台湾海峡南部金线鱼的生长与死亡特性

以2001和2002年在台湾海峡南部底拖网渔获物采集的金线鱼样品,进行渔获群体结构、生长和死亡的研究.结果表明,2001和2002年金线鱼渔获群体叉长范围86-282mm,优势组191-220mm,平均210.3mm.体重范围10-375g,优势组131-200g,平均170.9g.年龄范围O-4龄,优势组1龄,平均1.05龄.生长参数L∞为373.4 mm,W∞为967.6g,生长速率k为0.2769,t0为-1.0784(理论叉长为零时的年龄),体重牛长拐点t,为2.864 4龄.总死亡系数为1.684 4,自然死亡系数为0.665 6,捕捞死亡系数为1.018 8,开发比率高达0.604 8.最小可捕叉长为177.64 mm,最小町捕体重为103.36g.该渔场自1994年以来连续13年超过了估算的最大可持续渔获量和最大可持续捕捞力量,必须严格控制该海区渔业的投入和产出量及开捕规格.     

台湾海峡南部二长棘鲷种群生态学参数的变化

本文以2003～2004年闽南-台湾浅滩渔场二长棘鲷周年12个月的生物学测定资料,研究其群体结构现状和生长与死亡参数,并与此前的研究结果比较,探讨二长棘鲷的种群动态变化趋势.结果表明:2004年渔获群体平均叉长和平均年龄都较1976、1994和2000年小,L∞和W∞较1982、1994年小,体重生长速率k较1982、1994年大,拐点较1982、2000年提前.雌、雄性初次性成熟的叉长较1976和1994年小.显示渔获个体小型化、低龄化和早熟化,体重生长速率加大,生长拐点提前的变化.这些变化正是二长棘鲷对强大的捕捞压力和环境变化所采取的生态对策,反映了当前二长棘鲷的生态仍较脆弱,资源形势仍较严峻.1994年以来二长棘鲷捕捞死亡系数居高不下,开发比率超过0.5.底拖网渔业的渔获量应控制在估算的最大可持续开发量26.94×104t(其中二长棘鲷2.30×104t),最大持续捕捞力量2180艘福建标准单拖渔船.最小开捕规格为94.6mm和25.76g.只有强化管理,资源才能得到明显恢复.     

南海北部金线鱼生长、死亡和最适开捕体长研究

根据 1 997～ 1 999年期间在南海北部海域采集的金线鱼生物学资料 ,应用 Fi SAT 软件进行金线鱼的生长和死亡参数估算。用 EL EFAN 技术拟合的 von Bertalanffy生长方程参数分别为L∞ =33.0 8cm ,k=0 .30 a-1 及 t0 =- 0 .86 a,用 Pauly经验公式计算的自然死亡系数为 M=0 .6 8,以长度变换渔获曲线法估算陆架区和北部湾的总死亡系数分别为 2 .0 7和 2 .0 2。运用 Beverton- Holt模型分析的结果表明 ,该群体的最适捕捞死亡系数为 F=2 .4 ,最适开捕年龄和体长分别为 1 .8a和 1 6 .5cm。研究表明 ,目前该群体已处捕捞过度状态 ,尤以捕捞幼鱼的问题较为突出。为可持续利用金线鱼资源 ,建议南海北部金线鱼的最小可捕规格应为体长 1 6 .5 cm。     

东海区小黄鱼渔业生物学现状的分析

以2001年东海区渔业资源监测调查资料为依据，对小黄鱼的体长、体重、生长、死亡等渔业生物学特征及临界年龄等进行了分析研究。结果表明，目前东海区小黄鱼优势体长组为110～130mm，占41．34％；优势体重组为20～40g，占50．91％；总死亡系数为2．05，自然死亡系数为0．58，捕捞死亡系数为1．47，临界年龄为2．18龄。对照东海区小黄鱼生物学特征的历史状况分析，目前东海区小黄鱼个体小型化、低龄化、性成熟提早现象明显，生物学参数发生较大变化。建议在东海区现行资源状态下，小黄鱼的可捕标准应充分考虑其生物学现状加以科学调整。     

珠江口水域鳓鱼生长和死亡参数估算

根据1996—1998年期间在珠江口及邻近海域采集的鳓鱼(Ilisha elongata Bennett)生物学资料，应用FiSATⅡ软件进行鳓鱼的生长和死亡参数估算。用ELEFANI技术拟合的von Bertalanffy生长方程参数分别为L∞=53．13cm(叉长)、κ=0．37a^-1及t∞=-0．62a，用Pauly经验公式计算的自然死亡系数为M=0．74，以长度变换渔获曲线法估算的总死亡系数为Z=2．53。运用Beverton-Holt模型分析该群体的最适捕捞死亡系数为F=2．5，最适开捕年龄和叉长分别为1．6龄和29．8cm，目前该群体已处于捕捞过度状态，尤其以捕捞幼鱼的问题较为突出。建议南海北部鳓鱼的最小可捕规格应为叉长30cm。     

海州湾及邻近海域大泷六线鱼的生长、死亡和最适开捕体长研究

根据2011年海州湾及邻近海域的底拖网调查资料,对大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)的群体结构、体长-体重关系、生长、死亡和资源利用状况进行初步研究。结果表明:大泷六线鱼渔获群体体长范围为44~292mm,优势体长组为54~74mm,平均体长为88mm;体重范围为0.35~574.3g,优势体重组为10g,平均体重为17.94g;体长-体重关系为W=4.23×10-6 L3.31(R2=0.978 6,n=1 514)。应用FiSATⅡ软件中的ELEFANⅠ方法估算的von Bertalanffy生长方程参数L∞、K和t0分别为328mm、0.36a-1和-0.43a;应用FiSAT软件中变换体长渔获曲线法求得总死亡系数Z为2.06,自然死亡系数M和捕捞死亡系数F分别为0.62和1.44,开发率E为0.70。Beverton-Holt单位补充量渔获量模型分析表明,在现行捕捞死亡系数F=1.44、YW/R取最大值时对应的开捕年龄为1.83a。现阶段大泷六线鱼资源已处于过度开发状态,考虑拐点年龄、临界年龄、繁殖和经济效益等综合因素,建议将海州湾大泷六线鱼最适开捕规格定为体长191mm。     

闽中、闽东渔场扁舵鲣的资源生物学

本文以1981～1984年4～9月累计18个月在闵中、闵东渔场开展中上层鱼类资源开发性探捕调查的材料,报道了扁舵鲣的生态分布、群体结构和生活史主要特征。鱼群先后于4～7月由南而北进入本渔场,数量分布以5月为多;栖息的最适温、盐度分别为23.5～25.5℃和33～34;渔获群体由0～V龄组成;性成熟的最小年龄为Ⅰ龄,最小叉长271～280mm;生长参数L_∞=484.44mm,W_∞=2050.76g,K=0.5109,t_0=0.3598;瞬时自然死亡率为0.8937,开发比率为0.2138,属于轻度利用的鱼类资源,尚有较大的开发潜力。     

夏季黄海南部沿海表层流刺网渔获物组成分析

结合银鲳和小黄鱼流刺网网目选择性试验,对夏季黄海南部沿海三层表层流刺网渔获物组成进行了调查分析.总共鉴定出渔获品种25种,其中优势种为梭子蟹(Portunus triuberbuculatus)、灰鲳(Stomateoidesnozawae Ishikawa)和银鲳(Stromatecoides argenteus),分别占总渔获量的59.2%,21.5%和11%,灰鲳体长分布范围为17～30 cm,优势体长范围为21～24 cm,占71.6%;银鲳体长分布范围为13～23 cm,优势体长范围为15～21 cm,占95.8%.数据分析表明,三重流刺网作业网具选择性较差,渔具兼捕种类多,捕获量大,占总渔获量的66.5%;渔获的灰鲳和银鲳处于生长型捕捞期,不利于资源的可持续利用,建议适当改良渔具,避免对其资源造成过度破坏.     

塞拉利昂近海渔获生物多样性特征的调查研究

根据塞拉利昂近海１６条生产船１年的生产日志资料（１９９５－０７～１９９６－０６）,记述了该海区出现的渔获名录,渔业资源的分布与数量特征。指出塞拉利昂海区以捕虾为主,鱼虾兼捕,渔获物具有相对较高的多样性。同时,提出了加强渔业生物多样性保护和渔业资源合理利用的建议。     

论渔业法之使用小于最小网目尺寸的网具进行捕捞行为的法律责任

渔业资源的可持续发展是实现渔业捕捞可持续发展的基石,明确使用最小网目尺寸的网具进行捕捞,有利于幼鱼从网具中释放,最终达到渔业捞捕可持续发展的目的。为保障渔业捕捞可持续发展,文章分析使用最小网目尺寸的网具进行捕捞行为的处罚裁量基准、网目尺寸制度、没收渔具和执法程序中存在的问题,提出加强源头治理、细化罚款幅度、加快发布《全国海洋捕捞渔具目录》、同一水域协同管理、完善没收渔具定义以及建立渔政联合执法机制等建议。     

福建近海主要底层经济鱼类的种群动态

本文研究了1994年福建近海底拖网渔船主要捕捞对象－带鱼,白姑鱼,二长棘鲷,短尾大眼鲷和条尾绯鲤5种底层和近底层鱼类的种群结构,生长和死亡参数及其开发比率,与1976年比较,带鱼渔获的最大年龄由1976年7龄降至1994年的4齿,白姑鱼,二长棘鲷和短尾大眼鲷由1976年或1982年的5龄降至1994年的3龄,条尾绯鲤由1976年的5龄降至1994年的4龄,带鱼的捕捞死亡系数由1976年的0．491上升到1994年的0．956。二长棘鲷由0．340上升到1．273,短尾大眼鲷由0．505上升到0．868。条尾绯鲤由0．576上升到0．924,白姑鱼由1982年的0．235上升到1994年的0．789,开发比率均比1976年或1982年有较大提高,分别在0．495,0．706,呈现充分开发或过度利用,并讨论了种群变动原因,捕捞结构和底拖网捕捞力量调整及5种鱼类的最小可捕标准问题。     

Estimates on age,growth,and mortality of Gymnocypris firmispinatus(Cyprinidae: Schizothoracinae) in the Anning River,China

The age, growth, and mortality of Gymnocypris firmispinatus were studied by 582 individuals that collected between July 2015 and June 2016 from the tributaries of the Anning River, China. The total length (TL) ranged from 27 mm to 242 mm, total weight (W) ranged from 0.2 g to 148.2 g. The relationship of total length and weight was expressed as W =7.754×10^-6 TL^ 3.304 for the total samples. The age classes of males were 1–9 a, and that of females were 1–13 a. The von Bertalanff y functions based on otolith readings and observed length data were L t ♂=198.6(1–e^-0.094 ( t +3.497)), and L t ♀=289.3(1–e^-0.089 ( t +1.109)). The total mortality ( Z ) of male and female G . firmispinatus was estimated as 0.73/a and 0.40/a, respectively. The natural mortality ( M ) was evaluated as 0.25/a for males and 0.20/a for females, fishing mortality ( F ) was 0.35/a for males and 0.16/a for females. The exploitation ratio of the population was 0.66/a for males and 0.50/a for females. It was concluded that the growth of the fish is relatively slower than other congeneric fishes. The population of G . firmispinatus in the tributaries of the Anning River might be in over-exploitation under the current fishing intensity.     

山东近海高眼鲽种群结构及资源分布

根据秋(2016年10月)、冬(2017年1月)、春(2017年5月)和夏(2017年8月)4个季节在山东近海的底拖网调查数据,对高眼鲽(Cleisthenes herzensteini)种群结构和资源分布的季节差异进行研究。结果表明,高眼鲽的平均体长在秋、冬季较大,而平均体质量则在夏、秋季较大。当体长大于15 cm时,体质量呈现较大的季节变化,体质量增长率在夏季最大。采用von Bertalanffy生长方程表示其生长特性,生长参数L∞为37.85 cm、K为0.28、t0为-0.57。通过Pauly经验公式求得高眼鲽的自然死亡系数为0.54。体长转换的渔获曲线求得总死亡系数为1.69,进而求得现阶段的捕捞死亡系数为1.15,开发率高达68.05%,并求得开捕年龄为1.48龄,开捕体长为12.68 cm。年龄组成为1~5龄,其中1龄与2龄个体分别占总数的45.15%与40.23%。各季节中,只有夏季样品的雌雄性比与1∶1差异显著(p<0.05),且雌性的数量显著多于雄性。50%性成熟体长为22.35 cm,性成熟比例和平均性成熟系数最高的季节出现在夏季。高眼鲽主要分布在底层水温为6.45~19.06℃、底层盐度为31.82~33.10和50 m等深线以深的海域,其平均渔获量在秋季远多于其他季节,在冬季陡然下降,随后缓慢上升。山东近海高眼鲽显现出体长分布狭窄、饵料条件恶化、产卵期延迟和过度捕捞等现象,休渔期前后资源量变化剧烈。     

Longevity,growth, reproduction and a description of the fishery for silver sweep Scorpis lineolatus off New South Wales,Australia

Size at age, growth rates, seasonality of spawning, and size at maturity were described for the silver sweep Scorpis lineolatus off the coast of New South Wales, Australia. Estimates of age were made by counting annual zones in sections of otoliths. The ageing technique was validated using young‐of‐the‐year fish, staining fish with tetracy‐cline, and by marginal increment analysis. Silver sweep exhibited extreme longevity with an observed maximum age of 54 years and more than 50% of the fishery being greater than 15 years old. Growth was rapid during the first few years before reaching sexual maturity at 2–3 years and at a length of c. 17 cm fork length, after which growth slowed dramatically. Silver sweep displayed a winter spawning period. The fishery is unusual in that despite heavy fishing pressure and rapidly declining catches the age structure of the catch suggests a population that has been subjected to minimal fishing mortality. It is proposed that the large declines in commercial landings may be the result of serial depletion on local reefs and that current landings are being taken from schools of fish that have" receiveddate="little fishing pressure historically.     

南海北部带鱼生长死亡与参数动态综合模式

根据我国近海带鱼分种研究结果,利用南海北部底拖网调查收集的带鱼属3鱼种的生物学资料,运用长度频率法估算了3鱼种的生长和死亡参数.带鱼、南海带鱼和短带鱼von Bertalanffy生长方程的渐近肛长分别为70.0,54.5和48.0 cm;生长系数分别为0.27,0.27和0.17;理论生长起点年龄分别为-0.60,-0.68和-1.10龄.用长度变换渔获曲线法估算的3鱼种总死亡系数分别为3.02,0.80和2.43;用经验公式估算的自然死亡系数分别为0.39,0.58和0.44;捕捞死亡系数分别为2.63,0.22和1.99.动态综合模式的分析结果表明,3鱼种都能承受较大的捕捞压力,资源利用的不合理之处是大量捕捞1龄以内的幼鱼;在最适利用状态下,带鱼、南海带鱼和短带鱼的开捕年龄分别应为3.0,2.0和2.7龄,对应的肛长分别为44,28和23 cm.     

Growth and feeding habits of invasive Pseudorasbora parva in the Chabalang Wetland(Lhasa,China) and its trophic impacts on native fish

In recent years, fish invasion has become one of the main reasons for the decline of native fish stocks. Pseudorasbora parva is considered one of the major invasive species worldwide. The present study investigated the fish resources of the Chabalang Wetland (Lhasa, Tibet) during diff erent seasons in 2009 and 2013. Four hundred and twelve individuals were subsampled to estimate age, growth, and feeding habit of P . parva . Furthermore, food relationships between P . parva and the native Schizothoracinae fish were also examined. The results revealed a significant shift in species composition and community structure characterized by the disappearance of native fish and outbreak of non-native fish. The percentage of nonnative P . parva in the fish collections significantly increased from 33.64% in 2009 to 64.08% in 2013. The standard length (SL) ranged from 22.00 to 78.71 mm, and their age was 1–5 a. The von Bertalanff y function was used to model the observed length-at-age data as L t =112.19(1–e^-0.1495 ( t +0.8012)) for females and as L t =123.12 (1–e^-0.1500 ( t +0.7132)) for males. The results indicated that P . parva in Tibet has lower growth and mortality rates compared with that from the native ranges. Ninety-seven prey taxa belonging to 9 prey categories were identified in the gut of 38 P . parva . P . parva can be considered a generalized and opportunistic predator, competing with the native fish, especially Schizothorax o’connori , Schizopygopsis younghusbandi younghusbandi , and Ptychobarbus dipogon , for Bacillariophyta and Chironomid larvae. This is an important reason for the decline in native fish population.     

Influences of fisheries management measures on biological characteristics of threadfin bream (Nemipterus virgatus) in the Beibu Gulf,South China Sea

Long-term variations in population structure, growth, mortality, length at median sexual maturity, and exploitation rate of threadfin bream(Nemipterus virgatus) are reported based on bottom trawl survey data collected during 1960–2012 in the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea. Laboratory-based analyses were conducted on 16 791 individuals collected quarterly in eight different sampling years. Average body length, estimated asymptotic length, and percentage of large individuals have decreased significan...     

Population dynamics and condition index of natural stock of blood cockle,Tegillarca granosa(Mollusca,Bivalvia,Arcidae) in the Marudu Bay,Malaysia

The population parameters of blood cockles, Tegillarca granosa in the intertidal zone of Marudu Bay, Sabah,Malaysia were investigated based on monthly length-weight frequency data(July 2017 to June 2018). A total of 279 cockle individuals with shell length and weight ranging from 27.7 mm to 82.2 mm and 13.11 g to 192.7 g were subjected to analysis. T. granosa in Marudu Bay showed a consistent moderately high condition index 4.98±0.86 throughout the year. The exponent b of the length-weight relationship was 2.6 demonstrating negative allometric growth. The estimated asymptotic length(L_∞), growth coefficient(K) and growth performance(?) of the T.granosa population in Marudu Bay were estimated at 86.68 mm, 0.98 a~(-1) and 3.87, respectively. The observed maximum shell length was 82.55 mm and the predicted maximum shell length was 84.44 mm with estimated maximum life span(t_(max)) of 3.06 years. The estimated mean lengths at the end of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 months of age were 21.31 mm, 31.16 mm, 39.53 mm, 46.63 mm, 52.67 mm and 57.79 mm. Total, natural, and fishing mortalities were estimated at 2.39 a~(-1), 1.32 a~(-1) and 1.07 a~(-1). The exploitation level(E) was 0.45. Results of the current study also demonstrated that T. granosa in the Marudu Bay has two major recruitment peaks; one in March and another in October. The exploitation level revealed that natural stock of T. granosa in the Marudu Bay was approaching the maximum exploitation level. If such trend continues or demand for T. granosa is increasing,coupled with no effective fisheries management in place, possibility of the T. granosa population in the Marudu Bay to collapse is likely to elevate.     

An analysis of yield variability from three harvesting strategies in the South African anchovy fishery,under conditions of randomly fluctuating recruitment success

An age-structured population model was used to examine the variability of yield created by randomly fluctuating recruitment success in the South African anchovy Engraulis capensis stock. Three different harvesting strategies were examined: (1) constant age-specific pattern of fishing mortality, (2) constant quota with effort limitation and (3) annual quota adjustments by means of an F _msy procedure. Variable recruitment was generated by a stochastic stock-recruit relationship, and mean yields, mean spawner biomasses and probability distributions of yield were calculated at each exploitation level after 150 projections from the population structure of anchovy in 1981. Under conditions of constant fishing mortality, the variability of yield increased continuously as the exploitation rate was increased. The maximum average yield (MAY) is the stochastic equivalent of the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) of deterministic models, but an attempt to sustain this MAY by a constant quota resulted in a very high risk of stock collapse. An Fmsy policy based on pre-season adult biomass resulted in more variable yields than were obtained at the equivalent constant fishing mortality at age. Stability of yield therefore demanded the acceptance of lower average yields than could be attained in the long term by quota adjustment. It was considered that the South African purse-seine industry could not cope with the wide fluctuations of yield necessary to attain MAY. Specific management policies sufficiently robust to withstand both fluctuating recruitment success and the uncertainties in the parameters of working population models would be required.     

Size trends and population characteristics of striped marlin,Tetrapturus audax caught in the New Zealand recreational fishery

Size trends and population characteristics of striped marlin, Tetrapturus audax, caught in the New Zealand recreational fishery were evaluated using club records from the Bay of Islands Sword‐fish Club (BOISC) from 1925 to 2003 (n = 15 114) and biological samples from northern New Zealand collected from 1985 to 1994 (n = 684). Average weight (kg) ± SE of striped marlin declined 6–9 kg every 20 years between 1925 (124.2 ± 1.0 kg) and 2003 (100.1 kg ± 0.4). Weight (H14843 = 444.58, P < 0.001) and condition (H443 = 37.54, P < 0.001) increased significantly throughout the recreational fishing season (December‐May). No differences were observed in the lower jaw‐fork length (LJFL)‐weight (W) relationship between sexes or years but average weight of females (106.2 ±1.1 kg) was significantly greater than males (90.2 ±1.2 kg) from 1985 to 1994 (F684 = 88.37, P < 0.001). Negative allometric growth (W = 2E ‐08 LJFL^2.88) was recorded for all striped marlin. Individual growth was modelled by fitting backcalculated LJFL to eight age classes derived from dorsal spine measurements (n = 94) using the von Bertalanffy growth equation (r² = 0.96). The parameters estimated in the von Bertalanffy growth equation were asymptotic length (L ) = 3010 mm, annual growth rate (K) = 0.22, age (yr) at hypothetical length 0 (t0) = ‐0.04.