不同类型附着基对刺参生长和氮磷收支的影响

采用陆基网围方法,研究了石头(ST)、瓦片(EA)、塑料管(PL)、空心砖(BR)和水泥管(CP)5种类型附着基对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus以下简称刺参)生长和系统N、P收支的影响。结果表明:1.收获时刺参产量ST和BR组显著高于其它组(P<0.05),PL、CP和EA组差异不显著(P>0.05);刺参的成活率ST组最高(P<0.05),EA组最低(P<0.05),PL、CP和BR组差异不显著(P>0.05),表明附着基类型对刺参的生长和成活有明显的影响。2.换水是刺参养殖池塘N、P收支的主要途径,附着基类型对N、P各项收支比例未产生明显影响(P>0.05)。3.收获时池塘底泥N、P积累量明显降低,但不同附着基类型间差异不明显(P>0.05),仅ST组N积累显著低于其他组(P<0.05)。4.塑料管附着基具有养殖成本低、收获和清池便利的优势,建议采用塑料管作为刺参池塘养殖的附着基。     

池塘网箱投放不同附着基对附着生物演替及刺参保苗效果的影响

通过设置在刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)养殖池塘中的9个2 m3保苗网箱(2 m×1 m×1 m)进行现场实验,比较研究了波形网(CU)、地笼(地笼网CN+地笼板CP)、尼龙网片(NM)等3种类型附着基(共4种附着基材料)在投苗状态下表面附着生物的发生与演替,及其在刺参苗种中间培育过程中对刺参生长、存活和产量的影响。结果表明:不同附着基表面的附着生物群落具有相似的演替过程。地笼板(CP)上附着生物的干质量、无灰分干质量显著高于其他3种附着基材料(P0.05),而CU、CN和NM之间差异不显著(P0.05);4种附着基材料表面附着生物的叶绿素a含量表现为CUCPNMCN,且相互间差异显著(P0.05);参苗培育12周时,采用波形网附着基的网箱苗种产量显著高于地笼(P0.05),波形网成活率最高,且显著高于其他2种附着基(P0.05)。参苗培育17周后,采用波形网附着基的网箱,苗种产量显著高于地笼和尼龙网片(P0.05),波形网的苗种成活率和特定增长率显著高于尼龙网片(P0.05),地笼与其他两者之间差异不显著(P0.05)。上述结果显示,附着基类型对刺参中间培育过程中苗种产量、成活率、增长率有显著影响。通过对刺参保苗效果的综合分析,推荐采用波形网作为刺参室外池塘保苗的附着基。     

刺参肠道与养殖池塘环境中异养细菌和弧菌数量周年变化

2008年9月~2009年10月,对刺参肠道与养殖环境中异养细菌和弧菌周年变化进行了初步研究。结果表明:刺参肠道与养殖环境中(水体、底泥、附着基)异养细菌数(HPC)、弧菌数(VBC)均呈现出明显的季节变化,肠道中HPC、VBC分别为1.85×105~2.17×109CFU/g、4.1×104~2.2×108CFU/g,水体中HPC、VBC分别为90~4.67×105CFU/mL、0~5.3×103CFU/mL,底泥中HPC、VBC分别为9.80×104~6.72×106CFU/g、1.01×104~5.75×105CFU/g,附着基中HPC、VBC分别为2.78×105~2.57×107CFU/g、4.6×104~1.31×107CFU/g,夏、秋两季细菌总数较高,冬、春低温季节细菌数量显著下降。通过VBC与HPC的比值可以看出,在冬、春季细菌总数较低的季节,弧菌与异养细菌数量比例较高,最高值达到:43.8%、43.2%,通过对优势菌的分离鉴定,冬、春两季灿烂弧菌(Vibrio splendidus)均占优势,这可能是造成冬、春两季刺参发病的诱因之一。本文通过研究刺参肠道与养殖环境中异养细菌和弧菌的变化规律,以期为刺参的健康养殖提供有益参考。     

限定食物资源下密度对刺参个体生长的影响

实验研究限定食物资源下密度对刺参生长的影响。实验共设6个处理,密度梯度为2、4、8、12、16、20头/40L,分别记为D2、D4、D8、D12、D16和D20,每个处理设4个重复。实验结果显示:随着养殖密度的增大刺参个体生长变异随之增大,特定生长率显著降低(P<0.05)。同时,刺参的摄食率、食物转化率、摄食能用于生长的比例(G/C)、体壁中的粗蛋白含量和能量含量均随密度增大呈下降趋势。40d后,D8组大个体刺参的生物量最大,以此为基准继续养殖,D12,D16、D20、D4组达到基准生物量的时间依次延长,分别为45、54、58、61d。实验结束时,D8组大个体刺参的生物量最大,D16和D20组大个体刺参的生物量低于初始生物量。因此,在食物资源有限的条件下,放养密度过高会降低刺参的平均生长率,增大个体生长差异,使刺参达到商品规格的时间延长,甚至会降低单位面积产量;放养密度过低可有效促进刺参生长,降低个体生长差异,但其单位面积产量(生物量)较低。     

不同盐度和培育密度对杂交刺参幼体生长发育的影响

分析了6个不同盐度和5个培育密度对中国刺参和日本红刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)杂交幼体的生长、存活和附着的影响。盐度实验结果显示,受精后第5天,30和35盐度组幼体成活率最高,分别为46.7%和40.0%。第2天至第5天,30盐度组耳状幼体的生长最快,到第5天平均体长达到最大值672.18μm;30盐度组的幼体附着率最高,为17.8%,而15和20盐度组中均没有出现附着的稚参。培育密度实验结果显示,受精后第5天,0.1个/mL密度组的幼体成活率最高,为66.7%,但各密度组的幼体成活率差异均不显著。0.5个/mL密度组幼体生长最快,到第10天达到最大平均体长,为801.38μm;在所有培育密度实验组中,0.5个/mL密度组的幼体附着率最高,为19.1%。因此,为实现单位水体的苗种产量最大化,刺参杂交幼体培育的最佳盐度为30,最适宜的培育密度为0.5个/mL。     

饲料中磷脂含量对刺参生长和体成分的影响

以磷脂质量分数为0.05%,0.33%,0.65%,0.96%,1.23%,1.55%,2.08%的刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)饲料分别饲喂刺参幼参(平均体质量为0.8 g),饲养31 d后,测定刺参的增重率、成活率、体成分以及实验刺参体内的磷脂含量.实验结果表明,饲料中磷脂的含量对刺参生长和体内磷脂质量分数有明显影响.随着饲料中磷脂质量分数的增加到0.65%时,实验刺参的增重率逐渐增加到最大值111.13%,而后则不再增加;刺参体内的磷脂质量分数在饲料中的磷脂质量分数达到0.33%时即接近最大值,达到3.20%,而当饲料磷脂质量分数继续升高时,也不再明显增加.实验刺参体内粗蛋白、粗脂肪及粗灰分在各处理间没有显著差异.因此刺参对饲料磷脂的需求量应为0.65%.     

集优性状杂交刺参的健康生态养殖和示范推广

为提高我国刺参的健康生态养殖水平，文章分析韩国红刺参与中国刺参的杂交，通过优势性状的定向选择育种，获得具有集优性状的刺参新品系，兼具韩国红刺参和中国刺参的品质优势，充分发挥韩国红刺参耐高温、夏眠时间短、生长速度快和体壁厚实等优点。养殖实验和研究结果表明：刺参杂交组比刺参对照组的生长速度提高超过25%，成活率提高超过24%；温度和盐度对杂交刺参稚参生长发育的影响显著，稚参阶段的最适温度为20℃～25℃，最适盐度为28～30；刺参杂交组的夏眠时间延迟，内脏未完全消退。根据基础研究结果，应进一步熟化技术，以企业为载体，开展控温室内育苗工作。     

有害藻华治理过程中改性粘土对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicas Selenka)稚参的影响

本文以仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicas Selenka)稚参为实验对象,研究了改性黏土治理有害藻华技术对仿刺参稚参的影响。96h急性毒性试验结果表明,改性黏土对仿刺参稚参的半致死浓度(LC50)为6.01g/L;安全浓度为0.601g/L,高于在现场时的使用浓度0.1g/L;慢性毒性试验显示改性黏土对仿刺参稚参成活率和体重增长率无明显影响;不同浓度的改性黏土添加组中,发现仿刺参稚参的体壁组分(水分、灰分、总糖、总脂和粗蛋白)含量变化不大,改性黏土的加入对减少仿刺参稚参的种内竞争有一定积极作用。另外,针对仿刺参稚参食用包括改性黏土在内的底层颗粒物的现象,考察了不同实验组仿刺参稚参体壁中铝的含量,分析结果显示各实验组与对照组没有显著差异。在此基础上,考察了改性黏土有效去除有害藻华的体系中仿刺参稚参的生长情况,发现与对照组相比,改性黏土有效地去除了有害藻华,还明显降低了仿刺参稚参的死亡率。因此,改性黏土是一种有效治理仿刺参养殖水体有害藻华、对养殖生物无负面影响的藻华治理技术。     

海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)附着基异养细菌区系初探

从海湾扇贝附着基上分离出61株异养细菌，对其进行80项生理生化特征测定，以数值分类法进行分析。鉴定结果表明，海湾扇贝附着基上异养菌属于假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)、气单胞菌(Aeromonas)、弧菌(Vibrio)、芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)和产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes)。扇贝幼虫附着前附着的细菌主要为芽孢杆菌与假单胞菌，扇贝幼虫附着后气单胞菌成为优势，弧菌数量明显增加，与假单胞菌数量相当。     

两种微藻对凡纳滨对虾养殖环境中细菌数量变化的影响

往凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeusvannamei)养殖水体中引入波吉卵囊藻(Oocystisbor gei)和微绿球藻(Nannochlorisoculata),检测对虾养殖水体及虾体中异养菌和弧菌数量的变化,研究这两种微藻对对虾养殖环境细菌数量变化的影响.结果表明:引入波吉卵囊藻和微绿球藻能有效地抑制异养菌和弧菌的生长.实验组中养殖水体、凡纳滨对虾肌肉及肝胰脏中的异养菌和弧菌的数量都比对照组明显降低,特别是肝胰脏中弧菌数量在实验后期比前期降低了两个数量级;波吉卵囊藻实验组的抗弧菌作用最强.由此可见,采用选择优良藻种进行微藻生态调控对防治对虾疾病有着重要作用.     

中国鱼类名录Ⅻ--鳚亚目、(鱼衔)亚目、喉盘鱼亚目、鰕虎鱼亚目、微体鱼亚目、刺尾鱼亚目、带鱼亚目、鲭亚目、鲳亚目、金枪鱼亚目、攀鲈亚目、刺鳅亚目

鳚亚目 4 科 33 属 95 种，鰕虎鱼亚目 5 科 98 属 259 种，刺尾鱼亚目 5 科 11 属 65 种，鲈形目 19亚目 104 科 535 属 1799 种。     

Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day^?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l^?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.     

The distribution of Mn,Fe, Cu,Ni, Co,Ga, Cr,V, Ba,Sr, Sn,Zn, and Pb,in some soil-sized particulates from the lower troposphere over the world ocean

Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction.     

The behavior of Zn,Cd, Cu,Ni, Co,Fe, and Mn in anoxic baltic waters

In June 1981, dissolved Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn were determined from two detailed profiles in anoxic Baltic waters (with extra data for Fe and Mn from August 1979). Dramatic changes across the O₂H₂S interface occur in the abundances of Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn (by factors of ?100). The concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Ni at the redox front decrease by factors between 3 to 5.Equilibrium calculations are presented for varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and compared with the field data. The study strongly supports the assumption that the solubility of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni is greatly enhanced and controlled by the formation of bisulfide and(or) polysulfide complexes. Differences between predicted and measured concentrations of these elements are mainly evident at lower ΣH₂S concentrations.Cobalt proved to be very mobile in anoxic regions, and the results indicate that the concentrations are limited by CoS precipitation. The iron (Fe²⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) distribution in sulfide-containing waters is controlled by total flux from sediment-water interfaces rather than by equilibrium concentrations of their solid phases (FeS and MnCO₃). The concentrations of these metals are therefore expected to increase with prolonged stagnation periods in the basin.     

Destruction of Atmospheric Ozone in Ox,HOx, NOx,ClOx, BrOx,and IOx Catalytic Cycles

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Data on the relative contribution of the Ox, HOx, NOx, ClOx, BrOx, and IOx catalytic cycles to atmospheric ozone destruction are given for June and...     

Submerged vegetation of Lakes Sumner,Marion, Katrine,Taylor, and Sheppard in Canterbury,New Zealand

The submerged vegetation of Lakes Sumner, Marion, Katrine, Taylor, and Sheppard was surveyed in May 1987. These high‐altitude lakes lie at c. 600 m a.s.l., within the largely unmodified upper Hurunui catchment. Submerged vegetation was diverse and included numerous short shallow‐water species, dense swards of Isoetes alpinus, low covers of taller native vascular plants, and charophyte meadows beyond the depth limit of vascular plants to a maximum of 15 m. A sparse deepwater bryophyte community was observed from 11 to 32 m depth in Lake Sumner. Displacement of native vegetation by dense growths of the adventive oxygen weed Elodea canadensis over mid‐depths of 3–6 m was noted in all lakes, except Lake Marion.     

Distribution and stoichiometry of Al,Mn, Fe,Co, Ni,Cu, Zn,Cd, and Pb in seawater around the Juan de Fuca Ridge

A central theme of the ongoing GEOTRACES program is to improve the understanding of processes occurring at ocean interfaces with continents, sediments, and ocean crust. In this context, we studied the distributions of Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb around the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR) in total dissolvable (td), dissolved (d), and labile particulate (lp) fractions, which represent a fraction in unfiltered samples, filtered samples through an AcroPak capsule filter, and the difference between td and d, respectively. Al and Fe were dominated by lp-species, while Ni, Zn, and Cd were dominated by d-species with undetectable amounts of lp-species. Major findings in this study are as follows: (1) The continental margin (CM) provided large sources of Al, Mn, Fe, and Co from the surface to ~2000 m in depth. The supply from CM caused high surface concentrations of dMn and dCo, a subsurface (100–300 m depth) maximum of dCo, and intermediate (500–2000 m depth) maxima of lpAl and lpFe. The supply of dFe from CM was ~10 times that from the high-temperature hydrothermal activity at station BD21, which is located at ~3 km from the Middle Valley venting site and ~ 200 km from Vancouver Island. (2) DPb was maximum at the top layer of North Pacific Intermediate Water, probably owing to isopycnal transport of anthropogenic Pb via advection of subducted surface waters. Although dCo and dPb had different sources in the upper water, they showed a strong linearity below 300 m (r ² = 0.95, n = 38), indicating concurrent scavenging. (3) A high-temperature hydrothermal plume occurred at a depth of 2300 m at BD21, accounting for maxima of dAl, dMn, dFe, lpCu, and lpPb and a minimum of dCu. (4) Strong bottom maxima of lpAl, lpMn, lpFe, lpCo, and lpPb occurred above the abyssal plain at the western foot of the JdFR, indicating resuspension of sediments. However, bottom maxima of d-species were apparent only for dAl and dCu.     

Identification,characterization, and statistical analysis of mudstone aggregate clasts,Cretaceous Carlile Formation,Central Alberta,Canada

While clastic mudstones and shale were traditionally interpreted to have been deposited in quiet water settings, recent flume experiments and studies have shown that mud can be transported in and deposited by traction currents as migrating ripples of mud aggregates. Despite these recent advances, mud aggregates have rarely been adequately described in the rock record.These mud aggregates and the sedimentary structures they form in mudstone successions are difficult to observe in the rock record due to compaction, which often obliterates the aggregates and flattens bedforms. This paper documents unambiguously identifiable sand sized mudstone aggregates in thin sections and SEM, transported in traction, and deposited in a series of prograding clinothems. These aggregates were sufficiently indurated to locally preserve shelter porosity, significantly improving the hydrocarbon reservoir properties.Grain size analysis of the aggregates was performed on thin sections, as well as disaggregated samples measured by a laser diffraction grain size analyzer for comparison. These analyses showed that sand sized aggregates often comprise more than half of the sediment volume. While the clay-rich composition of the Carlile Formation would suggest that it is a mudstone, statistical analysis of these grain size measurements show that it could alternatively be described as a silty sandstone. These findings potentially change how we think about mudstone classification, fine-grained sedimentation, and mudstone dominated petroleum reservoirs.     

Cross-Calibration and Long-Term Monitoring of the Microwave Radiometers of ERS, TOPEX, GFO, Jason, and Envisat

The radiometers on board the satellites ERS-1, TOPEX/Poseidon, ERS-2, GFO, Jason-1, and Envisat measure brightness temperatures at two or three different frequencies to determine the total columnal water vapor content and wet tropospheric path delay, a major correction to the altimeter range measurements. In order to asses the long-term stability of the path delay, the radiometers are calibrated against vicarious cold and hot references, against each other, and against several atmospheric models. Four of these radiometers exhibit significant drifts in at least one of the channels, resulting in yet unmodeled errors in path delay of up to 1 mm/year, thus limiting the accuracy at which global sea level rise can be inferred from the altimeter range measurements.