我国华南地区砷酸盐矿物的初步研究

本文介绍了笔者近几年在华南地区发现的16种砷酸盐矿物的研究成果,其中,德保石(?)是待审批的新矿物,硅砷铜石(?)是有疑义的(新)矿物;而光线石、墨绿砷铜石、羟砷铜石、乳砷铅铜石、砷铅铁石、绿砷钡铁石及含钡毒铁石等是在国内首次发现的矿物;橄榄铜矿、砷铅石等在国内未见有其矿物学数据的公开报导。文章提供了这16种砷酸盐矿物的矿物学参数,并对该类矿物的形成条件进行了初步的探讨。     

广西德保铜-锡矿床氧化带砷酸盐矿物组合特征及其成因的初步研究

笔者通过对广西德保铜-锡矿床氧化带次生矿物的研究,发现了14种砷酸盐矿物,其中多数为国内首次发现。这些砷酸盐矿物主要是铜的砷酸盐矿物,次为铜和铅的砷酸盐矿物,还有少量铁、铅、钡的砷酸盐矿物。根据这些矿物的共生组合关系,把它们划分为如下组合系列:(1)光线石-橄榄铜矿-墨绿砷铜石-羟砷铜石-德保石-硅砷铜石组合;(2)臭葱石-砷铅铁矿-砷菱铅矾-乳砷铅铜石-砷铜铅石组合;(3)臭葱石-含钡毒铁石-绿砷钡铁石组合。砷酸盐矿物一般形成于温湿多雨的热带—亚热带、pH为6—8,并有大量毒砂和碳酸盐岩存在的硫化物矿床氧化带中。     

新矿物（2001．1-2001．12）

本文以表格的形式列出了经国际矿物学协会(IMA)新矿物与矿物命名委员会(CNMMN)批准、并于2001年度在各国刊物上正式发表的35种新矿物,其中硅酸盐包括水硅钡石、羟氟碳硅钛铁钡钠石、氯碳硅铁钡石、硅铁锶镧钠石、氯碳硅钡石、钾菱沸石、水硅锆钠石、斜方硅钠钡钛镧石、铈鲍利雅科夫矿、硅锆钛锶石、锶杆沸石、钒电气石;砷酸盐包括砷钠铜石、羟砷铅钴石、羟硅砷铁石、羟砷铁铜钙石、羟砷钙镍石、赛羟砷铜石;碳酸盐包括单斜羟碳汞石、羟碳铀石;硫酸盐包括羟硼钙矾石、铊明矾、斜方钒矾;硼酸盐包括氯硼锶钙石、硼铯铝铍石;钒酸盐包括水镁钒石;草酸盐包括水氯草酸钙石;磷酸盐包括羟碳磷铝钙石;硝酸盐包括单斜铜硝石;硫化物包括密硫铑矿、硫钙水铬矿;硫盐包括硫铋铜铅矿;氢氧化物包括羟铁镁锑锌矿、羟氯铬镁石;单质互化物包括副斜方砷。文中表格依次列出了矿物的中外文名称及化学式、晶系及晶胞参数、主要粉晶数据、物理性质、光学性质、产状及共生(伴生)组合等。     

在广西德保发现的砷铜铅石

砷铜铅石(Duftite)在1920年首次发现于西南非,其后在墨西哥、美国等地亦有发现。该矿物在我国仅见有简单的报导。1984年笔者在广西德保矿区发现了该种矿物,并进行了矿物学的研究。 一、产状及其共(伴)生矿物 广西德保矿床属矽卡岩型铜—锡矿床,该矿床的铁帽氧化带比较发育,并且在氧化带中发育有多种砷酸盐矿物。砷铜铅石即产在氧化铜矿石中,与孔雀石、硅孔雀石呈互层的皮壳状产出,或产于臭葱石和砷菱铅矾的集合体的晶洞中。共(伴)生矿物有乳砷铅铜石、砷     

广西北部矽卡岩锡矿床氧化带中的砷酸盐矿物

过去对硫化矿床氧化带的次生富集矿物及钒类矿物研究较多,对砷酸盐矿物研究较少,尤其对氧化铜矿石和褐铁矿石中的砷赋存状态研究更少。经过几年的努力,我们在住北矽卡岩锡矿床氧化带中共发现16种砷酸盐矿物,其中一种定名为德保石(待审批的新矿物);一种是有疑义的矿物——硅砷铜石(?);其余为:光线石[Cu_3(AsO_4)(OH)_3]、橄榄铜矿[Cu_2(AsO_4)(OH)]、墨绿砷铜石[Cu_5(AsO_4)_2(OH)_4H_2O]、羟砷铜石[Cu_5(AsO_4)_2(OH)_4H_2O]、砷钙铜石[CaCu(AsO_4)     

氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定铜精矿及铜矿石中砷的研究

通过对铜精矿及铜矿石中大量铜离子等多种金属离子对原子荧光光谱法测定砷干扰的消除,建立一种适合的溶样方法,选择了最佳的分析条件,克服了普通原子荧光法溶解样品的不足,本方法测定砷的检出限为1μg/g。本方法测定了3个国家一级标准物质中砷的含量,测定值与推荐值吻合,确定方法适合铜含量比较高的样品中砷含量的测定。     

东天山维权银铜矿床中钴矿化发现及成因意义

新疆东天山地区是中国重要的钴成矿带之一,在多个与基性-超基性岩有关的铜镍硫化物矿床和磁海铁矿床中伴生有中小型钴矿资源。最近,笔者在研究东天山维权矽卡岩型银铜矿床物质组分的过程中,通过显微镜观察、电子探针扫描和成分分析发现了独立钴矿物辉砷钴矿,不仅代表了东天山含钴矿床的新类型,而且具有综合利用的前景。文章对维权矿床中铜银钴矿石类型、矿石中辉砷钴矿和其他主要金属矿物的赋存状态进行了研究,划分出铜矿石、铁铜矿石、含银铜钴矿石、银矿石、含钴铁铜矿石和铅银铜矿石6种矿石类型,认为它们可能是铁铜、钴、银3期成矿作用叠加的产物,钴成矿作用为独立的一期中高温热液成矿作用,含钴铁铜矿石是钴成矿作用叠加在铁铜成矿作用之上形成,而含银钴铜矿石是银成矿作用叠加在钴成矿作用之上形成。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定铜矿石中的砷锑铋

样品经王水溶矿分解,在氨水存在下,以Fe3+作共沉淀剂分离铜后,用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定铜矿石中的砷、锑、铋。方法检出限为砷0.19μg/g、锑0.052μg/g、铋0.049μg/g;精密度(RSD,n=10)为砷5.87%、锑7.58%、铋2.42%。     

砷铅铁矾的矿物学特征及其地质环境意义

砷铅铁矾一般产出于含砷硫化物矿床氧化带铁帽中，常见与之共生的矿物有臭葱石、砷铅石、砷铅铁石、乳砷铅铜石等砷酸盐类矿物。该矿物呈菱面体晶体，常呈假立方体状、粒状和球粒状。暗黄绿色。Hm=3．5，Hv=375kg／mm^2，Dm=4。广西平桂矿区产出的砷铅铁矾的化学成份W(B)／％为：PbO31．18，Fe2O3 31．38，As2O5 18．87，SO3 10．84，H2O 8，据此计算的矿物分子式为：Pb0.99Fe2.80(AsO4)1.17(SO4)0．96(OH)6．24。广西德保矿区产出的含铜较高的铜砷铅铁矾(?)的平均化学成份．W(B)／％为：PbO 31．72，Fe2O3 29．21，CuO 7．96，As2O5 14．84，SO3 9．88，H2O 8，据此计算的矿物分子式为：Pb0.99Fe2.61Cu0.69(AsO4)0.89(SO4)0.86o(OH)7.20砷铅铁矾(德保)的粉晶X射线分析主要衍射强线有：5．90(9)，3．65(5)，3．07(10)，2．29(8)，1．976(6)。晶胞参数为：a0=0．732nm，c0=1．702nm，Z=3。三方晶系，空间群为R3m。红外吸收光谱分析显示有波数／cm^-1为3475，3402，3212，1639，993，919，825，763，549，535．428等吸收带。差热分析显示有460C，770C和910C3个明显的吸热谷。     

经国际矿物协会(IMA)新矿物与矿物命名委员会批准1985—1986年发表的

矿物名称英文名称化学成分式参考文献氛经锡石巴格达石卡硅铁镁石AbhuriteBaghdadite*CarlosturaniteC·M .23,PtZ,223M·M·50,l,1986A .M.70,7一8移勺 陈铜铅矾 六水锰矾水磷锌被钙石 芬钒铜矿 亚砷铜铅石 砷锌铝石 碳铅钦石半水亚硫钙石 经碳钦石Cllenjte甲Chvaletieeite冲EhrleiteFinge为teFreedjteGerdtrernmeliteGysinste‘Han口ebaehjteHydroxyl一bastnaesite (Nd)Izoklakeite*M .M.50,1,1986NJb。1986,Hf3C .M.23,3,507A .M.70,1一2A .M.70,7一8NJb.Mh.1,1985A .M.70,11一12NJb.Mh.4,1985M .M.49,5一717;,川C .M.…     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。