龙门山茂汶—汶川变质带构造特征研究

龙门山中段茂汶－汶川韧性剪切带中可见到绿片岩相到角闪岩相的古生界，该地的巴罗型中压变质相相当于松潘－甘孜褶皱带中的地壳的绿泥石带，构成了北东－南西向的茂汶－汶川变质带。雪隆包花岗岩体正位于该变质带的中心部位。三次韧性变形作用造就了印支褶皱带，并在三叠纪末期形成了松潘－甘孜褶皱带。     

川西龙门山褶皱冲断带分带性变形特征

通过野外地质考察和地震资料解释,将龙门山褶皱冲断带划分为5个构造带,即青川-茂汶断裂以西为松潘-甘孜构造带,青川-茂汶断裂与北川-映秀断裂之间为韧性变形带,北川-映秀断裂与马角坝-通济场-双石断裂之间为基底卷入冲断带,马角坝-通济场-双石断裂与广元-关口-大邑断裂之间为前缘-褶皱冲断带,广元-关口-大邑断裂以东为前陆坳陷带,在构造变形特征上,各条断裂在演化上具有前展式特征,在松潘-甘孜构造带和韧性变形带构造变形强烈,形成推覆构造带等构造变形样式,在前缘-褶皱冲断带和前陆坳陷带,变形强度较弱,形成背冲断块或断层相关褶皱等构造,西北部区域的变形表现为塑性变形特征,向南东方向渐变为塑-脆性变形和脆性变形,在剖面上各条断裂所形成的深度向盆地方向逐渐递减。龙门山褶皱冲断带的分带性变形特征是由多种因素共同影响的结果,这些因素主要有板块构造背景的决定作用、多套滑脱层的控制作用和岩性因素的制约作用。     

扎格罗斯褶皱冲断带构造变形特征

扎格罗斯褶皱冲断带是扎格罗斯碰撞造山带的前陆褶皱冲断带,也是波斯湾周缘前陆盆地的楔顶带,自北东到南西垂直于构造线方向可分为高扎格罗斯冲断带和扎格罗斯简单褶皱带;自北西到南东沿构造线方向可分为洛雷斯坦区(Lorestan)、迪兹富勒湾区(Dezful Embayment)和法尔斯区(Fars)。扎格罗斯褶皱冲断带的形成始于晚白垩世阿拉伯板块的洋壳向北俯冲到欧亚板块之下,褶皱冲断构造从北东部缝合带向南西方向伸展,并在上新世基本定型。本文选取了横切扎格罗斯褶皱冲断带的3条地质剖面和两条局部地震剖面进行构造变形分析。剖面分析显示研究区垂向上由一条大滑脱面将扎格罗斯褶皱冲断带剖面分为上、下两个构造层;褶皱冲断变形从北东到南西向由强变弱。研究区发育走滑、挤压和拉张3种构造变形,挤压构造变形占主导地位。挤压构造变形又包括滑脱褶皱、断展褶皱、断弯褶皱和双重构造等。     

2008年汶川8.0级地震的发震构造:沿龙门山断裂带新生的地壳深部断裂

在区域地质构造研究中,龙门山断裂带也称为龙门山褶皱-冲断带或推覆构造带。许多研究者认为,2008年汶川8级地震的发震构造是这条断裂带或其中央映秀—北川断裂。笔者在深入分析龙门山断裂带的构造演化和岩石圈结构构造特征的基础上,着重探讨8级地震的发震构造,提出不同的认识。龙门山断裂带经历了松潘—甘孜造山带的前陆褶皱-冲断带(T3-J)、造山带(K-E)和青藏高原边缘隆起带(N-Q)3个动力学条件不同的演化阶段,在前两个阶段断裂带递进发展,第三阶段断裂带则被改造。从三维空间看,龙门山断裂带位于松潘—甘孜地块东南缘的上地壳内,并被推覆到扬子陆块上;而松潘—甘孜地块的中—下地壳和岩石圈地幔发生韧性增厚,而且向扬子陆块壳下俯冲,从而使浅、深部构造在垂向上形成"吞噬"扬子地块的"鳄鱼嘴"式结构。虽然在平面上汶川8级地震的主余震分布与映秀—北川断裂一致,但从剖面上看其震源所构成的震源破裂体位于龙门山断裂带之下的扬子陆块内。这种不一致性表明,8级地震的发震构造不是龙门山断裂带,而是扬子陆块内新生的高角度断裂,其走向基本与龙门山断裂带一致。推测这一震源断裂的形成过程是:当松潘—甘孜地块向东南推挤时,其前缘"鳄鱼嘴"构造咬合并错断被吞噬的扬子陆块部分,形成具有右旋逆平移性质的新断裂,导致汶川8级地震的发生。     

松潘甘孜地块四姑娘山花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学证据及与汶川地震的关系

松潘甘孜地体东部的花岗岩主要形成于印支晚期至燕山初期,其中四姑娘山花岗岩体的锆石普遍具有岩浆锆石的特征。通过四姑娘山花岗岩体的黑云母花岗闪长岩中的23粒锆石的锆石激光探针U-Pb定年,确定其岩浆结晶年龄为燕山早期(191±1)Ma,此年龄对解决龙门山断裂带形成的初始时间有重要意义。虽然在松潘甘孜地体多数岩体长轴走向和矿物定向均呈北西向,但过去区调中划分的北西向的金川—理县构造岩浆带不能代表这种楔入作用的产物,而应重新划分为北东向的道孚—金川—小金—黑水构造岩浆带,四姑娘山岩体是这个北东向构造岩浆带中的典型。这些花岗岩主要是扬子地块沿龙门山构造带向松潘甘孜地体内楔入导致松潘甘孜地体中下地壳低速层发生部分熔融的结果。地球物理资料显示,四姑娘山地区是有"山根"的,这些"山根"主要由巨大的花岗岩基组成,它们不是引起汶川地震的原因,但是减弱了汶川地震的地震波向西北方向的青藏高原传递,并对汶川地震时的龙门山断裂带向西南段的扩张起了一定的阻挡作用,即降低了汶川地震的大量余震在龙门山断裂带西南段发生的概率。     

中－新生代龙门山的差异隆升

通过对采自龙门山南段、中段和北段花岗岩与砂岩样品中的磷灰石、锆石的裂变径迹年龄的分析,发现中生代以来龙门山的隆升在走向上存在分段性,在近东西方向上存在分带性。从松潘－甘孜褶皱带→龙门山冲断带→川西前陆盆地：松潘－甘孜褶皱带整体发生区域隆升,裂变径迹年龄与高程呈正相关关系;在龙门山冲断带,裂变径迹年龄与高程呈负相关关系或无关,说明冲断层在隆升过程中起主导作用;在川西前陆盆地,样品随埋深发生部分或全部退火。茂县－汶川断裂两侧锆石裂变径迹年龄差异明显而磷灰石裂变径迹年龄无明显差异,显示茂县－汶川断裂以西地区在38～10 Ma发生过更为快速的隆升;北川断裂两侧磷灰石裂变径迹年龄差异明显,表明北川断裂以西地区在10～0 Ma发生过快速隆升。从走向上看,从龙门山北段向南段,锆石裂变径迹年龄呈逐渐增大的趋势,这可能意味着印支末期或燕山早期,龙门山北段发生了更快的隆升;而磷灰石裂变径迹年龄总体上从龙门山北段向中段和南段呈递减趋势,反映新生代期间龙门山中、南段隆升更快。     

川西丘洛金矿的发现及启迪

西南冶金地质勘探公司通过1/20万化探分散流扫面和分散流异常的检查,发现了高品位的、具有一定规摸的丘洛金矿体。该矿体位于松潘—甘孜中生代印支地槽褶皱系中的北西向鲜水河深大断裂带(延伸400km),严格受其次级断裂控制。鲜水河断裂北东有色达深大断裂,南西有甘孜—理圹深大     

塔里木西部地区古生代断裂活动的方式和机制

基于系统的地震剖面解释及其与塔中地区的对比,本文探讨了塔里木西部地区古生代断裂活动的方式和机制。玛东断裂带是一条宽阔的北东向盖层滑脱型褶皱冲断带,前展式向东南扩展,冲断作用发生在奥陶纪末。巴东断裂(吐土休克Ⅱ号断裂)为北西向基底卷入型冲断带,奥陶纪末和中二叠世末发生冲断。巴西断裂和塔参2井南断裂是海西期的正断层。塔里木古板块古生代的发育受邻侧的造山带演化制约,近东西向和北东向断裂奥陶纪末的冲断是继承基底构造发育的。塔中地区的近北西向断裂是晚寒武世的新生断裂,加里东运动可分为两幕:奥陶纪末的冲断(艾比湖运动)和晚志留-中泥盆世的冲断-走滑,后者向西明显减弱。塔里木西部的部分北西向断裂(如康西断裂)可归入塔中北西向断裂系。北东向的玛东断裂带是其西的向北(东)冲断的吐木休克断裂带与其东的向南偏东冲断的塔中8-1井——塔中5井断裂带之间的调节断层。     

燕山板内造山带中段近东西向中生代右行走滑构造系统

阐述了分布燕山板内造山带中段的近东西向中生代右行走滑构造系统的几何学与运动学特征，指出该右行走滑断裂系统由古北口－平泉断裂和密云－喜峰口－锦西断裂两条主干断裂，以及夹于其间的北西向张性断层和张裂脉，北东向压性断层和褶皱等共同组成，近东西向主干断裂具有右行右列“P破裂”结构形式，北西向的张性断层和张裂脉则具有“T破裂”性质，主干断裂与北东向压性断裂和褶皱构成了一幅右行走滑双重构造（strike-slip duplexs)格局，而不是不同期次变形的产物。该走滑断裂系统形成于侏罗纪末一早白垩世初（147－132Ma)，由于它恰好构成了位于辽西的走向北东，向南东逆冲的逆冲推覆构造系统与冀北，冀西北地区北东走向，上盘向北西逆冲的推覆构造的转换和调节部位，所以本文提出了一个右行走滑构造系统的统一构造模式，在该模式中，辽西和冀北，冀西北同时代而运动方向相反的逆冲构造系统分别构成了近东西向右行走滑系统的断盘前缘挤压逆冲构造区，认为惦记山板内造山带总体构造格局的区域构造作用方式是：在总体北西一南东向挤压的一级构造应力场作用下，造山带北部的块体相对于中生代华北地台为主体的块体做向东的右景下，燕山板内造山带可能构成了亚洲东部另一个重要的“挤出构造带”或“逃逸构造域”，这种推测需要得到北部东西向断裂系具有同期左行走滑运动的支持。     

东昆仑造山带前陆盆地的叠加褶皱及其变形机制

在东昆仑造山带的三叠纪洪水川群复理石岩系中,发育着两组斜歪－倒转褶皱：一组轴迹方向为北西向,与造山带主体构造线近一致;另一组为新发现的北东向,与造山带主体构造线近垂直,形成叠加褶皱．每一组褶皱均是压扁、纯剪切、纯剪切＋简单剪切三种变形机制的产物．北西向褶皱轴面的南西倒和北东向褶皱轴面的北西倒,与国内外典型的前陆盆地中的褶皱形态不尽相同,反映了动力基础是板块碰撞之后的近于垂直的北东及北西方向挤压应力相继作用下形成的叠加褶皱．北东向褶皱的发现,揭示了造山带中构造应力场的转换．     

Tectonics of the Longmen Shan and Adjacent Regions,Central China

The Longmen Shan region includes, from west to east, the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, the Sichuan Basin, and the eastern part of the eastern Sichuan fold-and-thrust belt. In the northeast, it merges with the Micang Shan, a part of the Qinling Mountains. The Longmen Shan region can be divided into two major tectonic elements: (1) an autochthon/parautochthon, which underlies the easternmost part of the Tibetan Plateau, the Sichuan Basin, and the eastern Sichuan fold-and-thrust belt; and (2) a complex allochthon, which underlies the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau. The allochthon was emplaced toward the southeast during Late Triassic time, and it and the western part of the autochthon/parautochthon were modified by Cenozoic deformation.

The autochthon/parautochthon was formed from the western part of the Yangtze platform and consists of a Proterozoic basement covered by a thin, incomplete succession of Late Proterozoic to Middle Triassic shallow-marine and nonmarine sedimentary rocks interrupted by Permian extension and basic magmatism in the southwest. The platform is bounded by continental margins that formed in Silurian time to the west and in Late Proterozoic time to the north. Within the southwestern part of the platform is the narrow N-trending Kungdian high, a paleogeographic unit that was positive during part of Paleozoic time and whose crest is characterized by nonmarine Upper Triassic rocks unconformably overlying Proterozoic basement.

In the western part of the Longmen Shan region, the allochthon is composed mainly of a very thick succession of strongly folded Middle and Upper Triassic Songpan Ganzi flysch. Along the eastern side and at the base of the allochthon, pre-Upper Triassic rocks crop out, forming the only exposures of the western margin of the Yangtze platform. Here, Upper Proterozoic to Ordovician, mainly shallow-marine rocks unconformably overlie Yangtze-type Proterozic basement rocks, but in Silurian time a thick section of fine-grained clastic and carbonate rocks were deposited, marking the initial subsidence of the western Yangtze platform and formation of a continental margin. Similar deep-water rocks were deposited throughout Devonian to Middle Triassic time, when Songpan Ganzi flysch deposition began. Permian conglomerate and basic volcanic rocks in the southeastern part of the allochthon indicate a second period of extension along the continental margin. Evidence suggests that the deep-water region along and west of the Yangtze continental margin was underlain mostly by thin continental crust, but its westernmost part may have contained areas underlain by oceanic crust. In the northern part of the Longmen Shan allochthon, thick Devonian to Upper Triassic shallow-water deposits of the Xue Shan platform are flanked by deep-marine rocks and the platform is interpreted to be a fragment of the Qinling continental margin transported westward during early Mesozoic transpressive tectonism.

In the Longmen Shan region, the allochthon, carrying the western part of the Yangtze continental margin and Songpan Ganzi flysch, was emplaced to the southeast above rocks of the Yangtze platform autochthon. The eastern margin of the allochthon in the northern Longmen Shan is unconformably overlapped by both Lower and Middle Jurassic strata that are continuous with rocks of the autochthon. Folded rocks of the allochthon are unconformably overlapped by Lower and Middle Jurassic rocks in rare outcrops in the northern part of the region. They also are extensively intruded by a poorly dated, generally undeformed belt, of plutons whose ages (mostly K/Ar ages) range from Late Triassic to early Cenozoic, but most of the reliable ages are early Mesozoic. All evidence indicates that the major deformation within the allochthon is Late Triassic/Early Jurassic in age (Indosinian). The eastern front of the allochthon trends southwest across the present mountain front, so it lies along the mountain front in the northeast, but is located well to the west of the present mountain front on the south.

The Late Triassic deformation is characterized by upright to overturned folded and refolded Triassic flysch, with generally NW-trending axial traces in the western part of the region. Folds and thrust faults curve to the north when traced to the east, so that along the eastern front of the allochthon structures trend northeast, involve pre-Triassic rocks, and parallel the eastern boundary of the allochthon. The curvature of structural trends is interpreted as forming part of a left-lateral transpressive boundary developed during emplacement of the allochthon. Regionally, the Longmen Shan lies along a NE-trending transpressive margin of the Yangtze platform within a broad zone of generally N-S shortening. North of the Longmen Shan region, northward subduction led to collision of the South and North China continental fragments along the Qinling Mountains, but northwest of the Longmen Shan region, subduction led to shortening within the Songpan Ganzi flysch basin, forming a detached fold-and-thrust belt. South of the Longmen Shan region, the flysch basin is bounded by the Shaluli Shan/Chola Shan arc—an originally Sfacing arc that reversed polarity in Late Triassic time, leading to shortening along the southern margin of the Songpan Ganzi flysch belt. Shortening within the flysch belt was oblique to the Yangtze continental margin such that the allochthon in the Longmen Shan region was emplaced within a left-lateral transpressive environment. Possible clockwise rotation of the Yangtze platform (part of the South China continental fragment) also may have contributed to left-lateral transpression with SE-directed shortening. During left-lateral transpression, the Xue Shan platform was displaced southwestward from the Qinling orogen and incorporated into the Longmen Shan allochthon. Westward movement of the platform caused complex refolding in the northern part of the Longmen Shan region.

Emplacement of the allochthon flexurally loaded the western part of the Yangtze platform autochthon, forming a Late Triassic foredeep. Foredeep deposition, often involving thick conglomerate units derived from the west, continued from Middle Jurassic into Cretaceous time, although evidence for deformation of this age in the allochthon is generally lacking.

Folding in the eastern Sichuan fold-and-thrust belt along the eastern side of the Sichuan Basin can be dated as Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous in age, but only in areas 100 km east of the westernmost folds. Folding and thrusting was related to convergent activity far to the east along the eastern margin of South China. The westernmost folds trend southwest and merge to the south with folds and locally form refolded folds that involve Upper Cretaceous and lower Cenozoic rocks. The boundary between Cenozoic and late Mesozoic folding on the eastern and southern margins of the Sichuan Basin remains poorly determined.

The present mountainous eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau in the Longmen Shan region is a consequence of Cenozoic deformation. It rises within 100 km from 500–600 m in the Sichuan Basin to peaks in the west reaching 5500 m and 7500 m in the north and south, respectively. West of these high peaks is the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, an area of low relief at an elevations of about 4000 m.

Cenozoic deformation can be demonstrated in the autochthon of the southern Longmen Shan, where the stratigraphic sequence is without an angular unconformity from Paleozoic to Eocene or Oligocene time. During Cenozoic deformation, the western part of the Yangtze platform (part of the autochthon for Late Triassic deformation) was deformed into a N- to NE-trending foldandthrust belt. In its eastern part the fold-thrust belt is detached near the base of the platform succession and affects rocks within and along the western and southern margin of the Sichuan Basin, but to the west and south the detachment is within Proterozoic basement rocks. The westernmost structures of the fold-thrust belt form a belt of exposed basement massifs. During the middle and later part of the Cenozoic deformation, strike-slip faulting became important; the fold-thrust belt became partly right-lateral transpressive in the central and northeastern Longmen Shan. The southern part of the fold-thrust belt has a more complex evolution. Early Nto NE-trending folds and thrust faults are deformed by NW-trending basementinvolved folds and thrust faults that intersect with the NE-trending right-lateral strike-slip faults. Youngest structures in this southern area are dominated by left-lateral transpression related to movement on the Xianshuihe fault system.

The extent of Cenozoic deformation within the area underlain by the early Mesozoic allochthon remains unknown, because of the absence of rocks of the appropriate age to date Cenozoic deformation. Klippen of the allochthon were emplaced above the Cenozoic fold-andthrust belt in the central part of the eastern Longmen Shan, indicating that the allochthon was at least partly reactivated during Cenozoic time. Only in the Min Shan in the northern part of the allochthon is Cenozoic deformation demonstrated along two active zones of E-W shortening and associated left-slip. These structures trend obliquely across early Mesozoic structures and are probably related to shortening transferred from a major zone of active left-slip faulting that trends through the western Qinling Mountains. Active deformation is along the left-slip transpressive NW-trending Xianshuihe fault zone in the south, right-slip transpression along several major NE-trending faults in the central and northeastern Longmen Shan, and E-W shortening with minor left-slip movement along the Min Jiang and Huya fault zones in the north.

Our estimates of Cenozoic shortening along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau appear to be inadequate to account for the thick crust and high elevation of the plateau. We suggest here that the thick crust and high elevation is caused by lateral flow of the middle and lower crust eastward from the central part of the plateau and only minor crustal shortening in the upper crust. Upper crustal structure is largely controlled in the Longmen Shan region by older crustal anisotropics; thus shortening and eastward movement of upper crustal material is characterized by irregular deformation localized along older structural boundaries.     

我国的一些造山带的侧向挤出构造

尽管大陆只占地球表面的三分之一,但是人类生活在大陆上,大部分资源也来自于大陆,因此大陆构造研究有特别的意义,我国的地质前辈们为此做出了重要的贡献。然而,陆壳具有高度的非均质性,因此大陆构造要比大洋构造复杂的多,认识其演化规律极其困难,但是人类正在通过不同的途径朝这个目标前进。地块的侧向挤出是大陆构造的主要形式。尽管大规模的地块侧向挤出是否发生在青藏高原主体存在很大的争议,但是有证据显示地块的侧向挤出广泛地发生在青藏高原周边以及我国其它的一些造山带内,呈现出不同的规模、位移量和变形特征。位于滇西三江断裂带内的兰坪-思茅盆地在印度和华南第三纪的压扭性相互作用下向南挤出; 沿喜马拉雅西构造结发生的地块侧向挤出形成于早第三纪印度与欧亚大陆之间的南北向碰撞,最新的挤出地体是塔里木盆地; 雪峰地块向南的侧向挤出受控于华南地区北西-南东向区域性扭性构造作用; 沿扬子地块北缘发生的地块侧向挤出形成于扬子地块与秦岭造山带中生代晚期的南北向挤压,造成四川盆地发生向西的侧向挤出; 沿秦岭-大别山发生的地块侧向挤出发生在中生代,经历了超高压变质作用的下地壳随扬子地块的挤入向东运动,最后在桐柏-大别山隆升到地表,而中上地壳包括留凤关复理石沉积和碧口地块向西挤出。桐柏-大别山和青藏高原均形成于大陆的碰撞,地壳都曾发生过大规模的增厚。因此,有理由相信青藏高原的下地壳和桐柏-大别山的下地壳结构和构造是一样的,要研究两者物质组成和赋存状态以及运动和变形特征可以互相参考和借鉴。例如： 5·12汶川大地震的发生引发了对高原下地壳流变的关注和争论。上述桐柏-大别山中生代下地壳的侧向挤出就是通道流,由此证明青藏高原下地壳通道流是存在的; 而青藏高原下地壳和桐柏-大别山一样,一定是由壳内花岗岩、活化的前寒武结晶基底、变质核杂岩以及混入的上地幔物质组成。     

宽角反射、折射地震数据与重力数据综合解释龙门山及邻近地区地壳结构

青藏高原东部的隆升机制一直都是地学界的研究热点,研究学者们提出和发展了多种岩石圈变形模型,而存在多种模型的主要原因之一是对青藏高原东部地壳及岩石圈结构认识不足。本文主要针对SinoProbe-02项目横跨龙门山断裂带、全长400多公里的宽角、折射地震数据及重力数据进行联合反演和综合解释。研究结果表明,龙门山及邻近地区地壳结构可明确划分为上地壳、中地壳和下地壳。上地壳上层为沉积层,龙门山断裂带以西大部分区域被三叠纪复理岩覆盖,而在龙日坝断裂与岷江断裂之间出现了密度为2.7g/cm³的高速异常体;向东靠近龙门山地区,沉积层厚度逐渐减薄。中地壳速度变化不均一,而且变形强烈;若尔盖盆地和龙门山断裂带下方出现明显低速带;中地壳在龙门山西侧厚度加厚,在岷江断裂下方和四川盆地靠近龙门山断裂带地区附近厚度达到最大。莫霍面整体深度从东往西增厚,最厚可达56 km。本次研究得到的地壳结构和密度分布分析结果表明现有的地壳厚度和物质组成不足以支撑龙门山及邻近地区目前所达到的隆升高度,因此四川盆地刚性基底西缘因挤压作用产生的弯曲应力也是该地区抬升的重要条件之一。     

青海拉鸡山:一个多阶段抬升的构造窗

拉鸡山断裂带位于祁连山褶皱带内,呈北西-南东向延伸.后者构成青藏高原的东北边缘,由三个主要构造单元组成:北部是一条早古生代的板块缝合带,中部是一个元古代的结晶地块,南部由一套晚古生代到三叠纪的被动大陆边缘沉积物组成.对拉鸡山及其邻区的构造研究结果表明,祁连山褶皱带在古生代加里东期发生过大规模的缩短,北祁连的早古生代蛇绿岩和岛弧火山岩沿祁连山中央冲断层向南,陆内俯冲到中祁连元古界变质杂岩之下.由于发生在晚古生代和晚中生代的陆内变形,位于中祁连之下的北祁连的蛇绿岩和岛弧火山岩发生褶皱,并被抬升到地表.到新生代,由于印度板块和欧亚大陆之间的碰撞和陆内汇聚作用,拉鸡山断裂带再次活动,这些下古生界蛇绿岩和岛弧火山岩通过冲断作用快速抬升,将中祁连地块一分为二.因此,拉鸡山是一个抬升的构造窗,不是一个中祁连结晶地块中的早古生代大陆裂谷.     

DEFORMATIONAL AND METAMORPHIC HISTORY OF THE CENTRAL LONGMEN MOUNTAINS, SICHUAN CHINA

DEFORMATIONAL AND METAMORPHIC HISTORY OF THE CENTRAL LONGMEN MOUNTAINS, SICHUAN CHINA1　ArneDC ,WorleyBA ,WilsonCJL ,etal.Differentialexhumationinresponsetoepisodicthrustingalongtheeasternmar ginoftheTibetanPlateau[J] .Tectonophysics,1997,2 80 :2 39～ 2 56 . 2　ChenSF ,WilsonCJL ,WorleyBA .TectonictransitionfromtheSongpan GarzeFoldBelttotheSichuanBasin,south westernChina[J] .BasinResearch ,1995,7:2 35～ 2 53. 3　ChenSF ,WilsonCJL .Emplaceme…     

楚雄前陆盆地的构造特征与沉积演化

对楚雄前陆盆地西部及相邻构造格架进行了分析 ,认为原形盆地的西南部及相邻造山带受到了新生代红河断裂的强烈改造 ,而盆地西北部的盆 -山体系保留了盆地演化时期的基本格架。利用当代前陆盆地演化模式理论 ,对原形盆地的沉积特征及其与西部推覆构造的耦合关系进行了综合分析 ,认为扬子西部被动陆缘向楚雄前陆盆地转化的时期发生在晚三叠世卡尼早期 ,前陆盆地经历了 3个发展阶段 :卡尼期深水复理石沉积、诺利期浅水复理石沉积和瑞替期磨拉石沉积 ,并提出了相应的沉积 -构造演化模式。     

中、上扬子北部盆-山系统演化与动力学机制

中国南方中生代经历了中国大陆最终主体拼合的陆缘及其之后的陆内构造演化。晚古生代末期,在秦岭—大别山微板块与扬子板块之间存在向西张口的洋盆,即勉略古洋盆。中三叠世末期开始,扬子板块相对于华北板块发生自南东向北西的斜向俯冲碰撞作用,扬子北缘晚三叠世至中侏罗世发育陆缘前陆褶皱逆冲带与前陆盆地系统。晚侏罗世至早白垩世,中国东部的大地构造背景发生了重要的构造转变,中、上扬子地区处于三面围限会聚的大地构造背景。在这种大地构造格局下,中、上扬子地区晚侏罗世至早白垩世发育陆内联合、复合构造与具前渊沉降的克拉通内盆地系统。自中侏罗世末期开始,扬子北缘前陆带与雪峰山—幕阜山褶皱逆冲带经历了自东向西的会聚变形过程及盆地的自东向西的迁移过程和收缩过程。扬子北缘相对华北板块的斜向俯冲导致在中扬子北缘的深俯冲及超高压变质岩的形成。俯冲之后以郯庐断裂—襄广断裂围限的大别山超高压变质地块在晚侏罗世向南强逆冲,致使扬子北缘晚三叠世至中侏罗世前陆盆地被掩覆和改造。     

龙门山地震带的地质背景与汶川地震的地表破裂

龙门山位于青藏高原与扬子地台之间, 系由一系列大致平行的叠瓦状冲断带构成, 自西向东发育汶川茂汶断裂、映秀北川断裂和彭县灌县断裂,并将龙门山划分为3个构造地层带,分别为变形变质构造地层带（主要由志留系泥盆系浅变质岩和前寒武系杂岩构成）、变形变位构造地层带（主要由上古生界三叠系沉积岩构成）、变形构造地层带（主要由侏罗系至第三系红层和第四纪松散堆积构成）。 龙门山断裂带属地震危险区,3条主干断裂皆具备发生7级左右地震的能力,其中映秀北川断裂是引发地震的最主要断层,据对彭县灌县断裂青石坪探槽场地的研究结果表明,在该断裂带上最晚的一次强震发生在93040a.B.P.左右,据此,可以初步判定,这3条主干断裂的单条断裂上的强震复发间隔至少应在1000a左右,表明龙门山构造带及其内部断裂属于地震活动频度低但具有发生超强地震的潜在危险的特殊断裂,以逆冲-右行走滑为其主要运动方式。 汶川地震属于逆冲走滑型的地震,地表破裂分布于映秀北川断裂带和彭县灌县断裂带上。根据近南北向的断裂（小鱼洞断层、擂鼓断层和邓家坝断层）和地表断距可将映秀北川断层的地表破裂带划分为两个高值区和两个低值区,两个高值区分别位于南段的映秀-虹口一带和位于中北段的擂鼓北川县城邓家坝一带;两个低值区分别位于中南段的白水河茶坪一带和北段的北川黄家坝至平武石坎子一带,两个高值区分别与小鱼洞断层和擂鼓断层相关。根据保存于破裂面上的擦痕,可将该地震破裂过程划分为两个阶段,早期为逆冲作用,晚期为斜向走滑作用,其与地壳增厚构造模式和侧向挤出摸式在青藏高原东缘的推论具有不吻合性。鉴于龙门山的表层运动速率与深部构造运动速率具有不一致性,初步探讨了龙门山地区的地表过程与下地壳流之间的地质动力模型,认为下地壳物质在龙门山近垂向挤出和垂向运动,从而造成导致龙门山向东的逆冲运动、龙门山构造带抬升和汶川特大地震。在此基础上,根据汶川地震所引发的地质灾害,对地震灾后重建提出了的几点建议。     

库车前陆盆地东秋里塔格构造带构造分段特征

通过对研究区内不同位置的5条典型地震剖面解释,发现DQ94-226测线以西的盐上地层主要发育南倾被动顶板反冲断裂,盐层发育盐枕构造和盐推覆构造,盐下地层发育断层相关褶皱和逆冲断裂带;DQ94-226测线以东的盐上地层发育向南逆冲的大型断裂,盐层发育盐推覆构造,盐下地层主要发育断层相关褶皱和突起构造(pop-up)。平衡剖面分析表明,东西两段的南北向构造缩短量具有较大的差异性,西段的构造缩短明显大于东段。沉降史分析表明自东向西,构造活动的幅度依次增大,西段的构造活动明显比东段强烈。由此认为东秋里塔格构造带可以分为东西两段,即西段的库车塔吾构造带和东段的迪那构造带。     

北淮阳盆岭带的构造演化与铀成矿

北淮阳盆岭构造带是大别造山带的重要组成部分。佛子岭岩群代表了早古生代扬子地块北缘大别古岛弧弧前海盆的火山沉积建造,在加里东运动陆块对接过程中变形变质。石炭系梅山群具磨拉石建造特征。在华力西印支期陆内俯冲褶皱带的基础上,燕山期沿桐柏桐城断裂伸展北移,近东西向断陷盆地发育,形成盆岭构造景观。南侧大别山强烈隆升,铸就了现今大别山变质核杂岩构造格局。中生代岩浆活动是区内重要铀源,具有成矿潜力的地质体是响洪甸正长岩体和北带粗面质火山碎屑岩