Latest update of the climatology and changes in the seasonal distribution of precipitation over China

Based on daily precipitation data from 524 meteorological stations in China during the period 1960–2009, the climatology and the temporal changes (trends, interannual, and decadal variations) in the proportion of seasonal precipitation to the total annual precipitation were analyzed on both national and regional scales. Results indicated that (1) for the whole country, the climatology in the seasonal distribution of precipitation showed that the proportion accounted for 55 % in summer (June–August), for around 20 % in both spring (March–May) and autumn (September–November), and around 5 % in winter (December–February). But the spatial features were region-dependent. The primary precipitation regime, “summer–autumn–spring–winter”, was located in central and eastern regions which were north of the Huaihe River, in eastern Tibet, and in western Southwest China. The secondary regime, “summer–spring–autumn–winter”, appeared in the regions south of the Huaihe River, except Jiangnan where spring precipitation dominated, and the southeastern Hainan Island where autumn precipitation prevailed. (2) For the temporal changes on the national scale, first, where the trends were concerned, the proportion of winter precipitation showed a significantly increasing trend, while that of the other three seasons did not show any significant trends. Second, for the interannual variation, the variability in summer was the largest among the four seasons and that in winter was the smallest. Then, on the decadal scale, China experienced a sharp decrease only in the proportion of summer precipitation in 2000. (3) For the temporal changes on the regional scale, all the concerned 11 geographic regions of China underwent increasing trends in the proportion of winter precipitation. For spring, it decreased over the regions south of the Yellow River but increased elsewhere. The trend in the proportion of summer precipitation was generally opposite to that of spring. For autumn, it decreased over the other ten regions except Inner Mongolia with no trend. It is noted that the interannual variability of precipitation seasonality is large over North China, Huanghuai, and Jianghuai; its decadal variability is large over the other regions, especially over those regions south of the Yangtze River.     

Modelling the response of glaciers to a doubling in atmospheric CO2: a case study of Storglaciären, northern Sweden

To predict the evolution of glaciers in an enhanced greenhouse climate, results from a global climate model, a glacier melt/accumulation model, and a glacier flow model were combined. The method was applied to Storglaciären, a small well-studied glacier in northern Sweden. The difference between the present climate and a 2 × CO₂ climate around the year 2050 was extracted from a model experiment with the ECHAM4-T106 high resolution climate model for time slices at present and in 2050, using prescribed boundary conditions of sea surface temperature and sea-ice distribution, which are derived from a lower resolution transient run of the ECHAM4-T42/OPIC-coupled atmosphere ocean model between present and 2050. The local climatic conditions on the glacier for 2050 were obtained by adding the modelled local climate changes to the observed local present-day climate. The combination of the comprehensive models presented offers a tool to test and calibrate simplified models which are applicable to a much larger sample of glaciers. For the region of Storglaciären, the GCM projected temperature is found to increase most strongly during the winter months, but also shows a warming during the transition from spring to summer, and again between summer and fall, thus extending the melt season by three to four weeks. Precipitation, on the other hand, decreases by approximately 5% during May to September while there is a stronger increase of approximately 14% for the rest of the year. The consequent increase in winter accumulation on Storglaciären is more than compensated by the increase in ablation during the melt season. The glacier flow model predicts a 300 m retreat of the glacier terminus by the middle of the next century, and a loss of 30% of the present ice mass.     

基于地基微波辐射计遥感的天津大气水汽和液态水特征

利用2013年3月至2017年2月天津西青地基35通道微波辐射计观测资料,分析天津地区大气水汽和液态水特征。结果表明：天津地区各季节积分水汽和积分液态水的日变化趋势基本一致,均呈单峰型日变化特征,其中夏季最大,秋季次之,冬季最小。各季节积分水汽最大值出现在23：00时（北京时,下同）的概率均明显大于其他时次,夏季和冬季的积分液态水的最大值出现在14时的概率最大,春季和秋季分别出现在10时和13时的概率最大。天津地区水汽密度由地面至3.5 km处逐渐减小,递减梯度由夏季、秋季、春季和冬季的顺序依次增大,各季节从1.5 km往上日变化均不明显。1 km以下,春季、夏季和秋季平均水汽密度的日变化曲线呈双峰型,主峰值分别出现在08时、11时和12时左右。冬季呈单峰型变化,峰值区出现在12-16时。液态水密度随高度分层变化,夏季的液态水密度大值区（0.08-0.14 g·m^-3）为5-6 km,在18-20时出现最大值。秋季、春季和冬季液态水密度的大值区出现的高度为1.5-3.5 km,但数值依次减小,春季和冬季的最大值出现在05时前后,秋季则出现在02时左右。另外天津地区水汽、液态水与温度和降水量的变化趋势基本一致,除夏季06-18时及冬季部分时次外,水汽与温度呈正相关。液态水与温度相关性较差,但与降水量呈正相关,全年液态水与降水量夜间的相关性大于白天。     

近百年丹东气温变化特征分析

对1906—2005年丹东气温资料序列进行分析,得到近百年丹东气温变化特征。结果表明:在近百年丹东逐月平均气温变化趋势中,除夏季7月和8月呈线性递减趋势外,其他月份均呈线性递增趋势。在近百年丹东年代际和年际变化中,逐年代平均气温线性递增率为1.13℃/100 a,逐年演变过程中的年平均递增率为0.12℃/10 a。在各季的平均气温变化中,冬季(12月—翌年2月)线性增温最显著,平均线性递增率为0.30℃/10 a;春季(3—5月)次之,线性增长率均为0.12℃/10 a;秋季(9—11月)平均气温线性增温最小,线性增长率为0.06℃/10 a;夏季除6月几乎没有变化外,7—8月均呈递减趋势,整个夏季(6—8月)总线性增减率为0.03℃/10 a。近20 a年线性增暖趋势异常显著,逐年线性递增趋势为0.36℃/10 a。     

Observed seasonal and interannual variability of the near-surface thermal structure of the Arabian Sea Warm Pool

The observed seasonal and interannual variability of near-surface thermal structure of the Arabian Sea Warm Pool (ASWP) is examined utilizing a reanalysis data set for the period 1990–2008. During a year, the ASWP progressively builds from February, reaches its peak by May only in the topmost 60 m water column. The ASWP Index showed a strong seasonal cycle with distinct interannual signatures. The years with higher (lower) sea surface temperature (SST) and larger (smaller) spatial extent are termed as strong (weak) ASWP years. The differences in the magnitude and spatial extent of thermal structure between the strong and weak ASWP regimes are seen more prominently in the topmost 40 m water column. The heat content values with respect to 28 °C isotherm (HC28) are relatively higher (lower) during strong (weak) ASWP years. Even the secondary peak in HC28 seen during the preceding November–December showed higher (lower) magnitude during the strong ASWP (weak) years. The influence of the observed variability in the surface wind field, surface net air–sea heat flux, near-surface mixed layer thickness, sea surface height (SSH) anomaly, depth of 20 °C isotherm and barrier layer thickness is examined to explain the observed differences in the near-surface thermal structure of the ASWP between strong and weak regimes. The surface wind speed is much weaker in particular during the preceding October and February–March corresponding to the strong ASWP years when compared to those of the weak ASWP years implying its important role. Both stronger winter cooling during weak ASWP years and stronger pre-monsoon heating during strong ASWP years through the surface air–sea heat fluxes contribute to the observed sharp contrast in the magnitudes of both the regimes of the ASWP. The upwelling Rossby wave during the preceding summer monsoon, post-monsoon and winter seasons is stronger corresponding to the weak ASWP regime when compared to the strong ASWP regime resulting in greater cooling of the near-surface layers during the summer monsoon season of the preceding year. On the other hand, the downwelling Rossby wave is stronger during pre-monsoon months during the strong ASWP regime when compared to weak ASWP regime leading to lesser cooling during strong ASWP regime.     

Tropospheric low‐level temperature inversions in the Canadian Arctic

Abstract

Climatological characteristics of the low‐level tropospheric temperature inversion in the Canadian Arctic are examined using 10–40 year records of upper‐air meteorological data. Inversions at the northern sites are primarily surface‐based in winter, and elevated from mid‐spring through summer. At the southern sites, a bimodal pattern is observed with surface‐based inversions occurring during late summer, as well as during winter. From comparisons of our results with other published climatologies, it appears that this bimodal pattern reflects interactions between short‐ and long‐wave radiation, synoptic activity and snowmelt. Maxima in inversion depth and temperature difference across the inversion layer occur in February and March; minima occur in August and September. The annual progression of inversion characteristics closely follows the annual pattern of clear‐sky percentages, reflecting the controlling influence of cloud and clear‐sky radiative forcings on the inversion layer.     

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川近地层微气象特征分析

利用2009年9月1日-2010年8月31日祁连山老虎沟12号冰川海拔4 550m气象观测资料,分析并讨论了气温、降水、比湿、气压、风速、风向、总辐射、感热和潜热通量的变化特征。结果表明,在冰川下垫面影响下,气温的逐时变化呈现出升温比降温要快,但季节变化则相反,气温变化的位相比风速要超前;降水主要集中在5～9月,占全年降水的68.1%;冬季平均风速最大,夏季最小,春季高于秋季,春、秋季冰川风的强度要大于谷风,夏季则相反,冬季冰川风占绝对主导地位,且冰川风对地气间的能量交换有重要影响;全年感热通量日平均值大部分都为正值,而潜热通量基本都为负值,在气温较高、风速较大的情况下二者均有明显的增加;夏季感热和潜热通量的绝对值都比冬季要大。     

The observed teleconnection between the equatorial Amazon and the Intra-Americas Seas

Using observations of rainfall and SST analysis it is shown that there is a robust relationship with two-season lag between the austral summer (December–January–February [DJF]) Equatorial Amazon (EA) rainfall and the following boreal summer season (June–July–August [JJA]) Intra-Americas Seas (IAS) Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies (SSTA). It is observed that in wetter than normal austral summer seasons over EA, the SSTA in the IAS are cooler than normal in the following JJA season. This teleconnection also manifests in the ocean heat content of the IAS region. Our analysis indicates that the net surface heat flux into the ocean (particularly the surface longwave and the shortwave radiative fluxes) dictates the strongest influence on the JJA Caribbean SSTA, the core region of the IAS where the observed teleconnection with EA rainfall is strongest. This study also finds that this teleconnection is in fact a manifestation of the remote ENSO forcing on the Caribbean SSTA through its modulation of the EA rainfall anomalies. In a wet DJF year over EA, the Atlantic Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) moves further southward than climatology. This causes the dry limb of the associated overturning circulation of the Atlantic ITCZ to reside over the Caribbean Sea region in the subsequent March–April–May and JJA seasons. As a result of this large-scale descent in the wet DJF year over EA, there is a net decrease in the heat flux into the ocean from increased emission of surface longwave radiation in the presence of anomalously dry atmosphere. In a dry DJF year over EA the Atlantic ITCZ is nearly co-located in the core region of the IAS, which is northward than the climatological location, resulting in the descending limb of the overturning location to be located further south of the Caribbean Sea leading to warmer SSTA.     

Effects of an Urban Park and Residential Area on the Atmospheric CO2 Concentration and Flux in Seoul, Korea

The CO₂ concentrations and fluxes over an urban forest site (Namsan) and an urban residential region (Boramae) in Seoul, Korea, during the non-growing season (2–4 March 2011), the growing season (10–12 June 2011), and the late-growing season (22–24 September 2011) were analyzed. The CO₂ concentrations of two sites showed nearly the same diurnal variation, with a maximum value occurring during the night and a minimum value occurring during daytime, as well as the same seasonal variation, with a maximum value during the non-growing season (early spring) and a minimum value during the growing season (summer). The CO₂ flux over the urban forest did not show any typical diurnal variation during the non-growing season, but did show diurnal variation with a small positive value during the night and a large negative value during daytime in the growing and late-growing seasons due to photosynthesis in the urban forest. The CO₂ flux over the urban residential region showed a positive daily mean value for all periods, with large values during the non-growing season and small values during the growing season, and it also showed diurnal variation with two maxima at 0600–1000 LST and 1800–2400 LST, and two minima at 0300-0600 LST and 1100-1500 LST, and was strongly correlated with the use of liquefied natural gas for cooking and heating by surrounding houses.     

杭州市区大气臭氧浓度变化及气象要素影响

利用2005-2007年杭州市区大气O₃连续监测资料, 分析了O₃浓度变化特征, 在此基础上结合气象观测资料, 分析了大气O₃与天气系统间的关系, 建立了O₃与气象要素间的多元回归方程。结果表明: 2007年O₃平均浓度和最大小时浓度分别为44 μg.m-3和348 μg.m-3, 比上一年增加20%左右, 超标现象也越来越严重; O₃浓度有明显的季节变化, 夏季高、冬季低; 大气O₃浓度超标主要出现在高压后部和高压控制等天气类型。在紫外线强度较强时O₃浓度也高, 二者呈显著正相关; 对O₃与各种气象因子进行多元回归分析表明: O₃主要受到温度、相对湿度、日照等因素影响。     

1966—2018年秦皇岛气候舒适度时空变化特征

利用1966—2018年气象资料,采用气候舒适度评价及趋势分析方法,对秦皇岛地区近53 a气候舒适度变化进行分析。结果表明：秦皇岛北部山区、中部平原和东南沿海三个区域的气候舒适度变化趋势一致,存在空间差异性。整体上,秦皇岛气候舒适度以舒适至冷凉特征为主,各区域舒适和较舒适等级占47%—49%,冷不舒适等级占34%—37%,炎热及更热不舒适等级极少。近53 a,夏季、冬季气候舒适度均呈增暖趋势,冬季增暖幅度大于夏季。热不舒适日数自20世纪90年代开始激增且持续偏多,寒冷不舒适日数呈逐年代减少态势;在空间上,热不舒适日数随着测站高程和纬度的降低而增多,寒冷不舒适日数与之相反。5—10月气候舒适或较舒适,秦皇岛全域皆为旅游、疗养适宜期;7—8月无酷暑,“微热”的天气为人们提供畅游大海的有利气象条件;3月、4月和11月气候偏冷凉,是户外登山的大好时机;12月至翌年2月寒冷不舒适,不适宜大众旅游疗养,适宜开展冰雪旅游活动。因此,可以认为秦皇岛全域、全季皆适宜旅游,由此为秦皇岛市旅游开发与规划及研究气候变化对旅游业的影响提供依据,为来到“秦皇山海、康养福地”的康养群体提供生活和出游气象服务指导。     

The energy budget of the Sable Island ocean region

The heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere over cold water is studied by calculating all terms in the energy balance twice each day for the year 1971 for the Sable Island region.

The atmospheric long‐wave radiation is relatively constant because of frequent overcast and low clouds. The surface long‐wave balance is markedly negative in winter but slightly positive for a short time in summer, due to strong advection of warm moist air over the cold water. In winter, the turbulent fluxes are directed upwards and are strong, the upward fluxes beginning after the middle of August and lasting until mid‐March. The maximum daily values of latent heat flux are 400 to 500 ly day^?1 (194 to 242 W m^?2), about a third or a quarter of the magnitude over the warmer Gulf Stream water. The summer fluxes are fairly constant and directed downward.

The water of the Labrador Current in the Sable Island region warms substantially from March to September and conversely cools intensely in the period November‐January.

A comparison of the energy exchange for a current and for water without motion shows that the surface temperatures would be similar in summer, and the temperature drop would be about equal until November. From that time on, the surface temperature would level off for a water body with no current, but in actual conditions the surface temperature continues to drop to a late winter minimum of about 1°C.

Atmospheric advection of latent heat was calculated by assuming that the daily precipitation was always caused first by condensation of all locally evaporated water with any remainder being supplied by water‐vapour advection. The main cause for atmospheric heating in the Sable Island area was found to be condensation of imported water vapour. The region is, in summer, a marked sink for atmospheric heat and water content. For water it remains a sink even in winter. For sensible heat it becomes a source from November to March. The warming of the atmosphere is caused by release of latent heat of advected water vapour in the period February‐August. During the months September‐January the heat sources are both water‐vapour advection and surface turbulent terms.     

Statistical Analysis and Prediction of KwaZulu-Natal Climate

Summary. Climatic fluctuations in KwaZulu-Natal, southeastern South Africa, are analysed using statistical techniques. Moist easterly winds sweep in from the Indian Ocean during all seasons except winter, producing a balance between evaporative losses and precipitation. The seasonal cycle is unimodal with a peak of rainfall and temperature in the summer months (December to February) with a 1–2 month lag for streamflow and vegetation growth. Rainfall and temperature departures in recent decades exhibit a 3 year cycle and a 3–6 month persistence of cool/wet or warm/dry phases. The predictability of summer rainfall, temperature, crop yield, inflow to dams and malaria incidence is explored. Multivariate linear regression models with lead-times of one season account for two-thirds of the variance in most cases. Climatic signals which enable predictability include winds over the tropical east Atlantic and north Indian Ocean. El Ni?o signals from tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures and the Southern Oscillation Index are also important predictors for KwaZulu-Natal’s climate. These relationships suggest that local circulation responses to large scale tropical-polar temperature gradients govern climatic fluctuations over KwaZulu-Natal. Received August 27, 1997. Revised November 10, 1997     

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF GENERAL CIRCULATION, POLAR ICE AND SNOW DAYS / COVER OF EXTREMELY SEVERE COLD MONTHS IN SOUTH CHINA WINTER

The work has made a statistic study of the variations of extremely severe cold winter months in the south of China and general circulation and external forcing factors in preceding periods. The result shows that from the current month to the preceding March the subtropical high in the west Pacific is persistently weak or located more to the east and south. When the summer monsoon is weak in East Asia in the year before, the winter monsoon will be strong in the current year in which the extremely severe cold month occurs. The Asian polar vortex expands in the preceding July, August and September and the current winter. The Tibetan Plateau has fewer days of snow cover in the November and December before the cold month occurs. There is less snow in the Tibetan Plateau in the preceding winter / spring of each extremely severe cold month. There are more polar ice in the polar Region for the 11 months before the current February, especially the previous March through August, and in Region in January ~ November before the current cold month of December but less ice in Region in March ~ August.     

<p>PARTITION OF SEASON BASED ON MULTIELEMENTS AND THE DECADAL CHANGE OF SEASON DURATION IN CHINA</p>

<p>Using the multielements similarity measurement method and 1950–C2017 NCEP/NCAR gridded daily reanalysis datasets, we analyzed season duration in China during 1950–C2016, and we defined the element with maximum absolute sensitivity as the key impact element at each point using the sensitivity analysis method. The decadal change of season duration and its key impact element before and after 1980 were studied. The results indicated obvious meridional and zonal differences in the distribution of season duration for the 67-year average, and that the key impact element has the same distribution characteristics as season duration. In addition, complementary relationships were found between the durations of spring and summer, autumn and winter, and the cold and warm seasons. Of those, the complementary relationship between the durations of spring and summer was strongest and the regions of complementarity were numerous. The complementary regions of autumn and winter durations were found mainly in western China. In the cold and warm seasons, the complementary regions were widespread and the complementary relationship was generally weak. Comparison of the periods before and after 1980 revealed an east–Cwest difference in the interdecadal variation of season duration. Interdecadal variation in spring and summer was found concentrated in northern and western regions, while that in autumn and winter was concentrated in the western region. Areas of significant interdecadal variation of the key elements were found concentrated in northern and western regions, corresponding well with the areas of significant interdecadal variation of season duration.</p>     

A note on the break‐up of lakes and rivers as indicators of climate change

Abstract

A detailed examination has been made of the relationship between the space and time variations of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall and the equatorial eastern‐Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in different seasons for the 108‐year period, 1871–1978. There is a strong inverse relationship between the two. The correlation coefficients between All‐India monsoon rainfall and the sea surface temperature anomaly for the concurrent season; June, July and August (JJA) and for the succeeding seasons; September, October and November (SON) and December, January and February (DJF) are consistently and highly significant. Even a random sample of 50 years gave values significant at the 0.1 percent level. The sliding window correlation analysis of 10‐, 20‐ and 30‐year widths indicates that the relationships between All‐India monsoon rainfall and the sea surface temperature anomaly for the concurrent JJA and the succeeding SON and DJF seasons exhibit stability and consistency in significance. For contiguous meteorological sub‐divisions west of longitude 80°E the relationship is highly significant for JJA and for succeeding SON and DJF seasons.     

Atmospheric circulation as a factor for air temperatures in Bulgaria

The research period is 1950–2012, and includes data for air temperatures in 21 Bulgarian stations. Two circulation indices, covering the same period and showing west–east or south–north directions of transport of air masses, were calculated. Statistical methods were used in the study. The results show a significant positive trend in average annual air temperatures in almost the entire territory of Bulgaria with the exception of its eastern-northeastern part. The warming occurs mainly in March, June and July, with some stations having significant positive values also in January, May and August. The zonal index reveals an insignificant increase of western transport of air masses in the cold half of the year (October–April) and strengthening of the eastern transport in the rest of the year. The meridional index shows an increase of the northern transport of air masses over the entire year and this is particularly visible in March, June, August and September. Correlation coefficients indicate that atmospheric circulation has leading role in determination of air temperatures during the period from November to April. Western transport of air masses leads to higher temperatures in spring, autumn and winter and to lower temperatures in summer. The influence of ENSO on atmospheric circulation over Bulgaria is weak, with a time lag of 2 months. El Niño is associated with increased western and northern transport of air masses, while La Niña is associated with increased eastern and southern transport of air masses over southeastern Europe.     

塔里木盆地不同地域大气降尘TSP变化特征分析

为了解塔里木盆地不同地域大气降尘及TSP的污染特征和季节变化规律,在塔里木盆地布设了铁干里克、塔中、民丰、喀什4个采样站点,于2007-2010年期间利用集尘缸和大流量采样器分别对上述4个地区的大气降尘及TSP进行连续采样。通过对样品和数据的分析处理,揭示了塔里木盆地不同地域大气降尘及TSP基本特征及影响因素：（1）2007-2010年塔中大气降尘量和TSP浓度均为4个站点中最高,其次为民丰和喀什,铁干里克最少。区域气候差异是造成塔里木盆地降尘和TSP浓度空间分布差异的主要原因。（2）5-8月是塔中地区沙尘天气高发时节,7月沙尘暴天气处于峰值。3-8月是民丰、喀什和铁干里克大气降尘主要分布月份。春夏季节的塔里木盆地降尘污染明显高于秋冬季节。（3）每年3-9月都是4个站点TSP主要分布阶段,最高值出现月份略有差异。塔里木盆地周边TSP浓度季节变化大体一致,春夏季大于秋冬季,不同的地区季节分布略有差异。（4）春夏季沙尘天气是造成大气降尘和TSP质量浓度较高的主要因素。     

贵州玉屏四季气候季节的划分及特征分析

利用玉屏国家地面气象观测站1961—2016年逐日平均气温资料,采用《气候季节划分》(QX/T15—2012)方法,对玉屏县四季起始日期及长度进行分析。结果表明:(1)玉屏县常年四季起始日期:入春3月5日,入夏5月23日,入秋9月22日,入冬11月28日;四季长度:春季79 d,夏季122 d,秋季67 d,冬季97 d。(2)56 a来玉屏县春季起始日期呈提前趋势,长度呈增加趋势,两者均在20世纪90年代前后出现了转折,但未发生气候突变;夏季起始日期及长度趋势变化不明显;秋季起始日期呈推后趋势,长度变化不明显;冬季起始日期变化不明显,长度呈减少趋势;春季长度增加、冬季长度减少主要为春季起始日期提前所致。(3)玉屏县四季起始日期的年际变幅大,起始日期比常年偏早(晚)连续2候以上的异常年份,春季为23%,夏季为27%,秋季为32%,冬季为25%。(4)玉屏县春季开始后出现低于季节指标≥1候的概率达41%,表明玉屏县春季出现倒春寒天气的概率很大。(5)比较气象行标法与稳定通过法的四季起始日期及长度,气象行标法对玉屏县的四季划分更能满足于农业生产的需要。     

中国土壤热通量的时空分布特征研究

利用中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)的17个野外台站2004～2007年的实测土壤表层热通量资料,分析了土壤表层热通量的季节和空间变化规律。土壤热通量从2月份开始由负值转变为正值,9月份左右开始由正值转变为负值,在3～8月份土壤热通量的值都为正值,12月至次年1月土壤热通量都为负值。空间分布上,东北地区和西北地区季节变化明显,年变幅比较大,长江流域地区夏季增加幅度小,年变化幅度也比较小,青藏高原地区四季都相对为低值地区,年变幅比较小,总的空间变化趋势是春夏季北高南低,秋冬季节南高北低。土壤热通量年合计值在东北黑土地地区、西北荒漠地区、黄土高原陕北地区和四川盆地地区是高值区,长江流域下游和黄河流域中下游冲积而成的区域为负值区。研究结果为进一步研究土壤的生态环境形成和变化提供了参考依据。