酸化条件对膨润土结构和脱色性能的影响

本项研究对不同酸度、不同时间条件下处理的膨润土进行了脱色力、比表面积、活性膨润土中硅铝比分析及扫描电镜测试，由此总结出控制获得高效活性膨润土的最佳条件应是使比表面积尽可能大，硅铝比尽量高。在适当控制酸度情况睛，可以通过调整活化处理时间来取得较理想的性能。     

膨润土的酸化脱色机理研究

通过对广西田东钙基膨润土的酸化脱色实验研究，表明活性土的脱色能力是其表面积和酸化作用中浸取出的铝离子量的函数；在钙蒙脱石晶体结构处于彻底破坏前的临界点，膨润土具有最大的脱色能力和比表面积。     

铝钛柱撑改性膨润土处理两种模拟废水的实验研究

以钠基膨润土为原料制备了铝钛无机柱撑、铝钛有机柱撑改性膨润土，确定了改性膨润土的最佳铝钛比和铝土比，并将其应用于模拟废水、化学实验室废水的处理。与原土进行比较，探讨了用量、pH值、搅拌时间等对COD去除率、色度去除率、浊度去除率的影响，通过正交实验对实验条件进行了优化。结果表明：有机柱撑改性膨润土、无机柱撑改性膨润土对废水的处理效果均明显好于原土，对废水色度、浊度的去除率均大于93％；对废水COD的去除效果，有机柱撑改性膨润土比无机柱撑改性膨润土有较大提高，去除率最高达66．31％，结果令人满意。     

凹凸棒石、膨润土和活性炭吸附油中色素的研究

通过对凹凸棒石和膨润土酸活性点的测定和比较,以及对凹凸棒石、膨润土和活性炭的比表面积、孔径分布以及对油中叶绿素和胡萝卜素吸附的比较研究结果表明:凹凸棒石的B-、L-酸活性点均比膨润土高;对于膨润土和凹凸棒土,酸活性点多、孔径较大、比表面积大对叶绿素和胡萝卜素的吸附越有利,L-酸活性点主要吸附胡萝卜素;吸附剂在对叶绿素和胡萝卜的吸附过程中,起决定作用的是吸附剂与吸附质之间的相互作用力,只有在作用力较强时,比表面积和孔径分布才会对吸附效果产生影响。     

仇山酸化钙基膨润土的 27Al和 29Si 魔角旋转核磁共振谱及脱色率研究

对用不同酸度处理的仇山钙基膨润土进行了化学分析、X射线衍线（XRD）、^27Al和^29Si魔角旋转核磁共振（MAS NMR）、吡啶吸附样品的红外光谱（IR）、比表面积、阳离子交换容量（CEC）和脱色率等测定。结果表明，随着处理酸度的增加和蒙脱石中阳离子的溶出，它的d(001)的衍射强度降低，同时其Si和Al原子局域结构环境发生了显著的改变，Al原子由Al^Ⅵ变成Al^Ⅵ，Si原子由Q^Si(0Al)结构向Q^4Si(0Al)和Q^3Si(1OH)结构转变。八面体片阳离子的溶出和Si,Al原子局域结构环境的转变，显著地增加了比表面积和孔结构；Al^Ⅵ向Al^Ⅵ的转变形成了Lewis酸中心，而Si原子局域结构环境的改变形成了Br φnsted酸中心。膨润土脱色率随处理酸度增加的本质原因是在Si和Al原子局域环境的变化过程中，在其表面分别形成了Brφnsted酸中心和Lewis酸中心。     

不同产地矿物对有机-钛柱撑蒙脱石复合材料光催化活性的影响

以钛酸丁酯为前驱体,采用醋酸为酸催化剂制备TiO2溶胶,将制备的溶胶分别加入经表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵改性的河北、临安、安吉、内蒙古膨润土中,制备有机-钛柱撑膨润土复合光催化剂,并对其进行XRD、SEM、BET表征。结果表明,TiO2插入了膨润土层间,并以锐钛矿型的晶形存在,制备的复合光催化剂仍有较好的层状结构,其比表面积均比相对应的不同产地的膨润土的比表面积大。以甲基橙为目标污染物,考察了有机-钛柱撑膨润土复合光催化剂的吸附性能和光催化活性,发现所制备的复合光催化剂具有较好的光催化活性,而且用不同的膨润土合成的催化剂的光催化活性差别很大。膨润土的化学组成和层状结构上的差异是复合催化剂吸附性能和光催化活性差别的主要原因。其中有机-钛柱撑临安膨润土复合光催化剂的光催化活性最好。     

我国各地膨润土化学组成及其矿床矿样间差异性

考察了我国各地膨润土的化学组成以及各类型矿床矿样间的差异性，并对膨润土各化学组分间的相关性进行了分析。研究表明，硅和铝相对含量的变化是控制膨润土化学成分最主要的因素。富镁环境有利于蒙脱石形成，钛含量在供试样品间差异较小。     

碱处理对河北围场天然沸石结构和性能的影响及其机理研究

采用NaOH对围场地区天然沸石进行处理,采用X射线衍射仪、红外光谱仪、N_2吸附-脱附技术、扫描电子显微镜等对材料进行表征分析,采用水蒸气吸附法评价材料的亲水性,采用Cr~(3+)和Mn~(2+)评价材料的离子交换性能,探讨了碱处理对天然沸石的结构、亲水性和离子交换性能的影响及其机理。实验结果表明,围场地区天然沸石中主要含有斜发沸石、石英和伊利石;碱处理可降低天然沸石的硅铝比,且沸石的硅铝比随着碱处理浓度的提高而不断降低;碱处理对斜发沸石结构的影响较石英和伊利石更大;高浓度碱处理导致天然沸石的结构发生破坏,比表面积降低,孔体积提高;伴随着天然沸石硅铝比的降低,其亲水性和离子交换性能不断提高。     

浙江膨润土资源的前景

膨润土是以蒙脱石为主要成分(一般大于50%)的粘土矿物.蒙脱石属二八面体含水的层状铝硅酸盐类矿物.由于蒙脱石结构单元层中的硅和铝离子,分别被铝和镁离子置换因而层间出现电荷有吸附阳离子的作用.根据层间阳离子的不同,可分为钠基膨润土、钙基膨润土、镁基膨润土以及钙     

铝钒土中有效铝和活性硅的测定

铝钒土是用来提取氧化铝的重要经济矿石，而氧化铝被冶炼为金属铝。评价铝钒土矿石的经济价值有两个重要指标：有效铝和活性硅。有效铝就是指利用模拟Bayer工艺条件下可以提出来的Al2O3的净含量。活性硅就是指在Bayer工艺条件下可以与NaOH反应的硅化物的含量。在低温Bayer冶炼工艺中，反应硅主要来源于黏土成分的溶解，随着工艺温度的提高，溶解的石英组分也会增加活性硅的含量。由于溶解的硅最后以硅铝钠方式沉淀下来，需要消耗NaOH，对成本有很大影响，所以活性硅的含量是铝矾土的重要指标。     

江西广丰李家膨润土压实性能研究--高放废物处置缓冲/回填材料压实性能初探

研究了广丰李家钠基膨润土的压实性能,得出了不同压实功作用下,膨润土干密度与含水率之间的关系．以及粒径、压实功等因素对压实性能的影响;在相同压实功和相同含水率条件下,膨润土粒径较小时相对应的干密度较小．当压实功为2684．9kJ／m^3时,钠基膨润土的最大干密度可达1．525g／cm^3,最优含水率为26．30％。首次选用石英砂作为添加荆,探索了添加荆对膨润土压实性能的改善作用,实验结果说明石英砂添加荆的加入可以大大提高膨润土的干密度。减小对应的最优含水率,并得出约10％的石英砂是添加剂的最佳用量。该研究结果为钠基膨润土作为高放废物处置库缓冲／回填材料的性能评价提供了重要的依据。     

含裂缝压实膨润土的渗透性能研究

为评价膨润土裂缝的自愈合效果,通过渗透-饱和试验,研究了不同裂缝形态、数量的压实膨润土试样渗透系数的变化规律,采用统计学方法分析了各组试样渗透系数的差异性.研究显示：在饱和过程中,干密度为1.2 g/cm3的含裂缝压实膨润土的渗透系数随时间呈逐渐递减趋势,且含裂缝试样渗透系数与完整试样渗透系数之间无显著性差异.表明裂缝形态和数量对压实膨润土的渗透性无显著影响,压实膨润土具有良好的自愈性能.     

Feasibility of using fly ash,lime, and bentonite to neutralize acidity of pore fluids

Acidic groundwater resulting from the poorly planned use of acid sulfate soils has become a major environmental issue in coastal Australia over the last several years. Use of permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) designed to generate alkalinity by promoting sulfate reduction has recently become popular as an alternative solution to this problem. However, recent studies have also revealed that the long-term performance of such PRBs can be significantly undermined by chemical precipitation and clogging of pore space, which would decrease the buffer capacity and hydraulic conductivity of the reactive material. This study seeks to explore the feasibility of using bentonite in addition to lime and fly ash to form mixtures with a high buffer capacity and permeability that would enable groundwater flow through PRBs over a substantial period of time. A series of laboratory experiments, including buffer capacity and leaching tests, were performed on different mixtures of fly ash with lime and bentonite using acidic fluids of low pH. It was found that the ability of such mixtures to neutralize acidic fluids was mostly controlled by the content of lime. Laboratory data also showed that an addition of bentonite to lime—fly ash mixtures could decrease the buffer capacity of soil. Compaction tests indicated that the presence of bentonite would increase the dry density of mixtures at the optimum moisture content. A series of hydraulic conductivity tests were carried out to study changes in the coefficient of permeability of lime—fly ash mixtures with different contents of bentonite permeated with acidic liquids. The obtained results revealed that the coefficient of permeability of the specimens tended to increase over a period of time, likely due to the changes in the diffuse double layer of bentonite particles.     

膨润土加砂混合物膨胀特征试验研究

运用自行研制的膨胀仪对膨润土加砂混合物进行了一系列膨胀力及膨胀应变等膨胀特性的试验研究,分析了膨胀力随时间的变化规律、两向膨胀力之间的关系和膨胀应变与时间及吸水量之间的关系。试验研究表明,膨润土加砂混合物的最大膨胀力以及最大膨胀应变主要取决于混合物的最初干密度和膨润土含量,并且随着二者的增大而增大;膨润土加砂混合物的水平膨胀力与竖向膨胀力之比随着混合物干密度的增大减小,并且与干密度近似成线性关系;不同膨润土含量的膨润土加砂混合物的膨胀应变与时间成双曲线关系,与吸水量近似呈S型曲线关系,并且其最大膨胀应变与膨润土含量存在指数关系。试验结果对高放废物深处置库中的缓冲回填材料设计具有一定的参考价值。     

灰色理论在膨润土矿质组分研究中的应用

不同浓度的硫酸溶液(5％，10％，15％，20％，25％，30％)与黑山膨润土作用后，膨润土矿质组分的含量发生了有规律的变化，运用灰色理论中的关联度理论对膨润土及其酸化土的11个矿质组分的变化规律进行分析研究，结果发现：硅、钠、钾、钛在不同浓度的硫酸作用下有相似的变化，表现为不易溶出；铁、铝、镁有相似的变化，表现为随着硫酸浓度的增加溶出越多；膨润土中锰和磷的含量很低，膨润土在较低的硫酸浓度作用下锰和磷部分溶出，后随着硫酸浓度的增加不易再溶出；钙在较低的硫酸浓度作用下全部溶出。这与其化学性质及所处蒙脱石的晶层位置有关。所得上述信息可用于预测各组分在不同环境条件下的行为变化。     

Plutonium diffusivity in compacted bentonite

Measurements on plutonium diffusivity in water-saturated compacted bentonite were carried out. Representative specimens of sodium bentonite were taken from the Tsukinuno and Kuroishi mines situated in northeast Japan. Tsukinuno bentonite was divided into three types: raw type, purified Na-type, and H-type which was prepared by treating Na-type bentonite with hydrochloric acid. Kuroishi bentonite contained chlorite as impurity. H-type bentonite was used as reference for the convenience of profile measurement in bentonite, since plutonium diffusivity in H-type bentonite was considered to be larger than that in Na-type bentonite because of low pH and low swelling pressure of H-type bentonite.

Sampled bentonite was compacted into pellets of 20 mm in diameter and 20 mm in height. Bulk densities of these specimens were 1200–1800 kg/m³ for purified Na-type and H-type bentonite and 1600 kg/m³ for raw type bentonite.

Plutonium profiles obtained in H-type bentonite can be explained by diffusion equation with constant concentration source. Diffusivity ranges from 10^-13 to 10¹² m²/s for H-type and Kuroishi impure sodium bentonite. Diffusivity in both raw type and purified Tsukinuno bentonite was was estimated to less than 10^-14 M²/s. Diffusivity in H-type bentonite showed a tendency to decrease with increasing density. Influence of in bentonite was also studied. Quartz content up to 50% or hematite content up to 1% did not influence diffusivity significantly in H-type bentonite.

The chemical species of plutonium in pore water of Na-type and H-type were estimated Pu(OH)₃^-; and PuO₂^- , respectively.     

冻融循环作用下冻结黏土矿物物理力学性质研究

冻土工程破坏主要的原因之一是冻融循环作用。通过对高岭土(主要黏土矿物为高岭石)、膨润土(主要黏土矿物为蒙脱石)在反复冻融作用下的物理性质试验及球模仪试验,研究高岭土及膨润土在冻融循环作用下的物理力学性质变化,并由此推定不同黏土矿物含量土在冻融循环作用下物理力学的变化规律。结果表明:(1)前10次冻融循环对高岭土及膨润土的物理力学性能影响很大,冻融10次后,随冻融次数的增加,高岭土的密度下降,孔隙比增加,膨润土的密度增加,孔隙比减小;(2)冻融过程中物理性质的变化不仅与土样的种类有关,也与土样的矿物成分有关;(3)高岭土的长期强度C24远高于膨润土,但是冻融过程中高岭土的力学性能变化较大,而膨润土相对比较稳定。     

地下水对压实高庙子膨润土冲蚀作用研究

采用膨胀渗透仪和浊度仪,通过检测冲蚀循环溶液浊度和膨润土试样膨胀力的变化,获得了冲蚀液对高庙子（GMZ）膨润土的冲蚀规律,对比分析了膨润土干密度、冲蚀液pH值、冲蚀液渗流方向、围岩裂隙条数、溶液类型和浓度等因素对膨润土冲蚀的影响规律。研究表明：膨润土的膨胀力在冲蚀开始的几天内迅速增长,随后达到稳定,膨润土干密度越大,地下水对膨润土的冲蚀作用越弱;冲蚀液pH值对膨润土的冲蚀作用影响很大,碱性较强的地下水对膨润土的冲蚀作用较弱,而碱性较弱地下水的冲蚀作用则明显;地下水径向渗流时对膨润土的冲蚀作用大于纵向渗流情况,围岩裂隙增多后,地下水对膨润土的冲蚀作用加强;随着冲蚀液中NaCl浓度的增加,冲蚀液对膨润土的冲蚀作用先增强后减弱,冲蚀液中CaCl2的浓度对膨润土的冲蚀影响规律与NaCl浓度对膨润土的冲蚀影响规律相似,但CaCl2浓度的变化对膨润土的冲蚀影响不明显。     

Modification of physical, mechanical and hydraulic properties of bentonite by thermo-hydraulic gradients

The conditions of the bentonite in an engineered barrier for high-level radioactive waste disposal have been simulated in a series of tests. Cylindrical cells with an inner length of 60 cm and a diameter of 7 cm have been constructed. Inside the cells, six blocks of FEBEX bentonite have been piled-up, giving rise to a total length similar to the thickness of the clay barrier in a repository according to the Spanish concept. To obtain the blocks, the clay with its hygroscopic water content has been uniaxially compacted at a dry density of 1.65 g/cm³. The bottom surface of the material was heated at 100 °C and the top surface was injected with granitic water. The duration of the tests was 6, 12 and 24 months. The temperatures inside the clay and the water intake were measured during the tests and, at the end, the cells were dismounted and the dry density, water content and some hydro-mechanical properties of the clay (permeability, swelling pressure and swelling under load) were measured at different positions. The values obtained are compared to those of the untreated FEBEX bentonite. The injection of water provokes in the vicinity of the hydration surface an increase of the water content and a decrease of the dry density due to the swelling of the clay, while heating gives rise to an increase of the dry density and a reduction of the water content in the 18 cm closest to the heater, even after 2 years of thermo-hydraulic (TH) treatment. The swelling capacity and the hydraulic conductivity after TH treatment are mainly related to the dry density and water content attained during it. No major irreversible modifications of these properties with respect to those of the untreated clay have been detected.     

碱−热环境下MX80膨润土导热性能试验研究

以美国怀俄明州钠基（MX80）膨润土为研究对象,采用热探针法测定碱−热环境下MX80膨润土的导热系数,探讨了温度、碱液强度和干密度对试样导热系数λ的影响规律,并选择部分试样进行了X射线衍射（X-ray diffraction,简称XRD）和扫描电镜（scanning electron microscope,简称SEM）试验,揭示了碱−热环境下MX80膨润土导热性能演变的微观机制。试验结果表明：MX80膨润土的导热系数λ随碱液含量和干密度的递增而增大;在不同碱液含量条件下,膨润土的导热系数均随温度升高而增大,且碱液含量越高,导热系数的温度效应越显著;干密度较小时,膨润土导热系数λ随温度升高而增大的影响越明显,主要原因是温度促进了试样内部的水汽潜热传输;同一温度和干密度条件下,热传导系数λ随着碱液pH值的升高而降低6,且pH值越高,则λ降幅越明显,主要原因是强碱溶液腐蚀了膨润土的蒙脱石成分,减少了试样内石英含量,增大了膨润土试样的孔隙率,进而降低了膨润土导热系数,这与测试试样的XRD和SEM结果相吻合。