关于空间信息获取技术的分析

空间3维信息获取技术与应用正在世界范围内蓬勃发展,新理论、新技术、新方法层出不穷,新思维、新方向更推动了地理信息产业不断向前发展。航空摄影技术与摄影测量技术;机载与地面激光扫描、地面移动测量与GPS定位等传感器的精度与速度都有了明显的提高。无人机、飞艇等低空获取技术在城市空间信息的获取和更新方面发挥了积极的作用。本文对数字城市建设中的信息获取技术进行了讨论,并对航空摄影、机载3维激光、无人机、飞艇等3维信息获取方法进行了阐述,立足关注自主创新产品,突出各个领域技术合作与互补,推动数字城市建设更上新台阶。     

Digital Photogrammetry and Microscope Photographs

The feasibility of applying commercial digital photogrammetric software to the measurement of small objects photographed through an optical microscope has been examined. The objects, about 20 mm across, were photographed using a 35 mm film camera (at the lowest magnification setting of the Olympus microscope) giving photographs at a scale of 2:1. The photographs were then scanned before processing with the VirtuoZo digital photogrammetric system. Various problems needed to be overcome, some due to the limited options available with the highly automated digital system which was not designed for such measurement tasks. The unusual image scales, the uncommon pixel sizes and the unconventional and uncertain imaging geometry, all impeded immediate photogrammetric implementation. Photographic problems with the microscope were also faced, as with all microscope photogrammetry. Creating control points and independently assessing the accuracy of results at these scales were also difficult operations, but an analytical plotter was utilized for both these purposes and to verify the imaging geometry. Once such problems were overcome, image matching proceeded well and an accurate DTM could be created successfully, provided that a suitably textured object was chosen.     

无人机低空数字摄影测量系统的设计与实现

结合现代数字摄影测量原理、数据库接口技术及Ransac鲁棒分析算法开发出基于无人机影像特点的数字摄影测量系统。主要介绍了该系统的设计思路及核心技术的实现原理。系统首先通过自动化的影像匹配获取同名点,再由相对定向和绝对定向生成3维离散点,最后构建可量测的3维DEM模型。该系统已用于实际工程,具有较高的准确性和实用性。     

从数字摄影测量工作站(DPW)到数字摄影测量网格(DPGrid)

指出了现今的数字摄影测量工作站存在的问题，总结了当今数字摄影测量理论的发展，包括影像匹配与观测值的“独立性”原则、多基线近景摄影测量与广义点的概念。结合数字摄影测量硬件与理论的发展，引出由数字摄影测量工作站发展为数字摄影测量网格的理念，说明了数字摄影测量网格的结构、功能，包括基于刀片机的集成处理系统、基于网络的全无缝测图系统及其特点，讨论了数字摄影测量与计算机视觉的关系，介绍了数字摄影测量网格已取得的成果。     

利用投影影像精化数字表面模型

随着摄影测量技术的成熟和人们对摄影测量产品应用的要求不断提高，真正射影像在工程与人们生活中扮演越来越重要的角色。生成高质量真正射影像的关键在于如何获取高精度的DSM。目前修正和改善DSM误差的方法普遍存在费力费时、精度缺乏保证及任意性等问题。本文针对DSM精度的修正问题提出了一种新的方法，即基于投影影像的概念，将空间点位在投影影像上的投影轨迹线作为几何约束条件，直接对现有DSM的高程进行修正的方法。通过获取高精度的DSM，进而生成更为精确的真正射影像。本文通过理论推导、单点高程和多点高程修正试验，验证了提出的新方法直观简单，适用性强，具有一定的实际应用价值。     

小型数码航空摄影测量在焦作地区的应用

主要介绍了新一代超轻型数码航测系统主要的软硬件系统,并结合焦作市数码航测的具体生产任务介绍了数码航空摄影测量的主要工作流程,最后通过对数字产品成果的精度评定验证了小型数码航空摄影测量完全能够满足大比例尺成图的精度要求.     

多基线-数字近景摄影测量

根据交会精度与影像匹配自动化的需要,与当今航空数码相机沿航线方向视场角偏小的事实,阐述了大重叠、多基线摄影测量的必要性及其现实意义;重点介绍了利用非量测相机进行多基线的正直、交向摄影方法与数据处理的特点,特别是“多基线交向摄影”,通过多次、多相机对三峡工程地下电站尾水边坡进行拍摄试验,获得了传统非量测相机难以比拟的、非常满意的结果。     

面向数字城市建设的三维建模关键技术研究与应用

三维模型数据以其直观性、客观性和真实性等特性,成为数字城市数据库中的重要组成部分。为了解决三维模型数据获取的精准性和高效性等,在建设数字城市过程中,采取多种技术方式实现三维模型的获取。包括采用传统手工三维建模实现三维精细模型的精准性,采用三维激光扫描技术实现三维模型数据的超精细化,以倾斜摄影测量的半自动建模方式实现快速建模等。本文从技术角度全面总结了在建设数字城市过程中三维模型的具体技术途径及应用方式。三维模型数据应用于数字城市的历史文保、教育、经济等多个领域,为智慧城市的建设奠定了坚实的数据基础。     

The Z/I Imaging Digital Camera System

Market needs for airborne and spaceborne imagery used in photogrammetry and GIS applications are changing. Fundamental changes in sensors, platforms and applications are currently taking place. Most recently, new high resolution spaceborne sensors have become available. Besides classical photogrammetry, new thematic applications will drive the future image market. Savings in cost and time, together with the need for higher and reproducible radiometric resolution or spectral information will push forward the change from analogue to digital imagery. High resolution satellites will compete with airborne film-based photography and digital camera systems.
With the availability of a digital airborne camera, it is possible to completely close the digital chain from image acquisition to exploitation and data distribution. The key decision regarding the camera design in this case is whether a linear or area array sensor should be used. In view of the high geometric accuracy requirements in photogrammetry, Z/I Imaging has focused development on a digital camera based on an area sensor. An essential aspect of this decision was not only the aerial camera system, but also the entire photogrammetric process to the finished photographic or mapping product. If this point of view is adopted, it becomes clear that the development of a digital camera involves more than simply exchanging film for silicon. Aspects such as data transfer rates, in-flight data processing and storage, image archiving, georeferencing, colour fusion, calibration and preprocessing have the same influence on the economic assessment of a digital camera system. This paper describes current development activities and application aspects of a digital modular airborne camera system.     

DMC影像在数字摄影测量中的应用

介绍了DMC影像数据的特点,通过与传统扫描影像的比较,介绍了DMC影像在数字摄影测量中的应用。     

基于数字视差模型和改进SIFT特征的数字近景立体影像匹配

针对数字近景立体摄影测量中立体影像的高效自动匹配的需要,提出一种基于数字视差模型（digital parallax model,DPM）和改进SIFT(scale invariable feature transformation)特征的立体影像匹配算法。该算法首先根据近景立体摄影系统中相机基距和相互关系固定的特点,利用已知的标定数据,构建立体影像的数字视差模型,并计算立体影像中的同名核线参数,再在DPM和核线的约束下,确定右影像上同名像点的搜索范围,以提高匹配速度和准确性;其次,利用SIFT特征和灰度特征,设计结合局部结构信息和全局灰度信息的匹配相似性测度计算模型,以增强匹配的稳健性。利用该算法对实际立体影像进行实验,结果表明本文方法可大大消减错误匹配,提高匹配的可靠性和精度。     

多源点云数据融合的建筑物精细化建模

三维建模技术能够实现建筑物的数字化存档，在古建筑保护与修复和现代建筑规划与改造中具有不可替代的作用。针对倾斜摄影测量和三维激光扫描建模技术中建筑物模型存在的问题，本文提出了一种倾斜摄影测量和三维激光扫描生成三维点云模型相融合的建筑物精细化建模方法。选用无人机和三维激光扫描仪作为试验设备，利用ContextCapture、SCENE软件完成点云拼接、生产和编辑，通过ICP算法完成点云精细匹配，实现多源点云数据融合建模；对比单一建模方法模型，从纹理结构和模型精度两方面对融合建模模型进行质量评价。结果表明，融合建模模型纹理清晰，几何结构完整，模型距离中误差和高差中误差的均值均低于倾斜摄影测量模型的值，接近三维激光扫描模型。     

摄影测量和数字图象处理的某些进展

本文从王之卓教授关于“数字图象处理将是摄影测量的一个新的作业领域”的观点出发,介绍了用数字图象处理的方法解决摄影测量问题方面的某些进展,主要是:快速数字微分纠正,影象增强与镶嵌,数字立体正射影象图,LANDSAT和SPOT卫星图象的参量估计与星历数据的利用。     

近地超轻型飞机小数码航空摄影测量试验分析

数码相机应用于航空摄影测量是目前摄影测量界关注的焦点,为此在山西省稷山县用近地超轻型飞机小数码航空摄影测量系统,进行了航空摄影测量试验,试验取得的精度,满足了大比例尺成图的精度要求。本文叙述了整个实验过程,并对所取的精度进行了分析,给出了本系统的优缺点,提出克服系统缺点的方案。本系统的应用,给出了数码相机和超轻型飞机应用于航空摄影测量的方法,加快了航空摄影测量内外业一体化的进程。     

Application of Digital Photogrammetry to Complex Topography for Geomorphological Research

This paper is concerned with the application of automated digital photogrammetry, using 1:3000 scale photography, to complex, natural landform surfaces, of typical interest to geomorphologists. It assesses the quality of the results obtained using a relatively cheap and readily available area based stereomatching package, in terms of precision, accuracy and external reliability. Precision is investigated with reference to the confidence that can be placed in individual matches. Accuracy is evaluated using specially collected, independent datasets obtained from an area of complex topography in Glen Affric, Scotland. Data collection was stratified to areas of different surface roughness. External reliability is judged with respect to estimates of slope, a key parameter in geomorphological investigations. The results show that, whilst the effects of grid density and vegetation correction are the most important controls upon the accuracy and the external reliability of the photogrammetric results, collection parameters associated with the stereomatching process can also exert some control, particularly in areas of complex topography. It is impossible to generalize rules for choice of optimal collection parameters without careful consideration of the surface under investigation. Given that maximum grid densities are defined by the object space pixel resolution, the paper concludes that surface quality is largely governed by traditional controls upon photogrammetric data quality (camera calibration, base:distance ratio, ground control), combined with either scanning density or digital image resolution. However, over some surfaces, careful consideration has to be given to the effect of matching parameters.     

浅谈全数字摄影测量在生产中的应用

全数字摄影测量技术经过20多年的发展,已进入实用化阶段,目前我国有相当一部分测绘单位陆续引进了全数字摄影测量系统,并逐步形成生产能力。由于正式生产开展时间较短,国家有关的技术标准和规范尚未出台,因此对于使用者来说,许多问题仍处在摸索阶段。本文通过总结生产经验,对有关问题提出建议。     

浅谈VirtuoZo AAT自动空中三角测量的几点体会

随着信息技术和计算机技术的迅速发展,数字摄影测量已取代传统的模拟摄影测量和解析摄影测量,使摄影测量进入数字化时代。VirtuoZo全数字摄影测量系统在测绘工作中的广泛使用,节省了大量的人力,提高了工作效率,减少大量作业时间,提高产品精度。笔者总结了实际作业中常见的问题及解决方法,以供大家参考。     

实验地貌的观测方法讨论

实验地貌观测方法的选择直接影响试验观测的精度和效率。数字近景摄影测量技术具有较高的观测精度和效率,其设备简单易操作且成本相对较低,但观测精度仍需结合传统手段进行率定和校核;点云式激光扫描技术使用范围广、精度高,但设备制作成本高、数据处理量大,等值线式激光扫描技术克服了上述缺点;超声波地形仪多用于水下地形观测,应用范围及效率精度有待改进。实验地貌观测技术未来的研究趋势应朝着高精度、高效率、操作简便的方向发展。     

基于Lensphoto系统的土石方计算方法应用

土石方计算工程的实际意义非常重大,因而选择基于多基线数字近景摄影测量系统的土石方计算方法进行了研究,并通过实例与其他常用土石方计算方法进行了比较,结果表明多基线近景摄影测量技术在土石方计算中具有速度快、精度高、工作流程简单等特点.     

A comparison between analytical aerial photogrammetry,laser scanning,total station and global positioning system surveys for generation of digital terrain model

The present paper compares between four data sources for creating digital terrain models (DTMs), based on analytical aerial photogrammetry, laser scanning, total station (TS) and global positioning system surveys. The case study presents the comparative results obtained using the methods listed above. After obtaining the ground coordinates of points using each method, DTMs were created using Surfer Software to establish comparison consistency. To check accuracy of each method used, a series of 100 independent points were collected at random positions over the case study area using the TS for horizontal position and a digital level for elevation. The comparison of the results of the methods was performed based on accuracy and efficiency aspects. The results have shown that TS and terrestrial laser scanners (TLSs) could represent precise, effective and rapid solutions to produce economical and accurate DTMs. Also, using TLSs allow more various possibilities of data representation.