Fifty Years of Cartography at the University of Glasgow

Abstract

This paper documents ongoing glacier retreat in the eastern part of the Granatspitz Mountains (Hohe Tauern Range, Austrian Alps) for the time period 2003–2009 using aerial photogrammetry. Aerial photographs of 2003, 2006, and 2009 were made available by the Hydrological Service of the Regional Government of Salzburg, the Federal Office of Metrology, Surveying and Mapping, Vienna, and the Regional Government of the Tyrol, respectively. High resolution multi-temporal digital elevation models and digital orthophotos of the area of interest were derived using digital photogrammetric methods to provide a sound basis for glaciological research. Glacier outlines of the three glacial stages were mapped interactively. Temporal change in area and surface height of the glaciers mapped clearly document glacier retreat. Glacier mass balance based on the geodetic method was calculated for Stubacher Sonnblickkees (Glacier). Mean annual specific net balance amounts to ?656 mm w.e. for the time period 2003–2009, with a mass balance gradient of 324 mm w.e. (100 m)^?1 and an equilibrium-line altitude of 2995 m a.s.l. Digital orthophoto maps and other thematic maps, e.g. showing surface height change, were prepared to support further data interpretation. Both the study area and its spatio-temporal change were visualized with special emphasis on the glaciers in a computer generated video film. Another film (exposure 29 August 2011) shows the lower part of Stubacher Sonnblickkees and its surroundings for reasons of comparison.     

A GIS-based glacier inventory for the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands —A first case study on King George Island

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A GIS-based glacier inventory for the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands —A first case study on King George Island

The aim of the international project “Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS)” headed by the US Geological Survey is to establish a world wide glacier inventory based on satellite imagery. This data set will form a first digital baseline study for future glacier monitoring. The presented GIS-based glacier inventory for King George Island is a case study for the area of the Antarctic Peninsula. In the database of the glacier inventory topographic information, specific glaciological parameters as well as metadata will be included. The topographic data consists of drainage basin limits, basin areas, altitudinal ranges, perimeters and mean lengths. Glaciological data sets should comprise information on glacier retreat in different periods, glacier velocities, ice thickness and bedrock topography as well as derived parameters. Modelled and measured mass balance parameters could be included as additional data layers. In particular, these metadata records must comprise background information on data accuracy and data sources and should be compatible with a future data model for the King George Island GIS (KGIS). Three examples illustrate that the GLIMS database will not only contain information valuable for glaciological applications, but also other environmental studies on the island will benefit from this standardised remote sensing data sets. Therefore, a very close link between the data models of KGIS and GLIMS has to be established to enable these synergisms. Finally, better access to historic aerial photography would enable a continuous record of glacier retreat from the beginning of the 1950's onward.     

Area Change and Thickness Variation over Pensilungpa Glacier (J&;K) using Remote Sensing

Accurate representations of the Earth’s surface in the form of digital elevation models (DEMs) are essential for a variety of applications in glaciological and remote-sensing research. In the present study area change and thickness variation over Pensilungpa glacier was attempted using remote sensing approach. It can be remarked that a net loss of 9.23 sq. km. which is 38% of the glacier area mapped in 1962 indicate a drastic change over the glacier area during 1962–2007. Estimation of glacier thickness change on Pensilungpa glacier based on ASTER DEM (2003) and Survey of India (SOI) contour based DEM (1962) indicated increase in the glacier elevation in the accumulation zone mainly by 30 to 90 m and similar reduction by 30 to 90 m in the ablation zone.     

A GIS-BASED GLACIER INVENTORY FOR THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA AND THE SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS——A FIRST CASE STUDY ON KING GEORGE ISLAND

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大比例尺IMU／DGPS数码航测应用试验

IMU／DGPS技术与数码航空摄影技术的结合为航空摄影测量带来了新的技术发展方向。通过运用该技术实现大比例尺成图的成功试验案例,以具体数据和成果介绍了该技术在实际生产中的应用优势以及获取成果的多样性,阐述了航测技术的发展和应用趋势。     

Photogrammetry as A Research Tool for Glaciology

Using a multidisciplinary project studying surging glaciers in Svalbard as a reference, this paper examines some of the ways in which photogrammetry can be used as a research tool by glaciologists. Photogrammetric compilations of two of the glaciers under study were produced from 1990 aerial photography. Photogrammetry was regarded primarily as a source of digital elevation models in this project, rather than as a cartographic tool. Problems encountered in applying photogrammetry to the arctic terrain are considered and a methodology devised to ameliorate these problems by maximizing the available data is described. The results of the photogrammetric work are presented and difficulties in quantifying the accuracy of the photogrammetric data are examined. Examples of the ways in which the photogrammetrically derived digital data have been used for glaciological analysis and visualization are discussed.     

非量测相机在南极大比例尺成图中的应用

非量测相机在各个领域得到了广泛的应用,而应用于航空摄影测量中还是一个新的尝试。本文通过在南极航摄中的应用试验,阐明了非量测相机应用于大比例尺测图成图是可行的,精度能够满足工程建设的需要。     

无人机航测带状地形图的试验及分析

本文结合高速公路建设勘察,采用无人机数码航空摄影测量系统进行航测制图,以试验大比例尺带状地形图的航测方法及其精度。结果表明,在常规控制布点条件下,基于单台普通数码相机摄影的无人机作业,能够满足对成像比例尺放大10倍测图的平面精度要求,但尚不能达到相应的高程精度要求;准确消除普通数码影像系统误差是提高该技术航测精度的关键。     

优视摄影测量与泛在实景三维数据采集:以实景三维青岛为例

面向实景三维建设的广阔需求,提出了一种新型无人机摄影测量技术,即优视摄影测量。分析说明了优视摄影测量的技术原理,以多种方式获取的三维概略模型为规划依据,结合立体观测采样和可观测性约束分析生成和优选出航摄视角,进而形成对应的航摄路径; 针对大测区应用与无人机作业能力有限的矛盾,以航线划分的方式从精细规划端给出了多无人机协同施测的解决方案;以实景三维青岛建设中的城市核心区为测试场景,实现了面向大范围复杂城市场景的优视航测多机协同实景三维数据采集实施验证, 分别进行了分区块及全区整体的实景三维重建,并与专业化倾斜航测系统生成的实景模型进行对比分析。结果表明,优视摄影测量技术模式下生成实景三维模型的精细度具有显著提升。在保证高质量输出的前提下,该技术模式可驱动轻小型航摄设备实现较大范围复杂区域的实景三维数据采集,并通过协同施测提高作业效率。以优视摄影测量为技术内核,可进一步延展为面向多方向、多领域的泛在实景三维数据采集技术应用模式。     

基于倾斜摄影的三维测图技术研究

近年来,随着无人机技术、机载定位技术、图像处理技术的快速发展,倾斜摄影测量技术已广泛应用于1：1000大比例尺地形图测绘中。但由于各项技术限制,普通的无人机航空摄影测量难以满足1：500大比例尺地形图测图。因此,本文以倾斜摄影测量技术为基础,从像控密度、模型分辨率、测图方式3方面展开研究,提出了一种适用于城镇1：500大比例尺地形图的倾斜测图方法。试验结果表明,文成县大比例尺地形图的成果平面精度可达0.059 m,高程精度可达0.064 m,精度情况良好,对以后采取此种方法进行测绘具有一定的借鉴作用。     

数字航空摄影三维重建理论与技术发展综述

航空摄影测量作为摄影测量学最重要的分支之一,近年来得到了长足的发展。倾斜航空摄影和无人机摄影测量等多种新作业模式的出现,给传统航空摄影测量带来新的挑战的同时也催生出了诸多新的解决方案。此外,人工智能领域计算机视觉技术和深度学习技术中的新理论、新方法不断融入航空摄影测量中,推动航空摄影测量向智能化、自动化方向发展。当代航空摄影测量学已经是多种传感器融合、多种数据采集方式结合、传统摄影测量和人工智能技术交叉的产物。三维重建是航空摄影测量的核心问题之一。本文阐述了当代航空摄影三维重建技术的发展趋势和存在的问题,着重从航空影像的同名连接点自动提取与匹配、区域网平差、密集匹配和单体化建模4个方面对当前的研究现状进行了总结讨论,给出了当前国内外主流的航空影像摄影测量处理框架。     

基于高精度POS航测相机影像快速生产体系的建立

ADS 40作为徕卡新的传感器,目前国内用于大规模航拍的不多。由于携带高精度POS系统,外业工作量大大减少,但同时,内业处理难度也有所增加。国内尚没有成熟的生产体系可供参考,建立起基于高精度POS系统的数字摄影测量快速生产体系至关重要。     

提高大比例尺地形图航测成图精度的测量方法

结合在白银市城区1∶500比例尺地形图航空摄影数字化成图,以及酒钢厂区1∶500比例尺现状图测绘的实际作业生产,介绍布设地面标志点进行航空摄影测量的作业方法,比较布设地面标志点进行航空摄影测量与常规航空摄影测量的成图精度。     

无人机大比例尺测图像控点布设方案设计

随着无人机技术的快速发展,无人机航空摄影测量的精度也大大改善,以无人机为平台低空摄影测量大比例尺地图成为可能。本文以旋翼无人机搭载非测量型相机,通过布设不同数量像控点进行分析和研究,得到无人机摄影测量在农村地区像控点布设规律。结果证明在合理像控点布设的情况下,无人机测图数字成果空中三角测量、平面和高程精度均可满足1∶500、1∶1000、1∶2000大比例尺地形测图的精度要求。     

利用低空无人机飞控数据的摄影航带全自动整理方法

本文为低空无人机平台弱控制航摄影像建立符合航测处理要求的区域网,提出了基于无人机飞控数据的无人机影像航带整理技术;分析了无人机影像航测处理区域网构建要求,提出针对无人机航测处理的航带整理技术流程;设计了基于飞控姿态数据的无人机起降和转弯影像自动剔除算法,自动生成航带;并提出了基于飞控数据快速计算像片FOV算法,构建区域网内像对链接关系;对实际无人机航摄的两个测区进行航带整理实验,结果表明基于飞控数据可快速构建区域网,满足空三匹配和挑片测图要求。     

DMC数字航摄在大比例尺地形图成图中的应用

数字航空摄影具有从测量到成图的全过程数字化的优点。结合1∶2000地形图DMC全数字摄影测量项目对面阵CCD航摄像机用于大比例尺航测成图的基本要求进行了分析研究,提出数字像机的几何标定、数字摄影的质量检验和生产作业规范制订的必要性。     

航空摄影统一监管法律基础探讨

关于航空摄影是否是测绘活动,以及测绘部门是否应将航空摄影纳入测绘统一监管的范畴,目前有不同的认识。本文明确了航空摄影是一种重要的测绘活动,从而论述了测绘部门对航空摄影实施统一监管的法律基础。     

浅谈无人机在农村土地承包登记中的应用

无人机是继传统的航空摄影之后出现的一种新的数码航空摄影技术。它是利用无人机作为平台,用数码相机对地表进行航摄,以获取航空影像的一种方法。本文通过德惠市布海镇农村土地承包登记的试点工作,探讨了利用无人机航空影像制作1∶2 000比例尺DOM,并利用1∶2 000比例尺DOM进行农村土地承包登记的作业流程和技术方法。