松潘甘孜地块四姑娘山花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学证据及与汶川地震的关系

松潘甘孜地体东部的花岗岩主要形成于印支晚期至燕山初期,其中四姑娘山花岗岩体的锆石普遍具有岩浆锆石的特征。通过四姑娘山花岗岩体的黑云母花岗闪长岩中的23粒锆石的锆石激光探针U-Pb定年,确定其岩浆结晶年龄为燕山早期(191±1)Ma,此年龄对解决龙门山断裂带形成的初始时间有重要意义。虽然在松潘甘孜地体多数岩体长轴走向和矿物定向均呈北西向,但过去区调中划分的北西向的金川—理县构造岩浆带不能代表这种楔入作用的产物,而应重新划分为北东向的道孚—金川—小金—黑水构造岩浆带,四姑娘山岩体是这个北东向构造岩浆带中的典型。这些花岗岩主要是扬子地块沿龙门山构造带向松潘甘孜地体内楔入导致松潘甘孜地体中下地壳低速层发生部分熔融的结果。地球物理资料显示,四姑娘山地区是有"山根"的,这些"山根"主要由巨大的花岗岩基组成,它们不是引起汶川地震的原因,但是减弱了汶川地震的地震波向西北方向的青藏高原传递,并对汶川地震时的龙门山断裂带向西南段的扩张起了一定的阻挡作用,即降低了汶川地震的大量余震在龙门山断裂带西南段发生的概率。     

松潘-甘孜地体内花岗岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年及其构造意义

松潘-甘孜地体总体上是一个三角状褶皱带,其北侧、东南侧及东侧分别与东昆仑-西秦岭构造带、金沙江构造带及龙门山构造带相邻。地体内几乎全部被三叠系浊积岩所覆盖,其中侵位了很多花岗岩体。显然,这些花岗岩的岩浆特征、来源与侵位时代,对研究松潘-甘孜地体基底性质、构造演化等问题具有重要意义。本文报道利用SHRIMP定年技术对一些花岗岩岩体锆石所进行的精确测年数据。测试结果表明:(1)松潘-甘孜地体内的花岗岩体主要形成于晚三叠世,但岩浆活动可延续到早侏罗世晚期;(2)早期花岗岩浆活动与三叠纪系褶皱变形大致同期,指示这一时期的花岗岩浆的形成可能与三叠系下部大型拆离滑脱构造相关;(3)花岗岩结晶锆石普遍具有浑圆状或不规则状较老的继承锆石核,这些核部继承锆石可能代表花岗岩浆在上升过程中从不同地层内捕获的碎屑锆石,或者是下地壳岩石深熔残留锆石。根据SHRING U-Pb定年,这些继承锆石的年龄分别为二叠纪、加里东期、晚元古代和早元古代。元古代碎屑锆石的存在也可能指示松潘-甘孜地体具前寒武系基底。     

四川九龙新火山花岗岩体单颗粒锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年及其地质意义

本文对四川九龙新火山花岗岩岩体中的锆石进行了详细的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素年龄测定。该岩体中的锆石发育较好的环带结构,Th/U值较高(大于0.13),具有岩浆成因锆石的特征。研究结果表明,新火山岩体中锆石的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为181.2±1.4Ma(MSWD=3.3),代表了新火山花岗岩的结晶年龄,为早侏罗世,反映了松潘-甘孜造山带燕山期岩浆活动的一个重要阶段,为进一步理解松潘-甘孜燕山期花岗质岩浆活动及其动力学背景等提供了有力的证据。     

川西北羊拱海及邻区花岗岩体微量元素地球化学特征

位于松潘-甘孜造山带内的羊拱海及邻区岩体主要为印支期-燕山期花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩等.通过对羊拱海、达盖寨及二道桥花岗岩体微量元素及稀土元素地球化学特征的研究可知,岩体表现为较平滑的具有较弱Eu负异常或无Eu异常的向右陡倾的稀土配分模式曲线,且从微量元素比值K/Rb、Rb/Sr等均反映出羊拱海及邻区岩体具有同熔型花岗岩的特点.由此推测,岩体的形成于同碰撞的造山环境,属于同构造期侵入岩.是印支晚期发生大规模的造山运动,形成断裂、褶皱构造,在造山带内地壳加厚,由于深部剪切热使下地壳产生局部熔融产生同熔岩浆上侵定位形成花岗岩体.     

龙门山断裂带印支期左旋走滑运动及其大地构造成因

位于青藏高原东缘的龙门山构造呈北东—南西向将松潘—甘孜褶皱带和华南地块分割开。前者主要是由一套巨厚的三叠纪复理石沉积组成 ,分布在古特提斯海的东缘。后者由前寒武纪基底和上覆的古生代和中生代沉积盖层组成。位于汶川—茂汶断裂以东的前龙门山存在一系列倾向北西的逆掩断层 ,它们将许多由元古宙和古生代岩层组成的断片向南东置于四川盆地的中生代红层之上 ,构成典型的薄皮构造。许多研究由此断定松潘—甘孜褶皱带和四川盆地之间在中生代发生过大规模的北西—南东向挤压。然而 ,汶川—茂汶断裂西侧的松潘—甘孜褶皱带内部的挤压构造线大多是垂直于而不是平形于龙门山断裂带 ,这表明当时的挤压应力不是北西—南东向而是北东—南西向。近年来在龙门山构造带内发现 ,在三叠纪时龙门山断裂带在发生推覆的同时还经历过大规模的北东—南西向的左旋走滑运动 ,协调走滑运动的主要构造为汶川—茂汶断裂。走滑运动的成因与松潘—甘孜褶皱带北东—南西向缩短有关。汶川—茂汶断裂的左旋走滑在龙门山的北东端被古特提斯海沿勉略俯冲带的消减和发生在大巴山的古生代 /中生代岩层的褶皱和冲断作用所吸收 ,在龙门山的南西端被古特提斯海沿甘孜—理塘俯冲带的消减和松潘—甘孜三叠纪复理石的褶皱和冲断作用所吸?     

龙门山茂汶—汶川变质带构造特征研究

龙门山中段茂汶－汶川韧性剪切带中可见到绿片岩相到角闪岩相的古生界，该地的巴罗型中压变质相相当于松潘－甘孜褶皱带中的地壳的绿泥石带，构成了北东－南西向的茂汶－汶川变质带。雪隆包花岗岩体正位于该变质带的中心部位。三次韧性变形作用造就了印支褶皱带，并在三叠纪末期形成了松潘－甘孜褶皱带。     

东昆仑南缘韧性剪切带变形特征及其形成时代的限定

中生代巴彦喀拉-松潘甘孜地体向东昆仑地体斜向俯冲,在东昆仑南缘形成一条巨型的韧性剪切带。剪切带中发育的旋转碎斑、书斜构造、解理阶步、云母鱼、S-C组构、不对称褶皱、雁列脉等宏微观构造,显示剪切带兼具右行和左行的特征,且右行早于左行剪切,但总体以左行剪切为主。对西大滩糜棱岩化花岗岩和小南川未变形花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石UPb测年,西大滩岩体侵位于199.3±2.2Ma,小南川岩体形成于196.4±1.3Ma。西大滩与小南川岩体中的锆石为典型的岩浆锆石,其年龄代表了岩体侵位的时代。鉴于2个岩体的变形程度完全不同,东昆仑南缘在199~196Ma之间发生了左行韧性剪切。     

青藏高原东缘龙门-锦屏造山带的崛起——大型拆离断层和挤出机制

龙门-锦屏山的东缘发育一系列逆冲断裂和飞来峰构造,逆冲作用使山体向东叠置在四川盆地之上。新的野外调查、显微构造分析和糜棱岩石英组构的EBSD测量表明,在龙门-锦屏山的前震旦纪变质杂岩体西缘(即青藏高原东缘)发育一条近NS向的大型韧性拆离断裂,被20Ma以来形成的NW—SE向鲜水河韧性走滑剪切带[1]左行错位80km。青藏高原东缘韧性拆离断裂中黑云母40Ar-39Ar测年获得112～120Ma的年龄,表明龙门-锦屏山的崛起可能与白垩纪开始的垂向挤出机制密切关联。结合四川前陆盆地的沉积及演化特征,认为晚三叠世时期羌塘/东昆仑/扬子陆块的碰撞形成松潘-甘孜造山带,晚三叠世—侏罗纪在其东南缘形成四川前陆盆地沉积;早白垩世龙门-锦屏山开始抬升,晚白垩世快速崛起,在四川前陆盆地沉积之上叠置白垩纪—第四纪再生前陆盆地的沉积。龙门-锦屏山的崛起与白垩纪以来扬子板块岩石圈对于松潘-甘孜地体的陆内俯冲作用有关,使位于中下地壳的变质基底岩石在挤出机制下隆起。     

川西容须卡锂辉石矿床石英闪长岩锆石LA-ICP MS测年及构造意义

针对松潘-甘孜造山带中部的容须卡锂辉石矿床中进行了详细的岩石学、地球化学2件石英闪长岩、3件花岗岩闪长岩及锆石U-Pb年代学1件研究,结果表明,岩体具有中-高硅(59.05%～67.67%),高钾(1.64%～2.46%)、富钙(4.11%～7.38%)、贫铝(10.63%～17.61%),铝饱和指数(A/CNK0.58～1.15)偏低的特征,并且岩体中普遍含角闪石,岩石类型属Ⅰ型花岗岩系列。稀土总量变化较大,稀土配分曲线为右倾型,轻稀土相对富集。δEu为0.75～1.63,平均为0.90,具有较弱的负铕异常。野外观测、镜下鉴定及微量元素地球化学特征均显示该岩体原始岩浆起源于壳-幔混熔或下地壳物质的部分熔融,属下地壳重熔的I型高钾钙碱性花岗岩系列岩石。微量元素构造环境判别投点位于火山弧花岗岩区域,与岛弧型花岗岩具有相似的特征,形成于松潘-甘孜造山带碰撞后构造背景,源区可能来自黑云母的脱水熔融。容须卡黑云母石英闪长岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb加权平均年龄为214.4Ma±1.2Ma(MSWD=0.064),表明容须卡岩体原始岩浆的初始结晶时代为晚三叠世。容须卡岩体形成于晚三叠世碰撞后构造环境,是壳-幔岩浆的拆沉作用导致壳-幔混熔的产物,(含稀有金属)伟晶岩脉与与该花岗岩体在成因上有联系。     

龙门山断裂带及其邻区电性结构特征

龙门山断裂带是中国大陆地壳中著名的造山带和地震带。为了研究龙门山逆冲推覆构造的深部结构及其与青藏高原物质东向逃逸之间的关系,布置了跨越西秦岭造山带、松潘—甘孜褶皱带、四川盆地的4条大地电磁测深剖面,每条剖面有宽频大地电磁测深点20个,共计80个宽频大地电磁测深数据以及16个长周期数据;进行了二维、三维反演,得到了电性模型。研究结果显示:在30 km以浅,龙门山断裂带基本上与电性梯度变化带相重合,说明龙门山断裂带是深达地壳中部的深大断裂带;松潘-—甘孜褶皱带在20 km以浅呈现以高阻为主的较为复杂的电性结构分布特征,这与其复杂的地表构造有关;在20 km以深,接近龙门山断裂带附近呈现为高阻,推测此高阻可能是对四川盆地的基底的反映,表明松潘—甘孜褶皱带以龙门山断裂为界推覆至四川盆地之上;推断青藏高原物质东向逃逸,有可能从松潘—甘孜褶皱带深部沿礼县—宕昌一带向东北方向逃逸,这一运移主要是发生在18 km以下、30 km以上的中下地壳范围内,物质逃逸的主要形式是部分熔融。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.