(TDTMAB)、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMAB)，对河北钠交换蒙脱石进行了有机柱撑实验，以X射线衍射分析方法对实验产物进行了对比研究。结果表明，由于烷基链中所含的碳原子数目不同，三种长链季铵离子对蒙脱石的柱撑效果不同，DDTMA^ 在蒙脱石层间域内可形成平卧单层、平卧双层和假三层三种不同排列方式；TDTMA^ 与DDTMA^ 在低浓度条件下形成的前两种排列方式相同，而第三种则不同，为倾斜单层排列；HDTMA^ 有机柱撑产物中除了具有前两者的排列方式外，还具有倾斜双层排列方式。不同排列方式的复合产物可以多相共存。此外，随着柱撑剂浓度的增加，三种长链烷基季铵离子在蒙脱石层间域内的排列方式及其演化是不同的。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of